Dating the Bible#Table III: Deuterocanonical Old Testament
{{Short description|Estimating dates of composition for parts of the Bible}}
{{About|the composition of the text of the Bible|the events described in the Hebrew Bible|Chronology of the Bible|the events in the Gospels|Chronology of Jesus}}
{{Table to prose|date=January 2023}}
{{Bible related|expanded=AD}}
The oldest surviving Hebrew Bible manuscripts, the Dead Sea Scrolls, date to {{circa|the 2nd century BCE}}. Some of these scrolls are presently stored at the Shrine of the Book in Jerusalem. The oldest text of the entire Christian Bible, including the New Testament, is the Codex Sinaiticus dating from the 4th century CE, with its Old Testament a copy of a Greek translation known as the Septuagint. The oldest extant manuscripts of the vocalized Masoretic Text date to the 9th century CE.
{{cite book
| last1 = Evans
| first1 = Craig A.
| author-link1 = Craig A. Evans
| chapter = Introduction
| editor1-last = Evans
| editor1-first = Craig A.
| editor1-link = Craig A. Evans
| editor2-last = Tov
| editor2-first = Emanuel
| editor2-link = Emanuel Tov
| title = Exploring the Origins of the Bible: Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wfwq-9gaZFcC
| series = Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology
| date = October 2008
| publisher = Baker Academic
| publication-date = 2008
| isbn = 9781585588145
| access-date = 2015-05-16
| quote = The oldest Masoretic manuscripts date from the late ninth century CE (e.g., Codex Cairensis [C] on the Prophets).
}} With the exception of a few biblical sections in the Nevi'im, virtually no biblical text is contemporaneous with the events it describes.{{harvnb|Bernstein|1996|p=134}}
Internal evidence within the texts of the 27-book New Testament canon suggests that most of these books were written in the 1st century CE. The first book written is thought to be either the Epistle to the Galatians (written around 48 CE){{sfn|Powell|2018|p=327}} or 1 Thessalonians, written around 50 CE.Raymond E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament, Anchor Bible, 1997. pp. 456-466. The latest book written is thought to be the Second Peter, written around 110 CE.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} The final book in the ordering of the canon, the Book of Revelation, is generally accepted by traditional scholarship to have been written during the reign of Domitian (81–96) before the writing of 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus and the Epistles of John.{{Cite book |last=Mounce |first=Robert H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FAookts4MUC |title=The Book of Revelation |date=1998 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2537-7 |pages=15–16 |language=en}}{{Cite book
|last1 = Stuckenbruck
|first1 = Loren T.
|chapter = Revelation
|editor1-last = Dunn
|editor1-first = James D. G.
|editor2-last = Rogerson
|editor2-first = John William
|title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 2003
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA1535
|pages = 1535–1536
|isbn = 978-0-8028-3711-0
}} Dating the composition of the texts relies primarily on internal evidence, including direct references to historical events. Textual criticism, as well as epigraphic analysis of biblical manuscripts, provides further evidence that scholars consider when judging the relative age of sections of the Bible.
Table I: Chronological overview
This table summarises the chronology of the main tables and serves as a guide to the historical periods mentioned. Much of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament may have been assembled in the 5th century BCE.{{sfn|Berquist|2007|p=3–4}} The New Testament books were composed largely in the second half of the 1st century CE.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff.}} The deuterocanonical books fall largely in between.
