Daniel arap Moi

Moi was born Toroitich arap (son of) Moi, Toroitich meaning "welcome home the cattle", in the Rift Valley village of Kuriengwo, which is now in Sacho division of Baringo County.{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/obituaries/daniel-arap-moi-dead.html |title=Daniel arap Moi, Who Ruled Kenya for Decades, Dies at 96 |last=McFadden |first=Robert D. |date=3 February 2020 |work=The New York Times |access-date=4 February 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200204081553/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/obituaries/daniel-arap-moi-dead.html |url-status=live }} Moi's father, Kimoi arap Chebii, died in 1928. Moi was only four then and little is known about his mother, Kabon. What is known is that Tuitoek, his elder brother, became his guardian. Moi was one of the herdsboys from Sacho location recommended to join the new Africa Inland Mission (AIM) School at Kabartonjo in 1934 before it was shifted to Kapsabet.{{Cite web |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/The-First-Lady-Kenya-never-had/4552908-5443212-10yyqggz/index.html |title=ARCHIVE: The First Lady Kenya never had |website=The East African |language=en |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204093513/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/The-First-Lady-Kenya-never-had/4552908-5443212-10yyqggz/index.html |url-status=live }} He was from the Tugen sub-group of the Kalenjin people.

At the African Mission School at Kabartonjo, Moi became a Christian and adopted the name Daniel. Moi attended Tambach Teachers Training College after its relocation from Kabartonjo from 1945 to 1947. This is after the colonial government denied him a chance to enroll at Alliance High School. He later attended Kagumo Teacher's College, and taught classes at Tambach Teacher's Training College. Later he became the headmaster of a school in the Keiyo District. He worked as a teacher from 1946 until 1955.

Moi entered politics in 1955 when he was elected Member of the Legislative Council for Rift Valley. He was the chosen replacement of Dr. John ole Tameno, the former representative who had had to quit due to heavy drinking and suspected connections to the freedom movement.{{Cite web |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2001237797/the-vet-who-often-sent-debt-reminders-to-president-jomo-kenyatta-handed-mzee-moi-the-mantle |title=The vet who often sent debt reminders to President Jomo Kenyatta 'handed' Mzee Moi the mantle |website=Standard Digital News |access-date=12 January 2018 |archive-date=12 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160702/https://www.sde.co.ke/thenairobian/article/2001237797/the-vet-who-often-sent-debt-reminders-to-president-jomo-kenyatta-handed-mzee-moi-the-mantle |url-status=dead }} In 1957 Moi was re-elected Member of the Legislative Council for Rift Valley. Moi was part of the Kenyan delegation at the Lancaster House Conferences in London, which drafted the country's first post-independence constitution, and in 1961, he became Minister of Education in the pre-independence government.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27498749 |work=BBC News |date=4 February 2020 |title=Obituary: Daniel arap Moi, former Kenyan president |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213114551/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27498749 |url-status=live }}

In 1960 he founded the Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) with Ronald Ngala as a political alternative to the Kenya African National Union (KANU) led by Jomo Kenyatta. KADU pressed for a federalist constitution, while KANU was in favour of a centralized government. The advantage lay with the numerically stronger KANU, and the first post-independence constitution emphasised national unity, structuring the country as a unitary state.{{cite journal |title='Yours in Struggle for Majimbo'. Nationalism and the Party Politics of Decolonization in Kenya, 1955-64 |author=David M. Anderson |journal=Journal of Contemporary History

|volume=40 |pages = 547–564|number=3 |date=July 2005|jstor = 30036342|doi = 10.1177/0022009405054571|s2cid=143835439 }}

File:Paul Kiplimo Boit and Daniel Moi.jpg with Daniel arap Moi during his son's wedding in 1972, which was held in Kapkong Primary School]]

