Decree 70/2023

The initial idea was to announce the decree on 20 December 2023, at noon. It was meant to be a defining moment of the presidency of Javier Milei: many groups of piqueteros organized a large demonstration and the government intended to prevent a traffic obstruction (unlike most former governments, who allowed it), and the decree would set the bases of the economic plan. The announcement was moved to the night, at 21:00, and it was filed at the White Hall of the Casa Rosada. Milei would read a part of the decree, with his cabinet beside him.{{cite web |url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/javier-milei-grabo-el-mensaje-para-presentar-el-megadecreto-en-la-casa-rosada-acompanado-por-sus-nid20122023/|title= Javier Milei grabó el mensaje del megadecreto en el Salón Blanco con sus ministros y luego felicitó al Ministerio de Seguridad|trans-title= Javier Milei recorded the message of the megadecree in the White Hall with his ministers and then congratulated the ministry of security|language= Spanish|author= Maia Jastreblansky|date= December 20, 2023|publisher= La Nación |accessdate=December 19, 2023}} The full text of the decree was known the following day when it was formally published in the official bulletin.

The decree, comprising 366 articles, changes or revokes existing laws and decrees, with the aim of 'deregulating' the Argentinian economy.{{Cite web |date=2023-12-26 |title=Milei ameaça convocar plebiscito se Congresso revogar 'decretaço' econômico |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2023/12/26/governo-milei-pressiona-congresso-argentino-para-aprovar-decretaco.htm |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=UOL |language=pt-br}} Milei issued it as a Necessity and Urgency Decree ({{lang|es|Decreto de Necesidad y Urgencia}}), allowing the president to change and revoke laws unilaterally in cases of justified national urgency, and can only be overturned if rejected by both houses of the Argentine Parliament.{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Milei enfrentará oposição na Câmara e no Senado, diz professor da USP |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-brasil/2023/12/22/milei-enfrentara-oposicao-na-camara-e-no-senado-diz-professor-da-usp.htm |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=UOL |language=pt-br}} Several Argentine constitutional experts have raised concerns that this is a misuse of the form of decree.{{Cite web |date=2023-12-21 |title=Milei anuncia decreto para desregular economia e impulsionar exportações na Argentina |url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/12/20/milei-anuncia-decreto-que-estabelece-bases-para-novo-plano-economico.ghtml |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}

The article 958 of the Civil Code of Argentina was made optional. In the original version of the law this article arranged that the terms of a contract would be decided by the parties, and a 2015 amendment added several regulations and procedures. The new change returns it to the original version.{{cite web |url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/tsunami-de-medidas-la-letra-chica-del-decreto-de-necesidad-y-urgencia-del-plan-motosierra-nid20122023/|title= Tsunami de medidas: los secretos del decreto "motosierra" que busca cambiar de raíz la economía argentina|trans-title= Tsunami of measures: the secrets of the "chainsaw" decree that aims to radically change the economy of Argentina|language= Spanish|author= José del Río|date= December 21, 2023|publisher= La Nación|accessdate=December 19, 2023}}

State-owned enterprises would become {{lang|es|Sociedades Anónimas}}, and have the same risks as regular enterprises, such as bankruptcy if poorly managed. It also allows to transfer shares from the state to the employees.

The decree made several changes to labour law. Compensations owed to terminated or laid off employees was reduced. Workers can freely choose their own healthcare providers, instead of having one assigned by their union. Permanent traffic obstructions against an organization, a common protest tactic by unions, were made illegal.

The decree also removes the registries of importers and exporters and authorizations associated with them, a radical departure from the previous situation whose exact implementation remains unclear. The declared aim of this change is the reduction paperwork and digitalization of authorization processes.

The decree abolishes rent control regulations and allows rent to be set in dollars, rather than pesos.{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=What might happen to Argentina after Milei's mega-decree? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/12/23/what-might-happen-to-argentina-after-mileis-mega-decree |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=euronews |language=en}}

