Dagan languages

{{Infobox language family

|name=Dagan

|altname=Meneao Range

|region=Meneao Range, southeastern peninsula of Papua New Guinea:
Central Province and Milne Bay Province

|familycolor=Papuan

|fam1=Trans–New Guinea

|fam2=Papuan Peninsula

|glotto=daga1274

|glottorefname=Dagan

}}

The Dagan or Meneao Range languages are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the Meneao Range of the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea, the easternmost Papuan languages on the mainland. They are the most divergent of the several small families within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea.

Languages

The languages are:[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/papuan-peninsula/meneao-range NewGuineaWorld – Meneao Range]

Onjob
Southwest
Daga
Maiwa language, Mapena
East
Southeast: Ginuman, Kanasi (Sona)
Northeast: Dima (Jimajima), Umanakaina (Gwedena), and the nearly extinct Turaka

Although clearly related, they are not particularly close. Umanakaina and Ginuman, for example, are only 23% lexically similar.

Pronouns

Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/papuan-peninsula/owen-stanley-range New Guinea World, Owen Stanley Range]

{{table}} ! !!sg!!pl
1 \|n[e/a]\|\|nu
2 \|g[e/a]\|\|j[e/a]
3 \|me\|\|mV

! !!sg!!pl

|*n[e/a]||*nu

|*g[e/a]||*j[e/a]

|*me||*mV

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from SIL field notes (1965, 1967, 1973), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/ |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016| access-date=2020-11-05}}

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. giana, ginewa, ginawa for “nose”) or not (e.g. iyawa, neigin, ɛbu for “road”).

class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Dima !! Daga !! Maiwa
head \| una \| iwa \|\| k^wi'.unwa; kuiyunwa
hair \| deba \| igumewa \|\| gu'mawa; ^huiawa
ear \| taii(na) \| darinewa \|\| na^u'nawa; naunáwa
eye \| yamana \| yamewa \|\| yaŋganwa; yaŋ'ganwa
nose \| giana \| ginewa \|\| ginawa; gi'nunwa
tooth \| wari(na) \| nodonewa \|\| do'nawa; donáwa
tongue \| pepa(na) \| mɛriwa \|\| p^hed'nawa; ped^t nawa
leg \| wana \| \|\| ai'raniwa; beawa
louse \| igu \| kuisin \|\| k^whi'sin; nagam; usiwa
dog \| kwegawa \| eao \|\| k^whe'.a^u; kueyao
pig \| boro \| tuan \|\| 'bui
bird \| midiwari \| nɛnip \|\| nenip; ve'k^hæt^hu
egg \| dodopi \| bagua \|\| ba'giwa; gat toda; kokorek bagiwa
blood \| tawayana \| dɛnip \|\| di
bone \| (e)regura \| kaemewa \|\| mařɛt'nawa
skin \| etona \| ɛpiwa \|\| koápiwa; p^ha'p^hunwa
breast \| ama \| amewa \|\| am
tree \| na \| oma \|\| i; ioma
man \| apana \| apan \|\| apan; a'p^han
woman \| wawina \| oaen \|\| ve'sin; wɛsin
sun \| gabudara \| oam \|\| kum; k^hum
moon \| dede \| siragam \|\| dut; dut^h
water \| oa \| kaum \|\| ioi; yoⁱ
fire \| iarema \| oma \|\| íam; yaŋ'gawa
stone \| akima \| agim \|\| agim; 'agim
road, path \| iyawa \| neigin \|\| ɛbu; 'ɛbu
name \| ewani \| yaoa \|\| i'vi wa
eat \| \| naiwan \|\| mɛ 'nane; naiwi
one \| daiida \| daiton \|\| desi'řoe; désirom
two \| uri \| dɛrɛ \|\| dúam; duːʌm

class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Dima !! Daga !! Maiwa

head

| una

| iwa || k^wi'.unwa; kuiyunwa

hair

| deba

| igumewa || gu'mawa; ^huiawa

ear

| taii(na)

| darinewa || na^u'nawa; naunáwa

eye

| yamana

| yamewa || yaŋganwa; yaŋ'ganwa

nose

| giana

| ginewa || ginawa; gi'nunwa

tooth

| wari(na)

| nodonewa || do'nawa; donáwa

tongue

| pepa(na)

| mɛriwa || p^hed'nawa; ped^t nawa

leg

| wana

| || ai'raniwa; beawa

louse

| igu

| kuisin || k^whi'sin; nagam; usiwa

dog

| kwegawa

| eao || k^whe'.a^u; kueyao

pig

| boro

| tuan || 'bui

bird

| midiwari

| nɛnip || nenip; ve'k^hæt^hu

egg

| dodopi

| bagua || ba'giwa; gat toda; kokorek bagiwa

blood

| tawayana

| dɛnip || di

bone

| (e)regura

| kaemewa || mařɛt'nawa

skin

| etona

| ɛpiwa || koápiwa; p^ha'p^hunwa

breast

| ama

| amewa || am

tree

| na

| oma || i; ioma

man

| apana

| apan || apan; a'p^han

woman

| wawina

| oaen || ve'sin; wɛsin

sun

| gabudara

| oam || kum; k^hum

moon

| dede

| siragam || dut; dut^h

water

| oa

| kaum || ioi; yoⁱ

fire

| iarema

| oma || íam; yaŋ'gawa

stone

| akima

| agim || agim; 'agim

road, path

| iyawa

| neigin || ɛbu; 'ɛbu

name

| ewani

| yaoa || i'vi wa

eat

| naiwan || mɛ 'nane; naiwi

one

| daiida

| daiton || desi'řoe; désirom

two

| uri

| dɛrɛ || dúam; duːʌm

Evolution

Dagan reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:{{cite book |last1=Pawley |first1=Andrew |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Trans New Guinea family |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=21–196 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}

Daga language:

ama 'breast' < *amu
meri (nawa) 'tongue' < *me(l,n)e
ira 'tree' < *inda

Kanasi language:

asi 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V]
etepa 'bark' < *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu 'skin'
obosa 'wind' < *kumbutu
oman 'stone' < *ka(m,mb)u[CV]
nene 'bird' < *n(e)i

References

;Notes

;Sources

{{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}}

Category:Southeast Papuan languages

Category:Languages of Milne Bay Province

Category:Languages of Oro Province