After Kenya gained independence on 12 December 1963, Kenyatta convinced Moi that KADU and KANU should merge to complete the process of decolonisation. Accordingly, KADU dissolved and joined KANU in 1964. The only real challenge to KANU's dominance came from the Kenya People's Union, starting in 1966. That party was banned in 1969, and from that point onward Kenya was a de facto one-party state dominated by the Kĩkũyũ-Luo alliance. However, with an eye on the fertile lands of the Rift Valley populated by members of Moi's Kalenjin tribe, Kenyatta secured their support by first promoting Moi to Minister for Home Affairs in 1964, and then to Vice-President in 1967. As a member of a minority tribe Moi was also an acceptable compromise for the major tribes. Moi was elected to the Kenyan parliament in 1963 from Baringo North. From 1966 until his retirement in 2002, he served as the MP for Baringo Central in addition to his various other offices.Hon. Wanyiri Kihoro (2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228121210/http://www.cmd.or.ke/images/Politics%20and%20Paliamenterians%20in%20Kenya.pdf Politics and Paliamenterians in Kenya 1944–2007] Center for Multiparty Democracy

However, Moi faced opposition from the Kikuyu elite known as the Kiambu Mafia, who would have preferred one of their own to accede to the presidency. This resulted in an attempt by the constitutional drafting group to change the constitution to prevent the vice-president automatically assuming power in the event of the president's death.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVPM53_gPP4C&pg=PA174 |title=History and Government |last1=Ephalina A. Maina |last2=Wycliffe A. Oboka |last3=Julius Makong'o |publisher=East African Publishers |isbn=9789966253330 |page=174 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530140843/https://books.google.com/books?id=XVPM53_gPP4C&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} However, many senior Kikuyu politicians, including Mwai Kibaki and Charles Njonjo, as well as Kenyatta himself, opposed such a change to the order of succession, fearing it might lead to political instability if Kenyatta died, given his advanced age and perennial illnesses. Thus, Moi's position as successor to Kenyatta was safeguarded.{{Cite book |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8p3008fh&chunk.id=d0e4403&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4403&brand=ucpress |title=African Successes: Four Public Managers of Kenyan Rural Development |last=David K. Leonard |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS |year=1991 |pages=168–169 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729021642/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8p3008fh&chunk.id=d0e4403&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4403&brand=ucpress |url-status=live }}

File:Kenya presidential standard DANIEL ARAP MOI.svg

When Jomo Kenyatta died on 22 August 1978, Moi became acting president. Per the Constitution, a special presidential election for the balance of Kenyatta's term was to be held on 8 November, 90 days later. However, a Cabinet meeting decided that no one else was interested in running for presidency, thus various politicians began campaigning across the country for Moi to be declared the president unopposed. He was therefore sworn in as the second President of Kenya on 14 October 1978 as a result of the walkover electoral process.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mp3bhYdaW7cC&pg=PA28 |title=Masinde Muliro: A Biography |last=Simiyu Wandibba |publisher=East African Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=9789966467652 |page=28 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530140824/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mp3bhYdaW7cC&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAdXAAAAYAAJ |title=The Weekly Review |publisher=Stellascope Limited |year=1988 |page=11}}

File:Koningin Juliana en Prins Bernhard ontvangen President Arap Moi van Kenya op Pal, Bestanddeelnr 930-3185.jpg and Prince Bernhard during his state visit to the Netherlands in June 1979]]

In the beginning, Moi was popular with widespread support all over the country. He toured the country and came into contact with the people everywhere, which was in great contrast to Kenyatta's imperious style of leadership from behind closed doors. However, political realities dictated that he would continue to be beholden to the system of government that Kenyatta had created and to whose headship he had acceded, including the nearly dictatorial powers vested in his office. Despite his popularity, Moi was still unable to fully consolidate his power. From the beginning, anti-communism was an important theme of Moi's government; speaking on the new President's behalf, Vice-President Mwai Kibaki bluntly stated, "There is no room for Communists in Kenya."Miller, Norman and Rodger Yeager. Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity (second edition). Page 173.

On 1 August 1982, lower-level Air Force personnel, led by Senior Private Grade-I Hezekiah Ochuka and backed by university students, attempted a coup d'état to oust Moi. The revolt was quickly suppressed by military and police forces commanded by Chief of General Staff Mahamoud Mohamed.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3MctAQAAIAAJ |title=Society |publisher=Nyamora Communications Limited |year=1992 |page=12}} There may have been two or even three independent groups attempting to seize power at the same time, for differing reasons, but the most serious was led by prominent Kikuyu politicians and members of the police and armed forces.{{cite book |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_UYruQyn54C&pg=PA31 |title=Multi-party Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta & Moi States & the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election |author1=David Throup |author2=Charles Hornsby |publisher=James Currey Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=9780852558041 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530140843/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_UYruQyn54C&pg=PA31 |url-status=live }}