{{clear}}
| class="wikitable" |
| Period
! Books |
|---|
| Pre-monarchic 13th century–745 BCE |
|
| Monarchic 745–587 BCE |
|
| Exilic 586–539 BCE |
|
| Post-exilic (Persian) 538–332 BCE |
|
| Post-exilic (Hellenistic) 331–164 BCE |
|
| Maccabean/Hasmonean 164–63 BCE |
|chapter-url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1976_ant_27_1_1828}}
|
| Roman after 63 BCE |
|
Table II: Hebrew Bible/Christian Old Testament
| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top" |
| Torah
! Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars |
|---|
| * Book of Genesis
| The majority of modern biblical scholars believe that the Torah—Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy—reached its present form in the post-Exilic period.{{sfn|Enns|2012|p=5}} The Documentary hypothesis model suggests that the five books are drawn from four "sources" (distinct schools of writers rather than individuals): the Priestly source, the Yahwist and the Elohist (these two are often referred to collectively as the "non-Priestly" source), and the Deuteronomist.{{sfn|Carr|2000|p=492}} There is general agreement that the Priestly source is post-exilic, but there is no agreement over the non-Priestly source(s).{{sfn|Carr|2000|p=492}}
|
| Prophets
! Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars |
| Former Prophets:
| This group of books, plus Deuteronomy, is called the "Deuteronomistic history" by scholars. The proposal that they made up a unified work was first advanced by Martin Noth in 1943, and has been widely accepted. Noth proposed that the entire history was the creation of a single individual working in the exilic period (6th century BCE); since then there has been wide recognition that the history appeared in two "editions", the first in the reign of Judah's King Josiah (late 7th century BCE), the second during the exile (6th century BCE).{{sfn|Campbell|O'Brien|2000|p=2 and fn.6}} Noth's dating was based on the assumption that the history was completed very soon after its last recorded event, the release of King Jehoiachin in Babylon {{circa|560 BCE;}} but some scholars have termed his reasoning inadequate, and the history may have been further extended in the post-exilic period.{{sfn|Person|2010|p=10-11}} |
| Three Major Prophets:
| Scholars recognise three "sections" in the Book of Isaiah:
The Book of Jeremiah exists in two versions: Greek (the version used in Orthodox Christian Bibles) and Hebrew (Jewish, Catholic, and Protestant Bibles), with the Greek representing the earlier version.{{sfn|Allen|2008|p=7-8}} The Greek version was probably finalised in the early Persian period and translated into Greek in the 3rd century BCE, and the Hebrew version dates from some point between then and the 2nd century BCE.{{sfn|Sweeney|2010|p=94}} The Book of Ezekiel describes itself as the words of the Ezekiel ben-Buzi, a priest living in exile in the city of Babylon, and internal evidence dates the visions to between 593 and 571 BCE. While the book probably reflects much of the historic Ezekiel, it is the product of a long and complex history, with significant additions by a "school" of later followers.{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|1996|p=8}}{{sfn|Joyce|2009|p=16}} |
| Twelve Minor Prophets
| In the Hebrew Bible the Twelve Minor Prophets are a single collection edited in the Second Temple period, but the collection is broken up in Christian Bibles.{{Sfn |Redditt|2003|pp=1–3, 9}} With the exception of Jonah, which scholars regard as fictional, there exists an original core of prophetic tradition behind each book:{{Sfn |Floyd|2000|p=9}}{{sfn|Dell|1996|pp=86–89}}
|
| Writings
! Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars |
| Wisdom collection:
| The books of Job, Ecclesiastes, and Proverbs share a similar outlook which they themselves call "wisdom".{{sfn|Farmer|1998|p=129}} It is generally agreed that Job comes from between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.{{sfn|Dell|2003|p=337}} Ecclesiastes can be no earlier than about 450 BCE, due to the presence of Persian loan-words and Aramaic idioms, and no later than 180 BCE, when the Jewish writer Ben Sira quotes from it in the Book of Sirach.{{sfn|Seow|2007|p=944}}{{sfn|Fox|2004|p=xiv}} Proverbs is a "collection of collections" relating to a pattern of life which lasted for more than a millennium, and impossible to date.{{sfn|Clements|2003|p=438}} |
Poetic works:
| The psalms making up the first two-thirds of the psalter are predominantly pre-exilic and the last third predominantly post-exilic.{{sfn|Day|1990|p=16}} The collected book of Psalms was possibly given its modern shape and division into five parts in the post-exilic period, although it continued to be revised and expanded well into Hellenistic and even Roman times.{{sfn|Coogan|Brettler|Newsom|2007|p=xxiii}} It is generally accepted that the destruction of Jerusalem by Babylon in 586 BCE forms the background to the Book of Lamentations.{{sfn|Hayes|1998|p=168}} |
Histories:
| Chronicles was composed between 400 and 250 BCE, probably in the period 350–300 BCE;{{sfn|McKenzie|2004|p=32}} Ezra–Nehemiah (two books in modern Bibles, but originally one) may have reached its final form as late as the Ptolemaic period, {{circa|300–200 BCE}}.{{sfn|Grabbe|2003|p=321}} |
Miscellaneous works:
