Dame Gruev

{{Short description|Bulgarian revolutionary in Macedonia (1871–1906)}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Dame Gruev

| image = DamianGuev--diebulgarischena00geor.jpeg

| image_size = 185px

| caption =

| native_name = Дамјан Груев

| birth_date = {{birth date|1871|1|17}}

| birth_place = Smilevo, Ottoman Empire

| death_date = {{death date and age|1906|12|23|1871|1|17}}

| death_place = Petlec Peak, near Rusinovo, Ottoman Empire

| nationality = Ottoman/Bulgarian

| alma_mater =

| occupation = Teacher, revolutionary

| organization = Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

}}

Damyan Yovanov Gruev ({{Langx|bg|Дамян Йованов Груев}}, {{langx|mk|Дамјан Јованов Груев}}, {{langx|sr|Дамјан Јованов Грујић}};{{Cite book |title=Građa za istoriju makedonskog naroda iz Arhiva Srbije: knj. 2. 1886-1887 |pages=220 and 579}} January 19, 1871 – December 23, 1906) was а Macedonian Bulgarian teacher,"In Macedonia, the education race produced the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), which organized and carried out the Ilinden Uprising of 1903. Most of IMRO's founders and principal organizers were graduates of the Bulgarian Exarchate schools in Macedonia, who had become teachers and inspectors in the same system that had educated them. Frustrated with the pace of change, they organized and networked to develop their movement throughout the Bulgarian school system that employed them. The Exarchate schools were an ideal forum in which to propagate their cause, and the leading members were able to circulate to different posts, to spread the word, and to build up supplies and stores for the anticipated uprising. As it became more powerful, IMRO was able to impress upon the Exarchate its wishes for teacher and inspector appointments in Macedonia." For more see: Julian Brooks, The Education Race for Macedonia, 1878—1903 in The Journal of Modern Hellenism, Vol 31 (2015) pp. 23-58.Roumen Dontchev Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov, Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies, BRILL, 2013, {{ISBN|9789004250765}}, p. 300. revolutionaryThe revolutionary committee dedicated itself to fight for "full political autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople." Since they sought autonomy only for those areas inhabited by Bulgarians, they denied other nationalities membership in IMRO. According to Article 3 of the statutes, "any Bulgarian could become a member". For more see: Laura Beth Sherman, Fires on the mountain: the Macedonian revolutionary movement and the kidnapping of Ellen Stone, Volume 62, East European Monographs, 1980, {{ISBN|0914710559}}, p. 10. and insurgent leader in the Ottoman regions of Macedonia and Thrace."The last of the significant leaders of the Uprising - Dame Gruev, died one 23 December 1906 in a fight with Turkish soldiers. The Turkish Press described him as the biggest leader of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Committee. French, Austrian, Russian, American and British consuls and ambassadors reported to their governments the preparation and the crushing of the Ilinden Uprising and described it as a Bulgarian event. The Turks themselves described the uprising as a Bulgarian conspiracy." Chris Kostov, Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Volume 7 of Nationalisms across the globe, Peter Lang, 2010, {{ISBN|3034301960}}, pp. 87-88.In contrast to this programme, the ‘Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Committees’ wrote into their constitution their aim to raise ‘the consciousness for self-defence among the Bulgarian population’ in these regions in order that there be ‘one single uprising in all places’. These committees were interested in what they thought of as the Bulgarian part of the population, even though they were formally looking for ‘full political autonomy in Macedonia and the region of Odrin [i. e. Edirne, Adrianople, S.R.]’ and thus embraced a regional approach, too. For more see: Rohdewald, Stefan. "Citizenship, Ethnicity, History, Nation, Region, and the Prespa Agreement of June 2018 between Macedonia and Greece" Comparative Southeast European Studies, vol. 66, no. 4, 2018, pp. 577-593. He was one of the six founders of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. Gruev is seen as a national hero in Bulgaria and North Macedonia but his ethnicity is disputed between both countries.{{cite web |title='Like I Don't Belong': Balkan Neighbours' Identity Dispute Casts Long Shadow |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2021/03/29/like-i-dont-belong-balkan-neighbours-identity-dispute-casts-long-shadow/ |website=Balkan Insight |date=29 March 2021}}The dogma of Macedonian historiography is that it was an 'ethnic Macedonian' organisation and the acronym IMARO has been routinely abbreviated in Macedonian historiography to IMRO to avoid difficult questions about the presence in the same organisations of people nowadays described as 'ethnic Macedonians' from geographic Macedonia – together with 'ethnic Bulgarians' from the Vilajet of Adrianople. In these cases, a present-day ethnic reality is projected wholesale into the past. For more see: Kyril Drezov, Macedonian identity: an overview of the major claims in The New Macedonian Question with J. Pettifer as ed., Springer, 1999, {{ISBN|0230535798}}, p. 55.