Moi took the opportunity to dismiss political opponents and consolidate his power. He reduced the influence of Kenyatta's men in the cabinet through a long-running judicial enquiry that resulted in the identification of key Kenyatta men as traitors. Moi pardoned them but not before establishing their traitor status in the public view. The main conspirators in the coup, including Ochuka, were sentenced to death, marking the last judicial executions in Kenya.{{cite news |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/big-read/2016-09-07-no-hanging-since-1987-is-death-penalty-still-relevant/ |work=The Star |author=Joseph Ndunda |title=No hanging since 1987: Is death penalty still relevant? |date=7 September 2016 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204190711/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/big-read/2016-09-07-no-hanging-since-1987-is-death-penalty-still-relevant/ |url-status=live }} Moi appointed loyalists to key positions and changed the constitution to formally make KANU the only legally permitted party in the country. But this made little difference to the political situation, as all significant opposition parties had been outlawed since 1969. Kenya's academics and other intelligentsia did not accept this and educational institutions across the country became sites of movements that sought to introduce democratic reforms. However, Kenyan secret police infiltrated these groups and many of their members were exiled. Marxism could no longer be taught at Kenyan universities. The remaining opposition at home went underground.{{cite news |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/1056-372744-l7yig3z/index.html |author=Stephen Mburu |date=12 March 2000 |title=Govt reaction was very harsh |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204190838/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/1056-372744-l7yig3z/index.html |url-status=dead }}

File:Dr Banda is welcomed in Kenya by Daniel Arap Moi.jpg to Kenya]]

Starting in the late 1980s, Moi's regime faced the end of the Cold War, as well as a national economic stagnation under rising oil prices and falling prices of agricultural commodities. Western governments also became more hostile to the KANU regime, a change of policy from the time of the Cold War, when Kenya had been viewed as an important regional stabilizer, preventing the spread of Soviet influence beyond Ethiopia, Somalia, and Tanzania. During that time, Kenya had received much foreign aid, and the country was accepted as a stable, if authoritarian, regime with Moi and the KANU firmly in charge. Western allies overlooked the increasing degree of political repression, including the use of torture at the infamous Nyayo House torture chambers. Some of the evidence of these torture cells was exposed in 2003 after opposition leader Mwai Kibaki became president.News From Africa, March 2003: [http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_1282.html Stunning revelations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710205059/http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_1282.html |date=10 July 2006 }}

File:Prince Michael Moi of Kenya is welcomed upon his arrival for a visit to the United States - DPLA - 56e0485545d8c2ebff29726c93a2e1e7.jpeg

With the fall of the Soviet Union and a lessening need to counter socialist influence in the region, Western policymakers changed their toward Moi and other pro-Western Third World authoritarian regimes. They increasingly regarded Moi as a despotic ruler rather than an important regional stabilizer. Foreign aid was withheld pending compliance with economic and political reforms. One of the key conditions imposed on his regime, especially by the United States through fiery ambassador Smith Hempstone, was the restoration of a multi-party system. Despite his own lack of enthusiasm for the reintroduction of a multi-party system, Moi managed to win over his party who were against the reform. Moi announced his intention to repeal Section 2(A) of the constitution, lifting the ban on opposition parties, at a KANU conference in Kasarani in December 1991. Despite fierce debate and opposition from many delegates, the conference passed the motion unanimously.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_UYruQyn54C&pg=PA86 |title=Multi-party Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta & Moi States & the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election |last1=David Throup |last2=Charles Hornsby |publisher=James Currey Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=9780852558041 |pages=86–87 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530140826/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_UYruQyn54C&pg=PA86 |url-status=live }}

