David of Taman

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{{Infobox royalty

| name = King David

| title =Khagan

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| reign = 986–998

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| predecessor = Joseph

| successor = Georgius Tzul

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| religion=Judaism

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A purported Khazar ruler of the late tenth century CE who ruled over a Khazar successor-state in the Taman region. David is mentioned in a single document dated AM 4746 (985/986 CE) which contains a reference to "our lord David, Prince of the Khazars, who lives in Taman."{{cite book |last=Toch|first=Michael|page=162|date=2013|title=The Economic History of European Jews: Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004235397}} The document in question is of uncertain authenticity, as it passed through the hands of Abraham Firkovich, who on occasion forged documents and inscriptions.{{cite book |last=Shapira |first=Dan D. Y. |date=2003 |title=Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830-1832): Paving the Way for Turkic Nationalism |publication-place=Çorum, Turkey |publisher=Karam Yayinlari |pages=62–63 |isbn=975-6467-03-7}}{{cite book |last=Fedorchuk |first=Artem |date=2007 |title=The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives - Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium |publication-place=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |pages=109, 111–112 |chapter=New Findings Relating to Hebrew Epigraphic Sources from the Crimea, with an Appendix on the Readings in King Joseph's Letter |isbn=978-9004160422}}{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|pages=215–216, 306|date=2018|title=The Jews of Khazaria|edition=3rd|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538103425}}{{cite book |last=Kizilov |first=Mikhail |page=22 |date=2008 |title=The Karaites of Galicia: An Ethnoreligious Minority Among the Ashkenazim, the Turks, and the Slavs, 1772-1945 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16602-8}} Dan Shapira expressed certainty that the document is a forgery by Firkovich{{cite journal |last=Shapira |first=Dan D. Y. |title=Remarks on Avraham Firkowicz and the Hebrew Mejelis 'Document' |doi=10.1556/AOrient.59.2006.2.1 |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=59 |issue=2 |year=2006 |page=131 }} and his viewpoint was adopted by other scholars who cited him including Michael Toch and Kevin Brook.{{cite book |last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|page=292|date=2018|title=The Jews of Khazaria|edition=3rd|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538103425}}

Based upon this text, Heinrich Graetz hypothesized that the Khazars reorganized themselves after 969 in Crimea and the Taman peninsula. Graetz further maintained that the Khazar Jewish representatives summoned by Vladimir I of Kiev to debate the merits of their religion against representatives from Catholic Germany, Orthodox Byzantium, and Muslim Volga Bulgaria were dispatched by David and were citizens of his Pontic kingdom.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}

David's capital may have been in or near Tmutorakan; though rule by the Kievan Rus is reported in Russian sources before 985, it is conceivable that the Khazars reasserted control over the town or that David ruled as a client. The first independent Russian prince of Tmutorakan is Mstislav, whose rule began in 988. The later Khazar ruler Georgius Tzul ruled from Kerch; it is uncertain whether his kingdom was the same polity that had earlier been under the rule of David of Taman.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}