Biography

=Early years=

File:Dame1Gruev.jpeg

Dame Gruev was born in 1871 in the village of Smilevo, Monastir vilayet, Ottoman Empire (present-day North Macedonia).Raymond Detrez, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria, Scarecrow Press, 2006, {{ISBN|9780810849013}}, p. 210. He received his elementary education in Smilevo and continued his education in the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki. He was part of a group excluded from the school following a student revolt. In early 1888, the group, consisting of 19 people, including other future IMRO-revolutionaries was attracted by Serbian propaganda. As a result, they went to study in a Serbian Gymnasium in Belgrade at the expense of the Saint Sava society. Gruev later continued his education in the Grandes écoles in Belgrade. They were later frustrated when they realized that attempts were made to serbianize them.Mercia MacDermott, Freedom or Death. The Life of Gotsé Delchev. Journeyman Press, London, 1978, p. 96. Following yet another revolt, Gruev and his associates were excluded from the Great School and emigrated en bloc to Bulgaria. Gruev was enrolled in Sofia University and, later, in the Young Macedonian Literary Society. He found also the circle "Druzhba", whose aim was to implement "Article 23" of the Treaty of Berlin (1878) on the autonomy of Macedonia. In 1891, Gruev was expelled from the university as he was suspected in the assassination of the Minister Hristo Belchev, but subsequently, this allegation turned out to be groundless.

File:Dame Gruev and his Students in Shtip 1894.jpg

Next, Gruev left the university and returned to Ottoman Macedonia region to apply himself to a new revolutionary organization. In order to carry out his plans more successfully, and possibly to avert the suspicion of the Turkish authorities, he decided to become a Bulgarian school teacher. The first two years after his return to Macedonia region he spent teaching, first in his native village of Smilevo, and later in the town of Prilep. Later, Gruev established himself in Thessaloniki and here he co-founded the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization.Blood Ties: Religion, Violence and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908, {{ISBN|9780801469794}}, İpek Yosmaoğlu, Cornell University Press, 2013, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3aMoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 31–32.]"In 1891, Gruev returned to Macedonia and was employed by the Bulgarian Exarchate as a teacher in his native village, Bitola, and in Salonica. In 1893 he was among the founding members of the IMRO." For more see: Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia; Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Second edition; Rowman & Littlefield, 2019; {{ISBN|1538119625}}, p. 133. With the cooperation of Hristo Tatarchev and Petar Poparsov among others, he came up with the Constitution and By-laws of IMARC. It was to be a secret organization under the guidance of a Central Committee, with local revolutionary committees throughout Macedonia and the region of Adrianople (Edirne). These regions were to be divided into revolutionary districts or rayons like in the April Uprising. In accordance with the Constitution, the first Central Revolutionary Committee was formed in the summer of 1894, under the chairmanship of Hristo Tatarchev. Per its first Constitution, the membership was allowed only for Bulgarians.The revolutionary committee dedicated itself to fight for "full political autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople." Since they sought autonomy only for those areas inhabited by Bulgarians, they denied other nationalities membership in IMRO. According to Article 3 of the statutes, "any Bulgarian could become a member". For more see: Laura Beth Sherman, Fires on the mountain: the Macedonian revolutionary movement and the kidnapping of Ellen Stone, Volume 62, East European Monographs, 1980, {{ISBN|0914710559}}, p. 10.Denis Š. Ljuljanović (2023) Imagining Macedonia in the Age of Empire. State Policies, Networks and Violence (1878–1912), LIT Verlag Münster; {{ISBN|9783643914460}}, p. 211.Alexis Heraclides, The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History. Routledge, 2020, {{ISBN|9780367218263}}, p. 240.