Regardless of the presence of opposition parties, Moi and the KANU clinched power in the first multi-party elections in 1992, and once again in 1997. Both elections were marred by political violence on both the government and opposition forces. Moi skillfully exploited Kenya's mix of ethnic tensions in these contests, gaining a plurality in both elections through a mix of picking votes across the country while his opponents' support was more concentrated, attracting votes from smaller tribes, and the Luhya, and taking advantage of fears of Kikuyu domination over the non-Kikuyu majority.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLvSYzHNTHcC&pg=PA141 |title=Multi-party Elections in Africa |last1=Michael Cowen |last2=Liisa Laakso |publisher=James Currey Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=9780852558430 |pages=141–142 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530140829/https://books.google.com/books?id=kLvSYzHNTHcC&pg=PA141 |url-status=live }} In the absence of an effective and organised opposition, Moi had no difficulty in winning. Although it is also suspected that electoral fraud may have occurred, the key to his victory in both elections was a divided opposition. In 1992 he polled 36.3% of the votes, and in 1997 he received 40.4%, but both were comfortable victories due to vote-splitting between the various opposition groups, which failed to unify and field one opposition candidate.

{{see also|Corruption in Kenya|Goldenberg scandal}}

File:Nyayo Monument 2007.jpg, was built in 1988 to commemorate the 10-year anniversary of Daniel Arap Moi's presidency.]]

In 1999, the findings of NGOs like Amnesty International and a special investigation by the United Nations were published, and they indicated that human rights abuses were prevalent in Kenya under the Moi regime.{{Cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/kenya/document.do?id=AF95118DFE41371C802568E400729F0A |title=Kenya |website=Amnesty International Report 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130051054/http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/kenya/document.do?id=AF95118DFE41371C802568E400729F0A |archive-date=30 November 2005 |access-date=12 December 2005 }}{{Cite web |url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=U1343Q6367847.5490&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=bib&ri=&index=.SW&term=kenya&matchopt=0%7C0&oper=and&x=8&y=13&aspect=power&index=.TW&term=&matchopt=0%7C0&oper=and&index=.TN&term=torture&matchopt=0%7C0&oper=and&index=.AW&term=&matchopt=0%7C0&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&sort= |title=UN Special Rapporteur |website=Misc. reports concerning abuse of human rights in Kenya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622112254/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=U1343Q6367847.5490&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=bib&ri=&index=.SW&term=kenya&matchopt=0%7C0&oper=and&x=8&y=13&aspect=power&index=.TW&term=&matchopt=0%7C0&oper=and&index=.TN&term=torture&matchopt=0%7C0&oper=and&index=.AW&term=&matchopt=0%7C0&ultype=&uloper==&ullimit=&ultype=&uloper==&ullimit=&sort= |archive-date=22 June 2011 |access-date=12 December 2005}}

Reporting on corruption and human rights abuses by British reporter Mary Anne Fitzgerald from 1987 to 1988 resulted in her being vilified by the government and finally deported.{{Cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsRAAQAAIAAJ |title=IPI Report |page=5 |volume=38 |author=Secretariat of the I.P.I. |year=1989 |author-link=International Press Institute |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530141331/https://books.google.com/books?id=RsRAAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }} Moi was implicated in the 1990s' Goldenberg scandal and subsequent cover-ups, where the Kenyan government subsidised exports of gold far in excess of the foreign currency earnings of exporters. In this case, the gold was smuggled from Congo, as Kenya has negligible gold reserves. The Goldenberg scandal cost Kenya the equivalent of more than 10% of the country's annual GDP.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3495689.stm |work=BBC News |date=17 February 2004 |title=Moi 'ordered' Goldenberg payment |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819024235/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3495689.stm |url-status=live }}

File:Groepsfoto met in het midden Koningin Beatrix, Bestanddeelnr 934-4201.jpg, 11 March 1989]]

Inquiries that began at the request of foreign aid donors never amounted to anything substantial during Moi's presidency.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/27/world/aid-donors-insist-on-kenya-reforms.html |title=AID DONORS INSIST ON KENYA REFORMS |work=New York Times |date=27 November 1991 |author=Steven Greenhouse |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902043628/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/27/world/aid-donors-insist-on-kenya-reforms.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |date=25 October 2000 |author=John Githongo |title=Corruption: Are We Innocent? |url=http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/politicaleconomy/Githongo/Corruption-Are%20We%20Innocent.doc |work=Kenya Museum Society |page=6 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729060659/http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/politicaleconomy/Githongo/Corruption-Are%20We%20Innocent.doc |url-status=live }} Although it appears that the peaceful transition of power to Mwai Kibaki may have involved an understanding that Moi would not stand trial for offences committed during his presidency, foreign aid donors reiterated their requests, and Kibaki reopened the inquiry. As the inquiry progressed, Moi, his two sons; Philip and Gideon (now a Senator), and his daughter, June, as well as a host of high-ranking Kenyans, were implicated. In a testimony delivered in late July 2003, Treasury Permanent Secretary Joseph Magari recounted that in 1991 Moi ordered him to pay Ksh34.5 million ($460,000) to Goldenberg, contrary to the laws then in force.[http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/1499.cfm Kenya: Corruption Scandal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815181710/http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/1499.cfm |date=15 August 2007 }} William Karanja, World Press Review correspondent. From the October 2003 issue of World Press Review (Vol. 50, No. 10)

