Deep Space Climate Observatory#EPIC

Image:Dscovr.jpg

DSCOVR began as a proposal in 1998 by then-Vice President Al Gore for the purpose of whole-Earth observation at the Sun-Earth {{L1}} Lagrange point, {{cvt|1.5|e6km}} from Earth.{{cite news|url=https://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-03/lost-satellite/|title=Who killed the Deep Space Climate Observatory?|publisher=Popular Science|first=Bill|last=Donahue|date=April 7, 2011|access-date=December 12, 2014}} Originally known as Triana, named after Rodrigo de Triana, the first of Columbus's crew to sight land in the Americas, the spacecraft's original purpose was to provide a near-continuous view of the entire Earth and make that live image available via the Internet. Gore hoped not only to advance science with these images, but also to raise awareness of the Earth itself, updating the influential Blue Marble photograph that was taken by Apollo 17.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/01/science/politics-keeps-a-satellite-earthbound.html|title=Politics Keeps a Satellite Earthbound|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Warren|last=Leary |date=June 1, 1999|access-date=July 24, 2009}} In addition to an imaging camera, a radiometer would take the first direct measurements of how much sunlight is reflected and emitted from the whole Earth (albedo). This data could constitute a barometer for the process of global warming. The scientific goals expanded to measure the amount of solar energy reaching Earth, cloud patterns, weather systems, monitor the health of Earth's vegetation, and track the amount of UV light reaching the surface through the ozone layer.

In 1999, NASA's Inspector General reported that "the basic concept of the Triana mission was not peer reviewed", and "Triana's added science may not represent the best expenditure of NASA's limited science funding".{{cite web|url=http://oig.nasa.gov/old/inspections_assessments/g-99-013.pdf|title=Assessment of the Triana Mission, G-99-013, Final Reportwork=Office of Inspector General|publisher=NASA|date=September 10, 1999|access-date=February 7, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320171922/http://oig.nasa.gov/old/inspections_assessments/g-99-013.pdf|archive-date=March 20, 2009}} {{PD-notice}} Members of the U.S. Congress asked the National Academy of Sciences whether the project was worthwhile. The resulting report, released March 2000, stated that the mission was "strong and scientifically vital".{{cite news|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/MediaAlerts/2000/200003081676.html |title=NASA's Triana Mission Scientific Evaluation Completed|work=Earth Observatory|publisher=NASA|date=March 8, 2000|access-date=February 3, 2008|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011010504/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/MediaAlerts/2000/200003081676.html|archive-date=October 11, 2008}} {{PD-notice}}

The Bush administration put the project on hold shortly after George W. Bush's inauguration in January 2001. Triana was removed from its original launch opportunity on STS-107 (the ill-fated Columbia mission in 2003). The US$150 million spacecraft was placed into nitrogen blanketed storage at Goddard Space Flight Center in November 2001 and remained there for the duration of the Bush administration.{{cite news|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n0903/01dscovr/|title=Mothballed satellite sits in warehouse, waits for new life|work=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=March 2, 2009}} NASA renamed the spacecraft Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) in 2003 in an attempt to regain support for the project, but the mission was formally terminated by NASA in 2005.{{cite news|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1102/21dscovr/|title=NOAA taps DSCOVR satellite for space weather mission|work=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=February 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224195356/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1102/21dscovr/|archive-date=February 24, 2011}}