As a Necessity and Urgency Decree, the decree can be repealed if both houses of Congress reject it. The decree came into force during the summer recess of the Congress, which would only have the chance to consider it on 1 March 2024. This time gives Milei two months to negotiate its support with other parties in Congress, where La Libertad Avanza is in the minority. Many legislators are against it, with most Peronists opposing its content and most radicals opposing the procedure of using a decree instead of a regular bill.{{cite web |url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-congreso-definira-sobre-el-mega-dnu-recien-en-marzo-y-los-bloques-colaborativos-buscaran-negociar-nid24122023/|title= El Congreso definirá sobre el mega DNU recién en marzo y los bloques colaborativos buscarán negociar con Milei|trans-title= The Congress will decide about the mega DNU in march and the helping blocks aim to negotiate with Milei|language= Spanish|author= Laura Serra|date= December 24, 2023|publisher= La Nación|accessdate=December 24, 2023}} If the decree is rejected by the Congress, it would be the first case since their regulation in the 1994 amendment of the Constitution of Argentina.{{cite web |url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/fuerte-rechazo-en-el-congreso-al-megadecreto-de-javier-milei-y-se-gesta-una-mayoria-dispuesta-a-nid21122023/|title= Fuerte rechazo en el Congreso al megadecreto de Javier Milei: se gesta una mayoría dispuesta a invalidarlo|trans-title= Strong rejection in the Congress to Javier Milei's megadecree: a majority ready to reject it is growing|language= Spanish|author= Gustavo Ybarra and Laura Serra|date= December 22, 2023|publisher= La Nación|accessdate=December 24, 2023}}

The decree was denounced as unconstitutional by the "Asociación Civil Observatorio del Derecho a la Ciudad", led by the former head of the Central Bank {{ill|Claudio Lozano|es}}, alongside unionists Hugo Godoy and Rodolfo Aguiar. They claim that the decree goes against the principle of the separation of powers. The case was assigned to judge Esteban Furnari, who accepted it as a collective case, which means that all files against the decree would be unified in that single case.{{cite web |url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-megadecreto-de-javier-milei-suma-mas-rechazos-en-la-justicia-y-piden-habilitar-la-feria-para-nid26122023/|title= El megadecreto de Javier Milei suma más rechazos en la Justicia y piden habilitar la feria para tratar las cautelares|trans-title= Javier Milei's mega-decree adds more rejections in the judiciary and it is asked to cancel the holidays to treat the case|language= Spanish|author= Candela Ini|date= December 26, 2023|publisher= La Nación|accessdate=December 24, 2023}}

The General Confederation of Labour called for a general strike on 24 January, with secretary {{ill|Héctor Daer|es}} referring to it as "illegal and unconstitutional".{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Argentina's trade union federations call for national strike on January 24 |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/politics/argentinas-trade-union-federations-call-for-national-strike-on-january-24 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Buenos Aires Herald |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=December 28, 2023 |title=Argentine powerful union calls for January strike action |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentine-powerful-union-calls-january-strike-action-2023-12-28/ |website=Reuters}} The strike resulted with businesses and institutions closed throughout Argentina, including the cancellation of hundreds of flights which stranded tens of thousands of passengers.{{Cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Iglesia |first2=Facundo |date=2024-01-24 |title=Argentinians stage nationwide strike against Javier Milei's far-right agenda |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/24/argentina-strike-protest-javier-milei |access-date=2024-01-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124211055/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/24/argentina-strike-protest-javier-milei |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=2024-01-24 |title=Argentina: Tens of thousands march against Javier Milei's cuts |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-68085197 |access-date=2024-01-25 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126160757/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-68085197 |url-status=live }} Thousands protested outside of the Palace of the Argentine National Congress. According to The New York Times, the protests were "overwhelmingly peaceful".{{Cite news |last1=Nicas |first1=Jack |last2=Herrera |first2=Lucía Cholakian |date=2024-01-24 |title=A Nationwide Shutdown Tests Milei's Tough Medicine for Argentina |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/24/world/americas/argentina-union-strike-javier-milei.html |access-date=2024-01-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2024-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125023151/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/24/world/americas/argentina-union-strike-javier-milei.html |url-status=live }}

On 14 March, 2024, the Senate voted to overturn the decree. After eight hours of debate, 25 senators voted for the decree, 42 against it, 4 abstained and there was one absence.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-economic-mega-decree-faces-senate-debate-test-milei-2024-03-14/|title=Argentina Senate rejects economic 'mega decree' in blow for Milei

|date=2024-03-14|work=Reuters}} The Chamber of Deputies has not set a date yet for voting on the matter.

{{reflist}}

• [https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/301122/20231221 Full text] (in Spanish)

Category:Necessity and urgency decrees

Category:Presidency of Javier Milei

Category:2023 in law

Category:2023 establishments in Argentina