| The Book of Ruth is commonly dated to the Persian period.{{sfn|Grabbe|2004|p=105}} Esther to the 3rd or 4th centuries BCE; the Book of Daniel can be dated more precisely to 164 BCE thanks to its veiled prophecy of the death of a Greek king of Syria;{{sfn|Collins|1984|p=101}} and the Song of Songs could have been composed at any time after the 6th century BCE.{{sfn|Bloch|Bloch|1995|p=23}} |
Table III: Deuterocanonical Old Testament
| class="wikitable" |
| Book
! Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars |
|---|
| Tobit
| 225–175 BCE, on the basis of apparent use of language and references common to the post-exilic period, but lack of knowledge of the 2nd century BCE persecution of Jews.{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2003|p=51}} |
| Judith
| 150–100 BCE, although estimates range from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.{{sfn|West|2003|p=748}} |
| 1 Maccabees
| 100 BCE{{sfn|Bartlett|2003|p=807}} |
| 2 Maccabees
| {{circa|100 BCE}}{{sfn|Bartlett|2003|p=807}} |
| 3 Maccabees
| 100–75 BCE "very probable"{{sfn|Alexander|2003|p=866}} |
| 4 Maccabees
| mid-1st century CE{{sfn|deSilva|2003|p=888}} |
| Wisdom of Solomon
| late 1st century BCE/early 1st century CE, on the basis of shared outlook with other works dating from this time.{{sfn|Hayman|2003|p=763}} |
| Sirach
| 196–175 BCE, as the author implies that Simon the high priest had died (196 BCE), but shows no knowledge of the persecution of the Jews that began after 175 BCE.{{sfn|Snaith|2003|p=779}} |
| Additions to Daniel
| Prayer of Azariah (Song of the Three Holy Children); Bel and the Dragon: late 6th century BCE;{{sfn|Harlow|2003|p=805}} Susanna and the Elders: possibly 95–80 BCE{{sfn|Spencer|2002|p=90}} |
| Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah
| 2nd century BCE, as Baruch uses Sirach (written {{circa|180 BCE}}) and is in turn used by the Psalms of Solomon (mid-1st century BCE). The Letter of Jeremiah, ch. 6:1–73 of the Book of Baruch, is sometimes considered a separate book.{{sfn|Schmitt|2003|p=799,802}} |
Table IV: New Testament
| class="wikitable sortable" |
| Book
! Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars ! Earliest known fragment |
|---|
| Gospel of Matthew
| {{circa|80–90 CE}}.{{sfn|Duling|2010|p=298-299}} This is based on three strands of evidence: (a) the setting of Matthew reflects the final separation of Church and Synagogue, about 85 CE; (b) it reflects the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in 70 CE; (c) it uses Mark, usually dated around 70 CE, as a source.{{sfn|France|2007|p=18}} | {{Papyrus link|104}} (2nd century CE) |
| Gospel of Mark
| {{circa|65–73 CE}}.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}}{{sfn|Powell|2018|p=144-146}} References to persecution and to war in Judea suggest that its context was either Nero's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt.{{sfn|Perkins|1998|p=241}} | {{Papyrus link|45}} (250 CE) |
| Gospel of Luke
| {{circa|80–90 CE}}.{{sfn|Charlesworth|2008|p=unpaginated}}{{sfn|Powell|2018|p=166}} Text indicates written a generation after that of the first disciples, uses Gospel of Mark, and appears to address concerns raised by the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE.{{sfn|Powell|2018|p=165}} | {{Papyrus link|4}}, {{Papyrus link|75}} (175–250 CE) |
| Gospel of John
| {{circa|90–110 CE}}, the upper date based on textual evidence that the gospel was known in the early 2nd century CE, and the lower on an internal reference to the expulsion of Christians from the synagogues.{{sfn|Lincoln|2005|p=18}} | {{Papyrus link|52}} (125–175 CE) |
| Acts
| {{circa|80–90 CE}}, on the grounds that Luke–Acts uses Mark as a source, looks back on the destruction of Jerusalem, and does not show any awareness of the letters of Paul (which began circulating late in the century); if, however, it does show awareness of the letters of Paul and also of the works of Josephus, then a date early in the 2nd century CE is more likely.{{sfn|Boring|2012|p=587}}{{sfn|Keener|2012|p=384}}{{sfn|Powell|2018|p=210}} | {{Papyrus link|29}}, {{Papyrus link|45}}, {{Papyrus link|48}}, {{Papyrus link|53}}, {{Papyrus link|91}} (250 CE) |
| Romans
| {{circa|57–58 CE}}.{{sfn|Powell|2018|p=275}} One of the indisputably genuine Pauline letters, written to the Romans as Paul was about to leave Asia Minor and Greece, and expressing his hopes to continue his work in Spain.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|46}} (mid 2nd century to mid 3rd century CE) |
| 1 Corinthians
| {{circa|53–57 CE}}.{{sfn|Powell|2018|p=295}} One of the indisputably genuine Pauline letters. Paul expresses his intention to re-visit the church he founded in the city {{circa|50–52 CE}}.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|46}} (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE) |
| 2 Corinthians
| {{circa|55–58 CE}}.{{sfn|Powell|2018|p=314}} One of the indisputably genuine Pauline letters. Written by Paul in Macedonia after having left Ephesus.{{sfn|Powell|2018|p=313}} | {{Papyrus link|46}} (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE) |
| Galatians
| {{circa|48}} or 55 CE.{{sfn|Powell|2018|p=327}} One of the indisputably genuine Pauline letters. The dating of this letter depends on whether it was written to the northern or southern portion of Galatia (with the former representing the later date).{{sfn|Powell|2018|p=326-327}} | {{Papyrus link|46}} (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE) |