In November 2008, funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Air Force, the spacecraft was removed from storage and underwent testing to determine its viability for launch.{{cite book|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf|title=Beyond Earth: A Chronicle od Deep Space Exploration, 1958-2016|publisher=NASA|first=Asif A.|last=Siddiqi|page=303|date=2018|isbn=978-1-62683-043-1|lccn=2017058675}} {{PD-notice}}{{cite web |url=http://lssp.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/about_Triana_DSCOVR_Spacecraft_Successfully_Revived_from_Mothballs.html|title=Triana/DSCOVR Spacecraft Successfully Revived from Mothballs|publisher=NASA|date=February 15, 2009|access-date=September 7, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612134408/http://lssp.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/about_Triana_DSCOVR_Spacecraft_Successfully_Revived_from_Mothballs.html|archive-date=June 12, 2009}} {{PD-notice}} After the Obama administration took presidency in 2009, that year's budget included US$9 million marked for refurbishment and readiness of the spacecraft,{{cite news|url=https://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-03/lost-satellite/|title=Who Killed The Deep Space Climate Observatory?|publisher=Popular Science|first=Bill |last=Donahue|date=April 6, 2011|access-date=September 24, 2019}} resulting in NASA refurbishing the EPIC instrument and recalibrating the NISTAR instrument.{{cite conference|title=Earth Science Instrument Refurbishment, Testing and Recalibration for the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR)|conference=American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2011|first1=R. C.|last1=Smith|first2=S. R.|last2=Lorentz|first3=J. |last3=Mobilia|first4=K.|last4=Sawyer|first5=E.|last5=Hertzberg|first6=H.|last6=Demroff|first7=J. P.|last7=Rice|journal=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts|display-authors=1|date=December 2011|volume=2011|pages=A43G–03|bibcode=2011AGUFM.A43G..03S}} Al Gore used part of his book Our Choice (2009) as an attempt to revive debate on the DSCOVR payload. The book mentions legislative efforts by senators Barbara Mikulski and Bill Nelson to get the spacecraft launched.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ourchoiceplantos00gore|chapter=Chapter 17|title=Our Choice|publisher=Rodale|first=Al|last=Gore|date=2009|isbn=978-1-59486-734-7|url-access=registration}} In February 2011, the Obama administration attempted to secure funding to re-purpose the DSCOVR spacecraft as a solar observatory to replace the aging Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft, and requested US$47.3 million in the 2012 fiscal budget toward this purpose. Part of this funding was to allow the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to construct a coronal mass ejection imager for the spacecraft, but the time required would have delayed DSCOVR's launch and it was ultimately not included. NOAA allocated US$2 million in its 2011 budget to initiate the refurbishment effort, and increased funding to US$29.8 million in 2012.

In 2012, the Air Force allocated US$134.5 million to procure a launch vehicle and fund launch operations, both of which were awarded to SpaceX for their Falcon 9 rocket.{{cite press release|url=https://www.spacex.com/press/2012/12/19/spacex-awarded-two-eelv-class-missions-united-states-air-force|title=Spacex awarded two EELV-class missions from the United States Air Force |publisher=SpaceX|date=December 5, 2012|access-date=December 12, 2014}} In September 2013, NASA cleared DSCOVR to proceed to the implementation phase targeting an early 2015 launch,{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/dscovr-mission-moves-forward-to-2015-launch/|title=DSCOVR Mission Moves Forward to 2015 Launch|publisher=NASA/NOAA|first=John|last=Leslie|date=September 10, 2013}} {{PD-notice}} which ultimately took place on 11 February 2015. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center is providing management and systems engineering to the mission.

In the 2017 documentary, An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power, Al Gore speaks of the history of the DSCOVR spacecraft and its relation to climate change.{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20170120-film-review-is-al-gores-an-inconvenient-sequel-worthwhile|title=Film review: Is Al Gore's An Inconvenient Sequel worthwhile?|publisher=BBC|first=Sam|last=Adams |date=January 20, 2017|access-date=May 30, 2018}}

Image:Deep Space Climate Observatory spacecraft diagram.jpg

DSCOVR is built on the SMEX-Lite spacecraft bus and has a launch mass of approximately {{cvt|570|kg}}. The main science instrument sets are the Sun-observing Plasma Magnetometer (PlasMag) and the Earth-observing NIST Advanced Radiometer (NISTAR) and Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC). DSCOVR has two deployable solar arrays, a propulsion module, boom, and antenna.{{cite web|url=http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/spacecraft.html|title=Spacecraft and Instruments|publisher=NOAA|access-date=February 10, 2015|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150209074236/http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/spacecraft.html|archive-date= February 9, 2015}} {{PD-notice}}

The propulsion module had 145 kg of N₂H₄ propellant.[https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4228/1 The little satellite that could 2021] See diagram.

