Dámaso Berenguer

Berenguer was born in San Juan de los Remedios, Cuba, while the island was a Spanish administrative division.

He enlisted in the army in 1889, served in Cuba and Morocco.

File:Coronel Berenguer y regulares 1913.jpg

He served in the Second Melillan campaign, taking part in the action of the Barranco del Lobo (1909).{{Cite web|url=https://www.melillahoy.es/noticia/97489/ejercito/chcm-destaca-el-libro-campanas-en-el-rif-y-yebala-del-general-berenguer-.html|website=Melilla Hoy|title=CHCM destaca el libro Campañas en el Rif y Yebala" del General Berenguer|date=1 December 2017}}

He founded the Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas on 30 June 1911 and fought in the ensuing Kert campaign, leading the action that killed Riffian leader Mohamed Ameziane in 1912,{{Sfn|Ramos Oliver|2013|p=175}} bringing the end of the campaign. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1916, and, in 1918, to division general.{{Sfn|González Sánchez|1985|p=98}}

In 1918, he was appointed Minister of War under Prime Minister Manuel García Prieto.

He was appointed January 1919 as High Commissioner of Spain in Morocco. He proceeded to occupy Chaouen on 14 October 1920,{{Sfn|González Vázquez|2011|pp=279–280}} and Berenguer, one of the leading protegees of Alfonso XIII in Africa along Manuel Fernández Silvestre,{{Sfn|Bru Sánchez-Fortún|2006}} was granted the noble title of Count of Xauen in reward.

File:Dámaso Berenguer, de Christian Franzen.jpg published in 1919]]

The disaster for the Spanish Army in Morocco in the summer of 1921, which included the defeat at the Battle of Annual and the ensuing slaughter of about 2,000 Spanish soldiers in Monte Arruit, murdered by the Riffians after their surrender, delivered a coup de grâce to the regime of the Restoration.{{Sfn|Albi de la Cuesta|2016|p=432}}{{Sfn|Gájate Bajo|2013|p=120}} The armed forces was deeply divided between africanistas vs. junteros and responsibilists vs. impunists.{{Sfn|Bru Sánchez-Fortún|2006}} Berenguer sanctioned the use of chemical weapons against civilians during the Rif War, stating in a telegram to the War Minister in August 1921 that "I have been obstinately refractary to the use of suffocating gases against these indigenous peoples but after what they have done, and of their treacherous and deceptive conduct, I have to use them with true joy."{{Sfn|Iglesias Amorín|2016|p=109}}

After three previous rejected attempts to hand in his resignation as High Commissioner, he finally did so by mid 1922.{{Sfn|González Sánchez|1985|p=97}} An official investigation carried out by General Juan Picasso González had already been opened to determine responsibility for the disastrous military strategy vis-à-vis the 1921 collapse, and Berenguer, in his capacity as High Commissioner, found himself among those martialled.{{clarify|date=January 2022|reason=Court-martialled?}}{{Sfn|González Sánchez|1985|p=97}}

Amid the structural collapse of the Restoration regime, by the summer of 1923, plotting took place in the military. In September 1923 a pronunciamiento by Miguel Primo de Rivera took place in Barcelona, bringing the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, as the King appointed the former as Prime Minister after the success of the coup d'état. Primo de Rivera, previously associated with pro-abandonment (abandonista) stances vis-à-vis Morocco had been counterintuitively supported in his coup by the {{ill|Cuadrilátero (Spanish military)|es|Cuadrilátero (Dictadura de Primo de Rivera)|lt=Cuadrilátero}},{{Sfn|Egido León|2011|p=23}} a quad of Africanist generals in Madrid vying for stronger interventionism in Morocco that included {{ill|Federico Berenguer|es|lt=Federico}}, the brother of Dámaso. Yet, ultimately, despite their differences, they shared the same contempt for what they thought to be persecution of the military by the government due to Annual.{{Sfn|Balfour|2010|p=267}}

Despite attempts to bring the process to a halt by Primo de Rivera (he even attempted to confiscate the report),{{Sfn|Balfour|2010|p=267}} the trial on the performance of Berenguer and Navarro began on 16 June 1924.{{Sfn|González Sánchez|1985|p=99}} Attempting to pander to the military, Primo de Rivera amnestied Berenguer.{{Sfn|Egido León|2011|p=22}}

In 1926, Berenguer became Chief of Staff of the Military House of the King, a post conventionally destined to burned-out generals liked by King Alfonso XIII in order to move them away from the spotlight for a time.{{Sfn|Bru Sánchez-Fortún|2006}}

In January 1930, following the forced resignation of Primo de Rivera, Alfonso XIII tasked Berenguer with the formation of a government seeking to restore the country to its pre-1923 state, as if nothing had happened in between.{{Cite web|url=https://www.editions-ellipses.fr/index.php?controller=attachment&id_attachment=40134|page=13|title=Aproximación a la realidad histórica y sociopolítica|publisher=Éditions Ellipses}} During his mandate as prime minister, Berenguer repealed some of the harsher measures introduced by Primo de Rivera, earning his regime the nickname dictablanda (the toothless dictatorship, blanda meaning soft, as opposed to the preceding dictadura, dura being the Spanish word for hard).

He also faced a number of problems, such as increasing demands for the abolition of the monarchy, disorganisation among the country's political parties after seven years of repression making the calling of prompt elections an impossible task, labour unrest, and at least one military uprising. One of the last straws nailing the coffin of the monarchist regime was an article titled "el error Berenguer" (the Berenguer mistake), authored by Jose Ortega y Gasset in El Sol, which famously ended with "Delenda est monarchia".{{Sfn|González Cuevas|2006|p=81}}{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1980/10/18/cultura/340671609_850215.html|website=El País|date=18 October 1980|title=El destino de una vida}}

Berenguer resigned as prime minister on 14 February 1931; he was replaced by Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas, under whom he served as Minister of War. Two months later, King Alfonso XIII fled the country and the Republic was declared. Berenguer was tried on his performance in Morocco and irregularities in the repression of the 1930 Jaca uprising. He was cleared in 1935 and retired from public life. He played no relevant role in the July 1936 uprising that led to the Spanish Civil War.{{Sfn|Fuster Cancio|2019|p=688}}

Berenguer died in Madrid in 1953.

;Citations

{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography

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{{SpanishPrimeMinisters}}

{{Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco |state=collapsed}}

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Category:1873 births

Category:1953 deaths

Category:Counts of Spain

Category:People from Remedios, Cuba

Category:Prime ministers of Spain

Category:Spanish generals

Category:Spanish military personnel of the Rif War

Category:Spanish military personnel of the Second Melillan campaign

Category:Spanish military personnel of the Kert campaign

Category:Spanish people in Spanish Cuba

Category:Spanish war criminals

Category:Ministers of defence of Spain