| Ephesians
| {{circa|80–90 CE}}. The letter appears to have been written after Paul's death in Rome, by an author who uses his name.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|46}} (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE) |
| Philippians
| {{circa|54–55 CE}}. A genuine Pauline letter, it mentions "Caesar's household," leading some scholars to believe that it is written from Rome, but some of the news in it could not have come from Rome. It seems rather to date from an earlier imprisonment, perhaps in Ephesus, from which Paul hopes to be released.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|46}} (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE) |
| Colossians
| {{circa|62 CE}} or post-70 CE. Some scholars believe Colossians dates from late in Paul's career, around the time of his imprisonment in Rome. However, some of the language and theology point to a much later date, from an unknown author using Paul's name.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|46}} (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE) |
| 1 Thessalonians
| {{circa|51 CE}}. One of the earliest of the genuine Pauline epistles.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|46}} (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE) |
| 2 Thessalonians
| {{circa|51 CE}} or post-70 CE. If this is a genuine Pauline epistle it follows closely on 1 Thessalonians. But some of the language and theology point to a much later date, from an unknown author using Paul's name.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|92}} (300 CE) |
| 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Epistle to Titus
| {{circa|100 CE}}. The two Timothy epistles and Titus reflect a much more developed Church organization than that reflected in the undisputed Pauline epistles.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | Codex Sinaiticus (350 CE){{Papyrus link|32}} (200 CE) |
| Philemon
| {{circa|54–55 CE}}. A genuine Pauline epistle, written from an imprisonment (probably in Ephesus) that Paul expects will soon be over.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|87}} (3rd century CE) |
| Hebrews
| {{circa|80–90 CE}}. The elegance of the Greek and the sophistication of the theology do not fit the genuine Pauline epistles, but the mention of Timothy in the conclusion led to its being included with the Pauline group from an early date.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|46}} (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE) |
| James
| {{circa|65–85 CE}}. Like Hebrews, James is not so much a letter as an exhortation; the style of the Greek makes it unlikely that it was actually written by James the brother of Jesus.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|20}}, {{Papyrus link|23}} (early 3rd century CE) |
| First Peter
| {{circa|75–90 CE}}{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|72}} (3rd/4th century CE) |
| Second Peter
| {{circa|110 CE}}. This is apparently the latest writing in the New Testament, quoting from Jude, assuming a knowledge of the Pauline letters, and including a reference to the gospel story of the Transfiguration of Christ.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|72}} (3rd/4th century CE) |
| Epistles of John
| {{circa|90–110 CE}}.{{sfn|Kim|2003|p=250}} The letters give no clear indication, but scholars tend to place them about a decade after the Gospel of John.{{sfn|Kim|2003|p=250}} | {{Papyrus link|9}}, Uncial 0232, Codex Sinaiticus (3rd/4th century CE) |
| Jude
| Uncertain. The references to "brother of James" and to "what the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ foretold" suggest that it was written after the apostolic letters were in circulation, but before 2 Peter, which uses it.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|72}} (3rd/4th century CE) |
| Revelation
| {{circa|95 CE}}. The date is suggested by clues in the visions pointing to the reign of the emperor Domitian.{{sfn|Perkins|2012|p=19ff}} | {{Papyrus link|98}} (150–200 CE) |
See also
- Apocalyptic literature
- Authorship of the Bible
- Authorship of the Johannine works
- Authorship of the Pauline epistles
- Authorship of the Petrine epistles
- Biblical apocrypha
- Biblical canon
- Categories of New Testament manuscripts
- Deuterocanonical books
- Development of the Hebrew Bible canon
- Development of the New Testament canon
- Development of the Old Testament canon
- Historical criticism
- Historicity of the Bible
- Jewish apocrypha
- List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha
- Mosaic authorship
- New Testament apocrypha
- Protocanonical books
- Pseudepigrapha
References
=Citations=
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| year = 2003b
| isbn = 9780802837110
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Erdman+commentary+old+testament+hebrew+bible
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Charlesworth
| first = James H.
| title = The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide
| publisher = Abingdon Press
| year = 2008
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YTIGy5t45WgC&q=%22The+composition+of+Luke-Acts%22%2C%22usually+dated+around+80-90%22%2C%22perhaps+between+90+and+110%22&pg=PT64
| isbn = 9781426724756
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Clements
| first = Ronald E.