File:Moi and Bush.jpg

Wangari Maathai discussed Moi's actions during the 1980s and early 1990s, systematically attempting to dismantle the Greenbelt Movement after Maathai voiced displeasure at the government's attempts to build an office tower in Uhuru Park. According to Maathai, Moi's actions included removing the Greenbelt Movement from government office space and attempting to cut off funding from international donors by limiting funding through government sanctioned bodies.{{cite book|title=Unbowed: a memoir|author=Wangari Maathai|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|pages=184–205|date=2006|isbn=0307263487|location=New York}} Maathai also discussed Moi's tactics during the beginning of the multiparty movement in the 1990s (see Forum for the Restoration of Democracy) whereby Moi announced the military would take over the government before the December 1992 elections. Maathai received communication during that time that an assassination list had been drawn up, and noted the mysterious deaths of Bishop Alexander Muge and Robert Ouko.{{cite book|title=Unbowed: a memoir|author=Wangari Maathai|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|pages=206–229|date=2006|isbn=0307263487|location=New York}} The Release Political Prisoners party was also formed in the early 1990s to secure the release of political prisoners of the Moi regime and to protest state-sanctioned torture and random imprisonment. The police dispersed the protestors and many of the mothers of these political prisoners from Freedom Corner in Uhuru Park on March 3, 1992. After a year-long vigil and hunger strike by many of the mothers of these political prisoners in the Anglican All Saints Cathedral near Uhuru Park, the government released 51 prisoners en masse in early 1993.

In October 2006, Moi was found by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes to have taken a bribe from a Pakistani businessman, to award a monopoly of duty-free shops at the country's international airports in Mombasa and Nairobi. The businessman, Ali Nasir, claimed to have paid Moi US$2 million in cash to obtain government approval for the World Duty Free Limited investment in Kenya.[http://www.asil.org/ilib/2007/02/ilib070220.html International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815002919/https://www.asil.org/ilib/2007/02/ilib070220.html |date=15 August 2007 }} World Duty Free Company Ltd. v. Kenya (4 October 2006)

On 31 August 2007, WikiLeaks published a secret report that laid bare a web of shell companies, secret trusts and front men that his entourage had used to channel hundreds of millions of pounds into nearly 30 countries.[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/31/kenya.topstories3 The looting of Kenya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131213722/http://www.guardian.co.uk/kenya/story/0,,2159757,00.html |date=31 January 2008 }}. Guardian. 31 August 2007. Retrieved on 6 September 2011.

File:George W. Bush - Daniel arap Moi - Meles Zenawi.jpg welcomes President Daniel arap Moi of Kenya and Prime Minister Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia to the Oval Office, 2002.]]

Moi was constitutionally barred from running in the 2002 presidential elections. Some of his supporters flirted with the idea of amending the constitution to allow him to run for a third term, but Moi preferred to retire, choosing Uhuru Kenyatta, the son of Kenya's first President, as his successor.{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/13/world/kenya-s-leader-to-step-down-but-not-out.html |title=Kenya's Leader to Step Down but Not Out |last=Marc Lacey |date=13 October 2002 |work=New York Times |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204053348/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/13/world/kenya-s-leader-to-step-down-but-not-out.html |url-status=live }} However, Mwai Kibaki was elected president by a two to one majority over Kenyatta, which was confirmed on 29 December 2002. At that point Kibaki required the use of a wheelchair, having narrowly escaped death in a road accident on the campaign trail. Moi handed over power in a poorly organised ceremony that had one of the largest crowds ever seen in Nairobi in attendance. The crowd was openly hostile to Moi.{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/dec/30/kenya |title=Kibaki sworn in as Kenyan president |date=30 December 2002 |work=The Guardian |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530141332/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/dec/30/kenya |url-status=live }}