=1894 to 1902=

File:Pazareni-imaro-members.png), standing from left to right: Pere Toshev (more probably Dame Gruev), Stanko Popstankov, Dime Tortopov, unknown, after him Nikola Hadzhiivanov and Hristo Litovoycheto.

Second row, sitting: Teofile, Andon Popstavrev, Tomo Tushiyanov, Harish Bozhkov, Georgi Harizanov, Mite Popstavrev, Lyubishanov.

Third row, sitting: Mite Chobanov, Mile Kayafov, Georgi Pophristov, Hadzhi Dionis (hadzhi Dala) and Hristo Todev.{{cite journal |last=Христосков |first=Радослав |year=2025 |title=Спомени на Георги Харишев Божков от Енидже Вардар |journal=„Македонски преглед“ |publisher=МНИ |location=София |issue=1 |page=93 |url=https://www.academia.edu/129952801 |language=mk }}]]

File:Gruev, spomenik u Skoplju.JPG)]]

In the summer of 1894 in Negotino, he organized the first local revolutionary committee, and soon after with the cooperation of Pere Toshev, the first district committee in the city of Štip. Gruev visited the cities of Resen, Ohrid, and Struga as well, and found the local population to be accepting his organization's revolutionary ideas very well. He remained a teacher in Štip during the academic year 1894–1895. In the fall of 1895, Gotse Delchev arrived in Štip with the idea of laying the foundations of a revolutionary movement seeking autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace. Gruev and Delchev met for the first time and shared their ideas there. Gruev introduced Delchev to the plan already outlined by the Central Committee of Thessaloniki. After this, both Gruev and Gotse Delchev worked together in Štip and its environs.

The expansion of the IMRO at the time was phenomenal, particularly after Gruev settled in Thessaloniki during the years 1895–1898, in the quality of a Bulgarian school inspector. Gruev had become the soul and body of the Central revolutionary committee. Under his direction, secret revolutionary papers were issued, ciphers were introduced, pseudonyms or a nom de plume were used, and channels for secret communication between various other local and Macedonian committees were maintained. A representative of the Central Revolutionary Committee was sent to Sofia to take charge of purchasing and dispatching of the necessary war provisions for IMARC. Gruev's tirelessly travelled throughout Macedonia and the Vilayet of Adrianople and systematically established and organized committees in villages and cities. In 1897, Gruev was also one of the founders of the Society against Serbs.Урош Шешум. Друштво против Срба 1897–1902. Методи и мере бугарске дипломатије, Егзархије и Бугарско-македонско-одринске револуционарне организације против ширења српског утицаја у Јужној Старој Србији и Македонији 1897–1902. (1986) У: Српске студије. - ISSN 2217-5687. - Год. 4, бр. 4 (2013), стр. 73–103. COBISS.SR-ID 203683852. During this period the relations between SMARO and SMAC were tense, because of Gruev's attitude towards SMAC on many occasions they tried to discredit him in a effort to remove him from the Central committee.{{cite book |title=Подземната република. Дамјан Груев и Македонското револуционерно движење|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/561091084/Gjorgjiev-v-Podzemnata-Republika-Dame-Gruev-i-Makedonskoto-Revolucionerno-Dvizenje-2010-1|trans-title=The Underground Republic. Damyan Gruev and the Macedonian Revolutionary Movement |author=Vancho Gjorgjiev|publisher=Тримакс, Скопје |date=2010 |pages=151–165, 173–180|language=mk}} In 1898, Gruev had a meeting with the Bulgarian Prime minister Konstantin Stoilov in which a potential cooperation with SMARO was discussed, after the meeting Gruev felt disappointed. At Stoilov's insistence that the forced collection of money from the population be stopped, Gruev requested that the Bulgarian government allocate additional funds for weapons, but it was refused. Later in a meeting with the Bulgarian diplomat Atanas Shopov, Gruev suggested that the government did not keep her words and was not honest towards the Organization, and that we cannot conform to their policies and wishes, but will work independently and fight it, just as we fight all our opponents.{{cite book |title=Подземната република. Дамјан Груев и Македонското револуционерно движење|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/561091084/Gjorgjiev-v-Podzemnata-Republika-Dame-Gruev-i-Makedonskoto-Revolucionerno-Dvizenje-2010-1|trans-title=The Underground Republic. Damyan Gruev and the Macedonian Revolutionary Movement |author=Vancho Gjorgjiev|publisher=Тримакс, Скопје |date=2010 |pages=195–199 |language=mk}} At Gruev's insistence, the forcible collection of money from the population in Bulgaria continued, and the firm position that the Bulgarian government against these actions led to serious disagreements."Македонски преглед", 1996, кн. 4. Билярски, Ц. и И. Бурилкова. Писма от дейци на Върховния македонски комитет и ВМОРО до д-р К. стоилов, стр. 121-128.