| chapter = Proverbs
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA438
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Collins
| first = John J.
| author-link = John J. Collins
| title = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature
| year = 1984
| publisher = Eerdmans
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC
| isbn = 9780802800206
}}
- {{cite book
| last1 = Coogan
| first1 = Michael David
| last2 = Brettler
| first2 = Marc Zvi
| last3 = Newsom
| first3 = Carol Ann
| chapter = Editors' Introduction
| editor1-last = Coogan
| editor1-first = Michael David
| editor2-last = Brettler
| editor2-first = Marc Zvi
| editor3-last = Newsom
| editor3-first = Carol Ann
| title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 2007
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc-i_pQsiW8C&q=%22fundamental+continuity+with+preexilic+traditions%22&pg=PR22
| isbn = 9780195288803
}}
- {{Cite book |last=Cross |first=Frank Moore |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674091764 |title=Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel |date=1997-09-01 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-09176-4 |location=Cambridge, MA}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Day
| first = John
| title = The Psalms
| publisher = A&C Black
| year = 1990
| isbn = 978-1-85075-703-0
| series = Old Testament guides
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UuXUAwAAQBAJ
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Dell
| first = Katherine J.
| chapter = Job
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22Job+is+generally+dated+between+the+sixth+and+the+fourth+century+BC%22&pg=PA337
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{cite book
| last1 = Dell
| first1 = Katherine J
| title = After the exile: essays in honour of Rex Mason
| chapter = Reinventing the Wheel: the Shaping of the Book of Jonah
| editor1-last = Barton
| editor1-first = John
| editor2-last = Reimer
| editor2-first = David James
| year = 1996
| publisher = Mercer University Press
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sUb7EDXODOwC&q=Katharine+Dell+Shaping+Book+Jonah&pg=PA85
| isbn = 9780865545243
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = deSilva
| first = David A.
| chapter = 4 Maccabees
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%224+Maccabees%22%22middle+half+of+the+first+century+AD%22&pg=PA888
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Dozeman
| first = Thomas
| chapter = Exodus, Book of
| editor1-last = Freedman
| editor1-first = David Noel
| editor2-last = Myers
| editor2-first = Allen C.
| title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2000
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=%22an+anthology%22%22from+nearly+all+periods%22&pg=PA443
| isbn = 9789053565032
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Duling
| first = Dennis C.
| editor-last = Aune
| editor-first = David E.
| title = The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament
| contribution = The Gospel of Matthew
| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell
| year = 2010
| isbn = 978-1-4051-0825-6
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ygcgn8h-jo4C&pg=PA298
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Emmerson
| first = Grace I.
| chapter = Hosea
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Erdman+commentary+old+testament+hebrew+bible
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Enns
| first = Peter
| title = The Evolution of Adam
| year = 2012
| publisher = Baker Books
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BNxeoqoTg-YC&q=%22The+specifics+of+Wellhausen%22%22postexilic+setting%22&pg=PA5
| isbn = 9781587433153
}}
- {{Cite book
|last = Farmer
|first = Kathleen A.
|chapter = The Wisdom Books
|editor1-last = McKenzie
|editor1-first = Steven L.
|editor2-last = Graham
|editor2-first = Matt Patrick
|title = The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
|year = 1998
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&pg=PA129
|isbn = 9780664256524
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/hebrewbibletoday0000unse
}}
- {{cite book
| last1 = Fitzmyer
| first1 = Joseph A.
| title = Tobit
| year = 2003
| publisher = Walter de Gruyter
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fxea1X6HpZ8C&q=%22dating+of+the+book+of+Tobit%22&pg=PA51
| isbn = 9783110175745
}}
- {{cite book
| last1 = Floyd
| first1 = Michael H
| title = Minor prophets
| volume = 2
| year = 2000
| publisher = Eerdmans
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iJRqa-5HTj0C&q=Minor+prophets%2C+Part+2++By+Michael+H.+Floyd&pg=PA497
| isbn = 9780802844521
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Fox
| first = Michael V.
| year = 2004
| title = The JPS Bible Commentary: Ecclesiastes
| publisher = Jewish Publication Society
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TX9DuDb9hgQC&q=commentary+ecclesiastes
| isbn = 9780827609655
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = France
| first = R.T
| title = The Gospel of Matthew
| publisher = Eerdmans|year=2007
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&q=%22A+pre-70+date+for+Matthew%22&pg=PA19
| isbn = 9780802825018
}}
- {{Cite book |last=Freedman |first=David Noel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lvbAAAAMAAJ |title=Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross |date=1987 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-0-8006-0831-6 |editor-last=Miller |editor2-last=Hanson |editor3-last=McBride |editor-first=Patrick D |editor2-first=Paul D |editor3-first=Samuel Dean |pages=315–317 |language=en}}
- {{cite journal
|last1 = Frolov
|first1 = S.