After leaving office in December 2002, Moi lived in retirement, largely shunned by the political establishment. Nevertheless, he still retained some popularity with the masses, and his presence never failed to gather a crowd. He spoke out against a proposal for a new constitution in 2005, which according to him, the document was contrary to the aspirations of the Kenyan people. After the proposal was defeated in a November 2005 constitutional referendum, President Kibaki called Moi to arrange for a meeting to discuss the way forward.

On 25 July 2007, Kibaki appointed Moi as special peace envoy to Sudan, referring to Moi's "vast experience and knowledge of African affairs" and "his stature as an elder statesman". In his capacity as peace envoy, Moi's primary task was to help secure peace in southern Sudan where an agreement, signed in early 2005, was being implemented. At the time, the Kenyan press speculated that Moi and Kibaki were planning an alliance ahead of the December 2007 election.C. Bryson Hull, [http://www.sudantech.com/redesign/sudan1/completenews.php?nsid=3&cid=2 Kenya names ex-leader special envoy to Sudan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331194448/http://www.sudantech.com/redesign/sudan1/completenews.php?nsid=3&cid=2 |date=31 March 2012 }}, Reuters (IOL), 26 July 2007. On 28 August 2007, Moi announced his support for Kibaki's re-election and said that he would campaign for Kibaki. He sharply criticised the two opposition Orange Democratic Movement factions, arguing that they were tribal in nature.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071007114915/http://www.eastandard.net/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143973644 Moi supports Kibaki’s re-election]}}, The Standard (Kenya), 28 August 2007.Lucas Barasa and Benjamin Muindi, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200708280714.html "Kenya: Moi Endorses Kibaki for Second Term"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830122616/http://allafrica.com/stories/200708280714.html |date=30 August 2007 }}, The Nation (Nairobi), 28 August 2007.

Moi owned the Kiptagich Tea Factory, established in 1979, which has been involved in controversy. In 2009, the factory was under the threat of being closed down by the government during the Mau Forest evictions.Daily Nation, 22 December 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/-/1064/829452/-/view/printVersion/-/10qvtnt/-/index.html MP vows to fight Moi eviction bid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192654/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/-/1064/829452/-/view/printVersion/-/10qvtnt/-/index.html |date=3 March 2016 }}

Moi was married to {{ill|Lena Moi|simple}} (née Helena Bomett) from 1950 until their separation in 1974, before his assumption of the presidency. Lena's parents, the Paul Bomett family, were pioneer Christians in Eldama Ravine. They respected Moi, the young, tall, handsome and well-mannered orphan boy.

It was at the Bometts that Moi sought shelter during school holidays, unable to return home, 160 kilometres away, like the older boys. He would also stay at the home of the Christian family of Isaiah Chesire, the father of Kanu's nominated MP Zipporah Kittony, and former Eldoret North MP Reuben Chesire.

In 1950, after leaving Kagumo Teacher's College, Moi, who had been dating Lena, married her in a church wedding officiated by Erik Barnett, the son of Albert Barnett (after whom Kabarnet Town is named) at the AIC mission in Eldama Ravine after he paid two heifers, one ox, and four sheep to the Bomett family. Moi's long-time friend, Francis Cherogony, was the best man. With the marriage, Lena abandoned her career as a teacher and immersed herself in bringing up her family, settling down with Moi at Tambach Government School, where his first two children, Jennifer and Jonathan Kipkemboi, were born in 1952 and 1953 respectively.

