Döme Sztójay

{{Infobox President

| honorific_prefix = General

| name = Döme Sztójay

| image = Sztójay 1940.jpg

| caption = Formal portrait, 1944

| nationality = Hungarian

| order = Prime Minister of Hungary

| term_start = 22 March 1944

| term_end = 29 August 1944

| 1blankname = Regent

| 1namedata = Miklós Horthy

| predecessor = Miklós Kállay

| successor = Géza Lakatos

| birth_name = Dimitrije Stojaković

| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1883|01|05}}

| birth_place = Versec, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (today Vršac, Serbia)

| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1946|08|22|1883|01|05}}

| death_cause = Execution by firing squad

| death_place = Budapest, Hungary

| spouse = Jozefa Landgráf

| party = Party of National Unity

| profession = politician, diplomat

}}

Döme Sztójay ({{lang-sr-cyr|Димитрије Стојаковић}}, 5 January 1883 – 22 August 1946) was a Hungarian soldier and diplomat of Serb origin, who served as Prime Minister of Hungary in 1944, during World War II.

Biography

Born in Versec (modern-day Vršac) into a Serb family as Dimitrije Stojaković ({{lang-sr-cyr|Димитрије Стојаковић}}), Sztójay joined the Austro-Hungarian Army as a young man and served as a colonel during World War I. After the war, Sztójay served in Admiral Miklós Horthy’s counter-revolutionary Royal Hungarian Army, specializing in counter-espionage. After Horthy became Regent of Hungary, Sztójay was promoted to general and served as a military attaché in Berlin from 1927 to 1933.{{cite book |last1=Roman |first1=Eric |title=Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present |date=2003 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9780816074693 |page=564 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvCfTIsTOskC&pg=PA564}} He Magyarized his name to Sztójay in 1927. From 1933 to 1935, Sztójay served in the Ministry of Defence. In 1935, Prime Minister Gyula Gömbös named Sztójay as Hungarian ambassador to Germany, a position he would hold until 1944. As ambassador, Sztójay formed strong ties with the Third Reich and often voiced support for German policies to his superiors in Hungary.

In Operation Margarethe in March 1944, the German Army occupied Hungary and forced Horthy to remove Prime Minister Miklós Kállay from office. Kállay, like Horthy, knew that Germany was losing the war, and had put out numerous feelers to the West. On 9 September 1943 László Veress, an employee of the Ministry of Exterior signed a secret agreement to surrender unconditionally to the Western Allies. Although Kállay and his government had promised on numerous occasions to surrender to the Western Allies as soon as they reached Hungary, Veress' agreement was unauthorized, as in Kállay's consideration it effectively gave up Hungary's sovereignty.

File:Sztójay 1944.jpg in 1944]]

Nevertheless, the agreement didn't sit well with Berlin. When they took over the country, the Germans gave Horthy a choice between choosing a new prime minister who would cooperate with the Germans or undisguised occupation. Knowing that the latter would likely mean a Gauleiter who would treat Hungary in the same manner as the other Nazi-occupied countries, Horthy chose the former. The German Plenipotentiary for Hungary, Edmund Veesenmayer, proposed that Horthy reappoint Béla Imrédy, who had been prime minister earlier in the war (and who had, ironically, a Jewish great-grandfather). However, Horthy balked at appointing the strongly pro-German Imrédy and suggested Sztójay instead. Though Sztójay had been ambassador to Berlin for a decade and was known to be pro-German, Horthy believed that at bottom he was a soldier first and would not totally give in to German demands. The Germans readily approved of Horthy's choice, and on 23 March 1944, Sztójay was appointed prime minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs.{{cite book |last1=Morison |first1=John |title=Eastern Europe and the West: Selected Papers from the Fourth World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies, Harrogate, 1990 |date=1992 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781349222995 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ6wCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99}}

As prime minister, Sztójay legalized Ferenc Szálasi’s Arrow Cross Party, increased Hungarian troop levels on the Eastern Front, dissolved the nation's labor unions, jailed political opponents, and cracked down on left wing politicians and activists. He also significantly ramped up the pace of forced deportations of Hungarian Jews, but at the same time tried to reduce the consequences. Horthy quickly became appalled by Sztójay's actions and demanded his removal as prime minister, but Veesenmayer, backed by Adolf Hitler, sternly refused to do so. Horthy refused to give in entirely, however, and used his influence to stop the deportations of Hungary's Jews and to force Imrédy out of Sztójay's cabinet. The Germans finally submitted to Horthy's pressure in August 1944 and Sztójay resigned as prime minister in favour of Géza Lakatos.

When Horthy was removed from power by the Germans in October 1944, Sztójay was not reappointed prime minister due to poor health. Sztójay subsequently fled Hungary when the Germans were driven out of the country by the Red Army in April 1945. Sztójay was later captured by American troops and extradited to Hungary in October 1945, after which time he was tried by a People's Tribunal in Budapest. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against the Hungarian people, sentenced to death, and executed by a firing squad in Budapest in 1946.

References

Sources

Thomas L. Sakmyster: A Hungarian Diplomat in Nazi Berlin: Sztójay Döme. In: Hungarian history – world history, szerkesztette Ránki György. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1984.
A magyar Quisling-kormány: Sztójay Döme és társai a népbíróság elõtt / [szerk. Simándi Irén]; [bevezető tanulmányt írta, sajtó alá rend. és a mutatókat készítették: Karsai László, Molnár Judit] Budapest: 1956-os KHT, 2004.