|title = How Old is the Song of Deborah?
|doi = 10.1177/0309089211423720
|journal = Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
|volume = 36
|issue = 2
|pages = 163–84
|year = 2011
|s2cid = 170121702}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Gelston
| first = Anthony
| chapter = Habakkuk
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003b
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA696
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Gelston
| first = Anthony
| chapter = Obadiah
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003a
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA710
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Gelston
| first = Anthony
| chapter = Zephaniah
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003c
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA715
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Goldingay
| first = John A.
| chapter = Ezekiel
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22began+his+ministry+in+592%22%22until+at+least+571%22&pg=PA623
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Grabbe
| first = Lester L.
| chapter = Nehemiah
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA321
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Grabbe
| first = Lester L.
| title = The History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period, Volume 1: Yehud, the Persian Province of Judah
| year = 2004
| publisher = Continuum
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&pg=PA105
| isbn = 9780567089984
| pages = 105 & 312
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Greifenhagen
| first = Franz V.
| title = Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map: Constructing Biblical Israel's Identity
| publisher = Bloomsbury
| year = 2003
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r1evAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212
| isbn = 9780567391360
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Harlow
| first = Daniel C.
| chapter = Additions to Daniel
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22100+and+75+BC+is+very+probable%22
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{Cite book |last = Hayes
|first = John H.
|chapter = The Songs of Israel
|editor1-last = McKenzie
|editor1-first = Steven L.
|editor2-last = Graham
|editor2-first = Matt Patrick
|title = The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
|year = 1998
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=Hayes+Songs+of+Israel&pg=PA153
|isbn = 9780664256524
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/hebrewbibletoday0000unse
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Hayman
| first = A. Peter
| chapter = Wisdom of Solomon
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22wisdom+of+solomon%22%22turn+of+the+era%22&pg=PA763
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Houston
| first = Walter J
| chapter = Leviticus
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+Leviticus+Walter+J+Houston&pg=PA101
| title = Eerdmans Bible Commentary
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Joyce
| first = Paul M.
| title = Ezekiel: A Commentary
| publisher = Continuum
| year = 2009
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LRepfsso2p0C&q=commentary+Ezekiel
| isbn = 9780567483614
}}
- {{Cite book
|last=Keener
|first=Craig S.
|title=Acts: An Exegetical Commentary, Volume I: Introduction And 1:1-2:47
|publisher=Baker Academic
|year=2012
|isbn=9781441236210
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6raEhIMnzl8C
}}
- {{cite book
| last1 = Kim
| first1 = P.J
| chapter = Letters of John
| editor1-last = Aune
| editor1-first = David
| title = Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature
| year = 2003
| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
| isbn = 9780664219178
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC&q=%22THe+letters+give+no+clear+indication+of+the+date+of+their+final+composition%22&pg=PA250
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Lincoln
| first = Andrew
| title = Gospel According to St John
| publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing
| year = 2005
| isbn = 9781441188229
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eYmxAwAAQBAJ&q=%22final+form%22%22some+time+between+90+and+110+ce%22&pg=PA18
}}
- {{Cite book|last=McDermott|first=John J|title=Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction|publisher=Pauline Press|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dkr7rVd3hAQC&q=Reading+the+Pentateuch:+a+historical+introduction|isbn=9780809140824}}
- {{cite book|first=Jack R.|last=Lundbom|title=The Hebrew Prophets: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J10ZaS5-PHYC&pg=PA47|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-1-4514-1013-6|page=47}}
- {{Cite book
| last = McKenzie
| first = Steven L.
| title = Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries: I & II Chronicles
| publisher = Abingdon Press
| year = 2004
| isbn = 9781426759802
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s3weTW7ylToC&q=McKenzie+2004+Chronicles
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Nelson
| first = Richard D.
| author-link = Richard D. Nelson
| title = Historical Roots of the Old Testament (1200–63 BCE)
| publisher = SBL Press
| year = 2014
| isbn = 9781628370065
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ64BAAAQBAJ&q=%22In+contrast+to+the+Assyrian+and+Neo-Babylonian+period%22&pg=PA184
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = O'Brien
| first = Julia M.