Daniel arap Moi had eight children: five sons and three daughters. Among the children are Gideon Moi, who had a political career of his own in Kenya and Jonathan Toroitich (a former rally driver, died 2019) and Philip Moi (a retired army officer).Ghanaweb.com, 15 April 2005: His other son Raymond Moi is member of parliament, Rongai constituency in Nakuru County.[http://www.modernghana.com/news/75799/1/document-rawlings-speech-at-the-aparc.html DOCUMENT: Rawlings' Speech at the APARC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012085814/http://www.modernghana.com/news/75799/1/document-rawlings-speech-at-the-aparc.html |date=12 October 2012 }}The Standard, 1 August 2004: {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080507191527/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/august/sun01082004/headlines/news31070401.htm Humble in life, great in death]}} His older and only brother William Tuitoek died in 1995.Daily Nation, 28 January 2002: [http://allafrica.com/stories/200201280031.html A choice of seven grand homes: Which will Moi opt for?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020133407/http://allafrica.com/stories/200201280031.html |date=20 October 2012 }} He was a lifelong member of the Africa Inland Mission Church, following his enrollment at the church's school with fellow acquaintance Sammy C. and Philip M. in 1934.{{Cite news |url=https://qz.com/africa/1796546/how-kenyas-late-daniel-arap-moi-became-a-big-man-president/ |title=How Daniel arap Moi became Kenya's "big man" president |last=Gabrielle Lynch |date=4 February 2020 |work=Quartz Africa |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204112348/https://qz.com/africa/1796546/how-kenyas-late-daniel-arap-moi-became-a-big-man-president/ |url-status=live }}

Moi was the founder and patron of major schools in Kenya which include Moi Educational Centre, Kabarak High School, Kabarak University{{Cite web|url=https://kabarak.ac.ke/home-page-default/|title=Kenya's Top Private Chartered institution of higher learning|website=Welcome to Kabarak University - Kenya|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-15|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215014702/https://kabarak.ac.ke/home-page-default/|url-status=live}} and Sunshine Secondary Schools, and Sacho Primary and Secondary, among others.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA314 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |last1=E. A. Livingstone |last2=M. W. D. Sparks |last3=R. W. Peacocke |date=12 September 2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965962-3 |pages=314–}}

In October 2019, retired president Moi was hospitalized under critical condition at The Nairobi Hospital due to complications of pleural effusion.{{Cite web |url=https://new.mpasho.co.ke/all-about-the-condition-former-president-moi-is-being-treated-for-in-icu/ |title=All about the condition former President Moi is being treated for in ICU |date=29 October 2019 |publisher=Mphaso |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204060951/https://new.mpasho.co.ke/all-about-the-condition-former-president-moi-is-being-treated-for-in-icu/ |url-status=dead }} He was discharged in November 2019, only to be hospitalized again days later for knee surgery.{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-11-11-ex-president-moi-rushed-back-to-nairobi-hospital-again/ |title=Ex-President Moi rushed back to Nairobi Hospital, again |date=11 November 2019 |website=The Star |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213213204/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-11-11-ex-president-moi-rushed-back-to-nairobi-hospital-again/ |url-status=live }} He developed respiratory complications and underwent a tracheotomy.{{cite news|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Daniel-Moi-fought-for-life/4552908-5444690-ihdsq1/index.html|title=How former President Daniel arap Moi fought for life|newspaper=The East African|date=5 February 2020|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207065647/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Daniel-Moi-fought-for-life/4552908-5444690-ihdsq1/index.html|url-status=live}} A month later, he suffered from gastrointestinal hemorrhage which led to multiple organ failure, and was placed on life-support.

