Dai Prefecture

{{Chinese

|pic=File:代县边靖楼.jpg

|piccap=The Bianjing Drum Tower in Daixian

|c={{linktext|代州}}

|p=Dàizhōu

|w=Tai Chou
Tai-chou

|psp=Taichow

|l=Dai{{nbsp}}Prefecture

}}

Dai Prefecture, also known by its Chinese name Daizhou, was a prefecture (zhou) of imperial China in what is now northern Shanxi. It existed intermittently from AD{{nbsp}}585 to 1912. Its eponymous seat Daizhou was located at Shangguan in Dai County. The territory it administered included all or part of what are now the counties of Dai, Wutai, Fanshi, and Yuanping in Shanxi's Xinzhou Prefecture.

Name

File:Atlas Van der Hagen KW1049B13 037 Xansi (Shanxi).jpg's 1655 map of "Xansi", showing "Tai" on the "Kuito" River and "Vtai" beside "Vtai" Mountain in the central north.]]

Dàizhōu is the pinyin form of the Standard Mandarin reading of the Chinese placename {{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|代州}}}}}}. In the system of romanization devised by Thomas Wade and systematized by Herbert Giles, the same pronunciation is written Tai Prefecture, Tai Chou, or Tai-chou. It appeared as Taichow or Taichow{{nbsp}}Sha on the Chinese Postal Map.{{harvp|Stanford|1917|p=[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023258241#page/n45/mode/2up 15]}}. Although "prefecture" only refers to an administrative office or area in English,{{citation |contribution=prefecture, n. |contribution-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/149994 |url=http://www.oed.com |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford }}. the Chinese name can refer to either the prefecture or to the prefectural seat at old or new Guangwu.{{harvp|Xiong|2009|loc=s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=UD8Nvn7Ca18C&pg=PA106 Daizhou]"}}. The prefectural seat was also known for a time as Yanmen.{{harvp|Xiong|2009|loc=s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=UD8Nvn7Ca18C&pg=PA615 Yanmen]"}}. During periods when the prefecture was demoted to county status, its seat was also known as Daixian.

Daizhou was named after Dai Commandery,{{harvp|Shanxi Tourism Bureau|2016|loc=s.v. "Dai County"}}. which was abolished around the time of its formation,{{harvp|Xiong|2009|loc=s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=UD8Nvn7Ca18C&pg=PA106 Daijun]"}}. even though Guangwu County, in which Daizhou is located, had not been part of it.{{harvp|Xiong|2009|loc=s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=UD8Nvn7Ca18C&pg=PA217 Guangwu¹]"}}. The commandery in turn had been named after the former capital of the Baidi{{sfnp|Wu|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vYHuDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]}} Kingdom of Dai, whose name represented a transcription of the native name using the Chinese character {{lang|zh|{{linktext|代}}}},{{citation |contribution=代县历史沿革 |contribution-url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/sx/3701.html |title=《行政区划网》 |date=3 November 2016 |url=http://xzqh.org }}. {{in lang|zh}} which is pronounced dài in present-day Mandarin but had probably sounded like {{nowrap|/*lˤək-s/}} in Old Chinese.{{sfnp|Baxter & al.|2014|loc="代"}} That city had been in Hebei's Yu County,{{harvp|Xiong|2009|loc=s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=UD8Nvn7Ca18C&pg=PA105 Dai]"}}. but it was used for a series of petty states and appanages during the Warring States, Eighteen Kingdoms, and Han which spread the name into Shanxi's Yanmen and Yunzhong Commanderies. This confusion sometimes caused some medieval writers to erroneously conflate locations in Dai Prefecture (like Mount Wutai) with places from the ancient stories concerning the Zhao conquest of the first Dai Kingdom.{{sfnp|Strassberg|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SrstoswsLzkC&pg=PA357 357]}}

History

File:STANFORD(1917) p46 PLATE14. SHANSI (14597130080).jpg's 1917 map of "Shansi", with "Taichow Sha" on the "Huto Ho" surrounded by "Yenmen Pass", "Fanchih", "Kwangwucheng", "Kwohsien", "Yüanping", and "Wutai".]]

Dai Prefecture was created by renaming and reorganizing the earlier Si Prefecture{{harvp|Xiong|2009|loc=s.v. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=UD8Nvn7Ca18C&pg=PA473 Sizhou]"}}. in Yanmen Commandery.{{harvp|Hua|Buell|Unschuld|Zhibin|2017|loc=s.v. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jUxeDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 "Dai zhou"]}}. This occurred in AD{{nbsp}}585 under the Wen Emperor of Sui. Its seat was at present-day Daixian, which was known as Guangwu until 598 and then as Yanmen when its surrounding county was renamed due to the Chinese naming taboo. It was abolished and merged with Yanmen Commandery {{c.|607}}.

Dai Prefecture was reëstablished by the Tang in 618, abolished and merged with Yanmen Commandery again in 742, and reëstablished a second time a few years later in 758. Under the Tang, it formed part of Hedong Circuit. During this period, the seat at Daizhou administered a prefecture covering what are now the counties of Dai, Wutai, Fanshi, and Yuanping.{{harvp|Strassberg|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SrstoswsLzkC&pg=PA513 513]}}.

Under the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming, it was demoted to a county for six years beginning in 1369.

Under the Qing, Dai was removed from the authority of Taiyuan Prefecture{{sfnp|Chavannes|1912}} and made a directly-administered prefecture in 1724{{sfnp|Chavannes|1912}} or 1728. Following the Xinhai Revolution, it was converted into various counties in the Republic of China.

References

=Citations=

=Bibliography=

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