File:Gruev Razvigorov Chuchkov Babata.jpg

Gruev relocated to the Bitola revolutionary district in 1898, in Bitola with the cooperation of Petar Poparsov, Vasil Paskov and others, he began to issue a revolutionary paper. He organized a system in which money was collected from Sunday schools through a special "revolutionary tax", and a quantity of war materials was purchased. Gruev was again appointed to the teaching staff now in the city of Bitola, and as such, he also assumed the management of the revolutionary movement in the Vilayet of Monastir (Bitola), while the active persons at the Committee in Thessaloniki were Hristo Tatarchev, Pere Toshev, and Hristo Matov. Gruev's activities in the Bitola district were not left unnoticed by the Ottoman authorities. Numerous chetas (bands) throughout the surrounding mountains began to terrorize the local authorities. Gruev, being suspected as a major factor in fostering this movement, was arrested on 6 August 1900. He was held in Bitola jail until May 1902. However, by using secret writings and ciphers, he was able to remain in contact with the local revolutionary committees and direct the affairs of the revolutionary district of Bitola.

=Uprising=

File:Letter No. 534 from the General Staff of the Second Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Region.jpg

In the latter part of May 1902, Gruev was condemned to banishment in the prison of Podrum Kale in Anatolia. There he found Hristo Matov, Hristo Tatarchev, Pere Toshev and Ivan Hadzhinikolov who were sentenced to exile in 1901. Gruev was kept in Podroum Kale for seven months. Although he was away from Macedonia and Thrace itself, Gruev managed to keep himself informed as to the development and affairs of the IMARO. He kept up a steady stream of encrypted correspondence with Thessaloniki, Bitola, and Sofia. On Easter of 1903, at the instance of a general amnesty, he was released. Gruev hastened to Thessaloniki and there he found that the Central Committee, which was in charge of the IMARO, had already resolved to declare a general insurrection which was to take place during 1903. Although Gruev was not in accord with the Central Committee's decision, primarily because of the SMARO's lack of preparedness, he gave in to the decision of the Central Committee.

He left Thessaloniki and went to Smilevo where the insurrectionary Congress was to be held. The purpose of this Congress was to set the date for the declaration of the general insurrection and to outline the methods and tactics in its prosecution. Here Gruev met Boris Sarafov, who had just arrived from Bulgaria. Gruev was elected as chairman of this Congress, and the latter decided that the day of the declaration of the insurrection was to be 2 August 1903. Gruev, Boris Sarafov, and Anastas Lozanchev were elected by the Congress as the three members of the General Staff and empowered to direct the insurrectionary forces in the Bitola region. Gruev lived to see the retreat of the Turkish troops from his native village of Smilevo. He was engaged, during the course of the insurrection, in numerous skirmishes with the Ottoman Army. But with the arrival of Ottoman troops, any progress of the insurrection was made impossible and in a period of six weeks, it was completely crushed. Gruev put himself on the task of touring various revolutionary districts, disarming the insurgents, and storing up the war materials for future use. Gruev and his followers continued the work of organization and preparation for another uprising.