| title = Nahum
| publisher = A&C Black
| year = 2002
| isbn = 9781841273006
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W0X9BTEO7OAC&q=%22seventh+century+BCE%22Assyria+remained+a+formidable%22%22threat%22&pg=PA14
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Perkins
| first = Pheme
| title = Reading the New Testament: An Introduction
| publisher = Paulist Press
| year = 2012
| isbn = 9780809147861
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=It58APyHyPsC&q=%22This+gospel+makes+use+of+Mark%22&pg=PA19
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Perkins
| first = Pheme
| author-link = Pheme Perkins
| editor1-last = Barton
| editor1-first = John
| title = The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation
| chapter = The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story
| pages = 241–58
| year = 1998
| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC
| isbn = 978-0-521-48593-7
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Person
| first = Raymond F.
| title = The Deuteronomic History and the Book of Chronicles
| year = 2010
| publisher = Society of Biblical Literature
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XGdcDBDMaPQC&q=%22dating+of+biblical+texts+on+the+sole+basis+of+linguistic+analysis+is+impossible%22&pg=PA31
| isbn = 9781589835177
}}
- {{Cite book
|last=Powell
|first=Mark Allan
|title=Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary and Theological Survey
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Baker Academic
|year=2018
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGAyDwAAQBAJ&q=Introducing+the+New+Testament:+A+Historical,+Literary+and+Theological+Survey
|isbn=9781493413133
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Radine
| first = Jason
| title = The Book of Amos in Emergent Judah
| year = 2010
| publisher = Mohr Siebeck
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=taqfL4qnJs0C
| isbn = 9783161501142
}}
- {{cite book
| last1 = Redditt
| first1 = Paul L
| title = Thematic threads in the Book of the Twelve
| chapter = The Formation of the Book of the Twelve
| editor1-last = Redditt
| editor1-first = Paul L
| editor2-last = Schart
| editor2-first = Aaron
| year = 2003
| publisher = Walter de Gruyter
| isbn = 9783110175943
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QKBTfJiaElMC&q=%22The+Twelve%22%22reckoned+as+one+book+in+the+Hebrew+Bible%22&pg=PA1
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Rogerson
| first = John W.
| chapter = Micah
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003a
| isbn = 9780802837110
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22It+is+rare+for+a+prophet+to+be+mentioned%22&pg=PA703
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Rogerson
| first = John W.
| chapter = Deuteronomy
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003b
| isbn = 9780802837110
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22Deuteronomy+is+a+speech+delivered+by+Moses%22&pg=PA153
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Rogerson
| first = John W.
| chapter = The History of the Tradition: Old Testament and Apocrypha
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003c
| isbn = 9780802837110
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=The+History+of+the+Tradition%3A+Old+Testament+and+Apocrypha&pg=PA1
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Rogerson
| first = John W.
| chapter = Nahum
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003d
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Erdman+commentary+old+testament+hebrew+bible
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
- {{cite book|first=Paul|last=Sanders|title=Provenance of Deuteronomy Thirty-two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_V8T_5T5HOQC|year=1996 |publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10648-0|page=1}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Schmitt
| first = John J.
| chapter = Baruch
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| isbn = 9780802837110
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22Baruch%22%22second+century+BC%22&pg=PA799
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Seow
| first = C.L.
| year = 2007
| chapter = Ecclesiastes
| editor1-last = Coogan
| editor1-first = Michael D.
| title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible
| edition = 3rd
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc-i_pQsiW8C&q=Ecclesiastes&pg=PA944
| isbn = 9780195288803
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Snaith
| first = John
| chapter = Sirach
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| isbn = 9780802837110
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22Sirach+probably+wrote+the+Hebrew+after+196%22&pg=PA779
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Spencer
| first = Richard A.
| chapter = Additions to Daniel
| editor1-last = Mills
| editor1-first = Watson E.
| editor2-last = Wilson
| editor2-first = Richard F.
| title = Mercer Commentary on the Bible: The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha
| publisher = Mercer University Press
| year = 2002
| isbn = 9780865545106
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=doqYxT-1RzEC&q=%22Daniel+was+the+subject+of+many+legends%22&pg=PA89
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Sweeney
| first = Marvin A.
| title = The Prophetic Literature
| publisher = Abingdon Press
| year = 2010
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kgvsheE1xFEC&q=The+Prophetic+Literature%3A+Interpreting+Biblical+Texts+Series
| isbn = 9781426730030
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Sweeney
| first = Marvin A.
| chapter = The Latter Prophets
| editor1-last = McKenzie
| editor1-first = Steven L.
| editor2-last = Graham
| editor2-first = Matt Patrick
| title = The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues
| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
| year = 1998
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC
| isbn =9780664256524
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Van Seters
| first = John
| title = The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary
| year = 2004
| publisher = T&T Clark International
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&q=The+Pentateuch+Social+Science+Commentary
| isbn = 9780567080882
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = West
| first = Gerald
| chapter = Judith
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James D. G.