Moi died at The Nairobi Hospital in the early morning of 4 February 2020, at the age of 95; however, during Moi's memorial service on 9 February 2020 at his Kabarnet Gardens home in Nairobi, his son Raymond, told congregants that he was 105 years old at the time of his death.{{Cite web |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001359848/moi-was-105-years-old-son-says/ |title=Raymond: Moi was 130 years old |date=10 February 2020 |publisher=Standard Digital |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824094008/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001359848/moi-was-105-years-old-son-says |url-status=live }} Moi's body was lain at parliament building for public view for three days, from 8 February to 10 February 2020. A state funeral service was conducted at Nyayo Stadium on 11 February 2020, before the burial in his Kabarak home in Nakuru county.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51458017 |work=BBC News |title=Kenya's Daniel arap Moi: Thousands pack stadium for funeral |date=February 11, 2020 |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212164937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51458017 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/obituaries/daniel-arap-moi-dead.html |title=Daniel Toroitich arap Moi, Who Ruled Kenya for Decades, Dies at 96 |date=4 February 2020 |work=The New York Times |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200204081553/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/obituaries/daniel-arap-moi-dead.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/445467076/PRESIDENTIAL-PROCLAMATION-With-Respect-To-THE-DEATH-OF-H-E-DANIEL-TOROITICH-arap-MOI-C-G-H |title=PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION - With Respect To - THE DEATH OF H.E. DANIEL TOROITICH arap MOI, C.G.H. |date=4 February 2020 |publisher=State House (Kenya) |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204045948/https://www.scribd.com/document/445467076/PRESIDENTIAL-PROCLAMATION-With-Respect-To-THE-DEATH-OF-H-E-DANIEL-TOROITICH-arap-MOI-C-G-H |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Olewe |first=Dickens |date=2020-02-04 |title=Kenya's former President Daniel arap Moi dies aged 95 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50238081 |work=BBC News Online |access-date=2020-02-11 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204123712/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50238081 |url-status=live }} He was buried at his Kabarak home on 12 February 2020,{{Cite web|url = https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2020/02/moi-to-be-buried-at-kabarak-home-in-nakuru-family-says/|title = Moi to be buried at Kabarak home in Nakuru, family says » Capital News|date = 4 February 2020|access-date = 6 February 2020|archive-date = 6 February 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200206070344/https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2020/02/moi-to-be-buried-at-kabarak-home-in-nakuru-family-says/|url-status = live}} complete with military honors which included a 19-gun salute followed by a missing man formation flyby.{{Citation|title=Moi sent off with 19-gun salute — VIDEO|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Moi-sent-off-with-19-gun-salute-in-Kabarak/1056-5452984-ss17hb/index.html|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212204804/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Moi-sent-off-with-19-gun-salute-in-Kabarak/1056-5452984-ss17hb/index.html|url-status=live}} His grave is next to his former wife Lena Bomett.

{{main|List of things named after Daniel arap Moi}}

• Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital{{cite news |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ureport/article/2001359167/famous-places-named-after-former-president-daniel-moi |work=The Standard |date=4 February 2020 |author=Babu Tendu |title=Famous places named after former president Daniel Moi |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204192129/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ureport/article/2001359167/famous-places-named-after-former-president-daniel-moi |url-status=live }}
• Moi Air Base, Nairobi
• Moi International Airport, Mombasa
• Moi International Sports Centre, Kasarani, Nairobi
• Moi Stadium, Kisumu.
• Moi Stadium, Embu{{cite news |date=2023-06-01 |title=Kenya's former President Daniel arap Moi dies aged 95 |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/other-sports/machines-spring-to-life-at-embu-s-moi-stadium-after-an-uneasy-10-year-wait-4197008/ |work=Nation News Online |access-date=2023-06-10 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610172433/https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/other-sports/machines-spring-to-life-at-embu-s-moi-stadium-after-an-uneasy-10-year-wait-4197008 |url-status=live }}
• Moi University, Eldoret
• Roads and streets:
• Moi Avenue (Mombasa)
• Moi Avenue (Nairobi)
• A number of institutions of learning
• Moi Girls High School, Eldoret among others

{{Portal|Biography|Kenya|Politics}}

• Politics of Kenya
• Presidency of Daniel Moi

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{{Reflist|30em}}

{{commons category|Daniel arap Moi}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071213184344/http://www.moiinstitute.org/index.php Moi Africa Institute]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092853/http://www.africanconnections.com/Daniel_arap_Moi_pre.html Presentation to the National Summit on Africa], Washington, DC (USA) – February 2000 (an AFRICAN CONNECTIONS documentary)

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|title = Vice-President of Kenya

|before = Joseph Murumbi

|after = Mwai Kibaki

|years = 1967{{spaced ndash}}1978

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{{Succession box

|title = President of Kenya

|before = Jomo Kenyatta

|after = Mwai Kibaki

|years = 1978{{spaced ndash}}2002

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Moi, Daniel Arap}}

Category:1924 births

Category:2020 deaths

Category:People from Baringo County

Category:Kalenjin people

Category:Kenyan Christians

Category:Kenya African National Union politicians

Category:Kenyan anti-communists

Category:Presidents of Kenya

Category:Vice-presidents of Kenya

Category:Members of the Legislative Council of Kenya

Category:Alumni of Kapsabet High School