Daai language
{{Short description|Kuki-Chin language of Myanmar}}
{{distinguish|Mün Chin language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Daai
|region=Myanmar (Burma)
|ethnicity=Daai Chin
|speakers=37,000
|date=2010
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=Tibeto-Burman
|fam3=Central Tibeto-Burman (?)
|fam4=Kuki-Chin-Naga
|fam5=Kuki-Chin
|fam6=Southern
|iso3=dao
|glotto=daai1236
|glottorefname=Daai Chin
}}
Daai (also known as Daai Chin), which borders the Mün and Ütbü language groups, is a Kuki-Chin of Myanmar (Burma). It is spoken in 142 villages in Kanpetlet, Matupi, Mindat, and Paletwa townships in Chin State, Burma (Ethnologue). A written script for Daai was created in 1976 by U Khine Sho and Ms. Halga So Hart Manno.{{Cite journal |last=Lian |first=Salai Van Cung |last2=Salem-Gervais |first2=Nicolas |date=November 2020 |title=How Many Chin Languages Should Be Taught in Government Schools? Ongoing developments and structural challenges of language-in-education policy in Chin State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345667190_How_Many_Chin_Languages_Should_Be_Taught_in_Government_Schools_Ongoing_developments_and_structural_challenges_of_language-in-education_policy_in_Chin_State |journal=Parami Journal of Education |volume=1 |issue=1}}
Mutual intelligibility among Nghngilo (Yang), Daa Yindu, and Mkui groups is high, but is lower among other groups.{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Myanmar |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/MM/languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010180533/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/MM/languages |archive-date=2016-10-10 |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World}} Daai has greater than 90% lexical similarity with Daa Yindu, Yang, Mkui, Duk, and Msang, 81%–88% with Ngxang (Paletwa township) and Kheng, 80% with Shiip (Matupi township), 91%–94% with Gah/Ng-Gha (part of Mün), and 81%–87% with Mün.
Dialects
Ethnologue lists the following dialects of daai Chin.
- Ngxang
- Nghngilo (Yang)
- Ma-Tu
- Shiip
- Duk-Msang
- Kheng
- Mkuui
- Yet
Phonology
=Consonants=
Daai has twenty-four consonant phonemes.
class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |
Nasals
| {{IPA link|m̥}} {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n̥}} {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|ŋ̊}} {{IPA link|ŋ}} | |
---|
Plosives
| {{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{IPA link|d}} | | {{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|kʰ}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
Fricatives
| | {{IPA link|s}} {{IPA link|sʰ}} | | {{IPA link|x}} {{IPA link|ɣ}} | {{IPA link|h}} |
Lateral Fricatives
| | {{IPA link|ɬ}} | | | |
Approximants
| {{IPA link|w}} | {{IPA link|l}} | {{IPA link|j}} | | |
=Vowels=
Daai has seven vowel phonemes, each with a phonemic length contrast.
class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Front ! rowspan="2" | Central ! colspan="2" | Back |
---|
{{small|Unrounded}}
! {{small|Rounded}} |
class="nounderlines"
! High | {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}} | | {{IPA link|ɯ}} {{IPA link|ɯː}} | {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}} |
class="nounderlines"
! Mid | {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛː}} | {{IPA link|ə}} {{IPA link|əː}} | | {{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔː}} |
class="nounderlines" |
class="nounderlines"
! Low | | {{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}} | | |
Grammar
Daai is an isolating or analytic language. There is no inflectional morphology at the word level; case, number, and tense are marked by clitics.
Examples
class="wikitable"
!Daai !! English | |
mthan | night |
mpyong | mouth |
kpyak | to destroy |
pha | to arrive |
Nghngaai-ktheih hmin lokti. | The mango fruits became ripe. |
Mat jah mata i:ma am ngleh-ei ni. | They did not visit each other's houses. |
References
{{Reflist}}
- Naing Kheng. 2017. [http://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Naing_Kheng-Thesis_final_2017.pdf A phonological description of the Mkuui variety of Dai Chin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184554/https://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Naing_Kheng-Thesis_final_2017.pdf |date=2018-06-12 }}. Master's Thesis.
- Helga So-Hartmann. 2009. [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph7_Daai-Chin.pdf A Descriptive Grammar of Dai Chin]. The Regents University of California.
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Burma}}
{{st-lang-stub}}