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
| publisher = Eerdmans
| year = 2003
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22date+of+Judith%22%22latter+part+of+the+second+century%22&pg=PA748
| isbn = 9780802837110
}}
{{Refend}}
Further reading
{{Refbegin}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Alter
| first = Dennis
| title = The Book of Psalms: A Translation with Commentary
| publisher = W. W. Norton
| year = 2009
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rGC6q5sdYOAC&q=%22When+were+the+various+psalms+composed%22&pg=PR15
| isbn = 9780393337044
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Brueggemann
| first = Walter
| title = An introduction to the Old Testament: the canon and Christian imagination
| publisher = Westminster John Knox
| year = 2003
| url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontool00brue
| url-access = registration
| isbn = 978-0-664-22412-7
}}
- {{Cite book
|last = Collins
|first = John J.
|author-link = John J. Collins
|chapter = Current Issues in the Study of Daniel
|editor1-last = Collins
|editor1-first = John J.
|editor2-last = Flint
|editor2-first = Peter W.
|editor3-last = VanEpps
|editor3-first = Cameron
|title = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year = 2002
|publisher = BRILL
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2
|isbn = 978-9004116757
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Davidson
| first = Robert
| chapter = Jeremiah, Book of
| editor1-last = Metzger
| editor1-first = Bruce M.
| editor2-last = Coogan
| editor2-first = Michael D.
| title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 1993
| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458
| url-access = registration
| isbn = 9780199743919
}}
- {{cite book
| last1 = Evans
| first1 = Craig A.
| author-link1 = Craig A. Evans
| chapter = Introduction
| editor1-last = Evans
| editor1-first = Craig A.
| editor1-link = Craig A. Evans
| editor2-last = Tov
| editor2-first = Emanuel
| editor2-link = Emanuel Tov
| title = Exploring the Origins of the Bible: Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wfwq-9gaZFcC&q=%22The+oldest+Masoretic+manuscripts+date%22%22late+ninth+century%22&pg=PT11
| series = Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology
| publisher = Baker Academic
| publication-date = 2008
| isbn = 9781585588145
| date = 2008-10-01
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Kselman
| first = John S.
| chapter = Psalms
| editor1-last = Coogan
| editor1-first = Michael David
| editor2-last = Brettler
| editor2-first = Marc Zvi
| editor3-last = Newsom
| editor3-first = Carol Ann
| title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 2007
| isbn = 9780195288803
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc-i_pQsiW8C&q=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible+Psalms&pg=PA775
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Miller
| first = Patrick D.
| title = Deuteronomy
| year = 1990
| publisher = John Knox Press
| isbn = 9780664237370
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-yoFvN_QOjYC&q=Deuteronomy+Patrick+D.+Miller
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Satlow
| first = Michael L.
| title = How the Bible Became Holy
| publisher = Yale University Press
| year = 2014
| url = https://archive.org/details/howbiblebecameho0000satl
| url-access = registration
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Schniedewind
| first = William M.
| title = How the Bible Became a Book
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 2005
| isbn = 9780521536226
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqmljRKZ9S4C&q=How+the+bible+became+a+book
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Ska
| first = Jean-Louis
| title = Introduction to reading the Pentateuch
| year = 2006
| publisher = Eisenbrauns
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC&pg=PA217
| isbn = 9781575061221
}}
- {{Cite book
| last = Stromberg
| first = Jake
| title = An Introduction to the Study of Isaiah
| publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group
| year = 2011
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hy5LTPMTNJkC
| isbn = 9780567363305
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Vogt
| first = Peter T.
| title = Interpreting the Pentateuch: An Exegetical Handbook
| year = 2009
| publisher = Kregel Academic
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JS83ovyHvrQC&q=%22four+hypothetical+sources%22%22to+around+840%22&pg=PA130
| isbn = 9780825427626
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Wright
| first = J. Edward
| title = The Early History of Heaven
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 1999
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aN99PAfYPk8C&q=%22a+small+portion+of+the+ancient+Israelite+community%22&pg=PA52
| isbn = 9780198029816
}}
- {{cite book
| last1 = Zvi
| first1 = Ehud Ben
| title = The Jewish Study Bible
| chapter = Introduction to The Twelve Minor Prophets
| editor1-last = Berlin
| editor1-first = Adele
| editor2-last = Brettler
| editor2-first = Mark Zvi
| year = 2004
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 978-0-19529751-5
| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515
| url-access = registration
}}
{{Refend}}
{{Books of the Bible}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dating The Bible}}