=After the Uprising=

File:BASA-1782K-3-210-1-Dame Gruev.jpg

File:Dame Gruev grave near Rusilovo.jpg

In 1904, Dame Gruev chaired the Prilep Congress of the Bitola Revolutionary District of IMRO. In the autumn of that year, Dame was captured by the Serb's leader Micko Krstić, but was set free, with the assistance of Gligor Sokolović, after his negotiations with Pere Toshev. In 1905 Gruev headed the first General Congress of the organization after the uprising, the so-called Rila Congress. Here Dame Gruev was elected as a member of the Central Committee and became in fact its leader, until his death. Indeed, Dame was the only one who appeared to be capable of mastering Yane Sandanski's ambition for leadership. However, the Rila Congress failed to erase the political differences in the organization. There arose a need to conduct a new special congress in Sofia in December 1906, which never took place. At the end of 1906, Gruev moved with his detachment from Ottoman Macedonia to Sofia to attend the special Congress. On 23 December 1906, Dame Gruev and his detachment were discovered by the Turkish authorities near the village of Rusinovo (Maleševo district). Gruev and his band were confronted by Ottoman forces and in the following skirmish, he was killed.Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, {{ISBN|9781538119624}}, p. xxvi.

Legacy

file:Graffiti_of_Dame_Gruev_at_the_entrance_of_a_School_in_Sofia_to_which_he_is_a_patron.jpg

In his memoirs, IMRO revolutionary Milan Matov wrote that when he met him in June 1906 in Sofia, Gruev told him: "We are Bulgarians and we always work and will work for the unification of the Bulgarian nation. All other formulas are a stage to achieve this goal."Dimitar Gotsev, Идеята за автономия като тактика в програмите на национално-освободителното движение в Македония и Одринско (1893-1941) ("The idea of the autonomy as a tactic in the programs of the national liberation movements in Macedonia and Thrace, 1893-1941"). Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1983, p. 18. (Bg.), Memoirs of Milan Matov "The Comitadji Stories", Skopje, 2002, pp. 260-261.(Mk.), Матов, Милан. "Баш комитата разказва, живот за Македония", Културно-благотворителна фондация „Братя Миладинови“ - София, 2002, p. 266 (Bg.)

He is considered a national hero in Bulgaria and North Macedonia.Alexis Heraclides, The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History, Routledge, 2021, {{ISBN|9780429266362}}, p. 37.Keith Brown, The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Princeton University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0691099952}}, p. 173.

A high school in SofiaРегистър на училищата и университетите в България - [https://registarnauchilishtata.com/17-%D1%81%D1%83-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/ 17 Средно училище Дамян Груев, Град София] as well as Gruev Cove in Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica are named after Dame Gruev.

In North Macedonia, he is regarded as an ethnic Macedonian who paved the way for the emancipation of a Macedonian nation and statehood.Даме Груев е меѓу најмаркантните македонски лидери, [https://novamakedonija.com.mk/makedonija/politika/dame-gruev-e-megju-najmarkantnite-makedonski-lideri/ Нова Македонија, 23.12.2022] His name is part of the Macedonian national anthem "Today over Macedonia".Pål Kolstø, Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2016, {{ISBN|1317049365}}, p. 188. A monument was erected in his honor in the Macedonia Square in Skopje in 2011, as part of the "Skopje 2014" project.Lucien J. Frary and Mara Kozelsky, Russian-Ottoman Borderlands: The Eastern Question Reconsidered, University of Wisconsin Pres, 2014, {{ISBN|0299298043}}, p. 331.