From its vantage point, DSCOVR monitors variable solar wind conditions, provides early warning of approaching coronal mass ejections and observes phenomena on Earth, including changes in ozone, aerosols, dust and volcanic ash, cloud height, vegetation cover and climate. At its Sun-Earth {{L1}} location it has a continuous view of the Sun and of the sunlit side of the Earth. After the spacecraft arrived on-site and entered its operational phase, NASA began releasing near-real-time images of Earth through the EPIC instrument's website. DSCOVR takes full-Earth pictures about every two hours and is able to process them faster than other Earth observation satellites.{{cite news|url=http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/02/04/3618338/sneak-peek-space-satellite-launch/|title=A Sneak Peek at NASA's New Satellite That has Been 16 Years in the Making| publisher= ThinkProgress| first=Ari| last=Phillips| date= February 4, 2015}}

The spacecraft is in a looping halo orbit around the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L1 in a six-month period, with a spacecraft–Earth–Sun angle varying from 4° to 15°.{{cite web |url= http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/|title=DSCOVR Mission Hosts Two NASA Earth-Observing Instruments| publisher= NOAA|date=October 21, 2014|access-date=February 9, 2015}} {{PD-notice}}{{cite news |url= http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/06/08/dscovr-space-weather-sentinel-reaches-finish-line/|title=DSCOVR space weather sentinel reaches finish line |publisher= Spaceflight Now| first=Stephen| last= Clark| date=June 7, 2015}}

The Plasma-Magnetometer (PlasMag) measures solar wind for space weather predictions. It can provide early warning detection of solar activity that could cause damage to existing satellite systems and ground infrastructure. Because solar particles reach {{L1}} about an hour before Earth, PlasMag can provide a warning of 15 to 60 minutes before a coronal mass ejection (CME) arrives. It does this by measuring "the magnetic field and the velocity distribution functions of the electron, proton and alpha particles (helium nuclei) of solar wind". It has three instruments:{{cite web|title=NOAA Satellite and Information Service: Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR): Plasma-Magnetometer (PlasMag) |url= http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/pdf/DSCOVR%20-%20PlasMag%20Instrument%20Info%20Sheet.pdf| publisher=NOAA|access-date= February 10, 2015|url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150210181113/http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/pdf/DSCOVR%20-%20PlasMag%20Instrument%20Info%20Sheet.pdf|archive-date=February 10, 2015}} {{PD-notice}}

• Magnetometer measures magnetic field
• Faraday cup measures positively charged particles
• Electrostatic analyzer measures electrons

File:Earth-DSCOVR-20150706-IFV.jpg away, centered on the Americas.{{cite web |url= http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/nasa-captures-epic-earth-image|title=NASA Captures "EPIC" Earth Image| publisher =NASA|first=Karen|last=Northon|date=July 20, 2015}} {{PD-notice}}{{cite web|url=https://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/?date=2015-07-06|title=DSCOVR: EPIC| publisher=NASA|date=July 6, 2015| access-date=February 26, 2018}} {{PD-notice}}]]

The Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) takes images of the sunlit side of Earth for various Earth science monitoring purposes in ten different channels from ultraviolet to near-infrared. Ozone and aerosol levels are monitored along with cloud dynamics, properties of the land, and vegetation.{{cite web |title= NOAA Satellite and Information Service: Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR): Enhanced Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) |url= http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/pdf/DSCOVR%20-%20EPIC%20Instrument%20Info%20Sheet.pdf| publisher=NOAA|date=January 14, 2015|access-date=February 10, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150210181851/http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/pdf/DSCOVR%20-%20EPIC%20Instrument%20Info%20Sheet.pdf|archive-date=February 10, 2015}} {{PD-notice}}

EPIC has an aperture diameter of {{cvt|30.5|cm}}, a focal ratio of 9.38, a field of view of 0.61°, and an angular sampling resolution of 1.07 arcseconds. Earth's apparent diameter varies from 0.45° to 0.53° full width. Exposure time for each of the 10 narrowband channels (317, 325, 340, 388, 443, 552, 680, 688, 764, and 779 nm) is about 40 ms. The camera produces 2048 × 2048 pixel images, but to increase the number of downloadable images to ten per hour the resolution is averaged to 1024 × 1024 on board. The final resolution is {{cvt|25|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=x|/pixel (|/pixel)}}.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology Advanced Radiometer (NISTAR) was designed and built between 1999 and 2001 by NIST in Gaithersburg, MD and Ball Aerospace & Technologies in Boulder, Colorado. NISTAR measures irradiance of the sunlit face of the Earth. This means that NISTAR measures if the atmosphere of Earth is taking in more or less solar energy than it is radiating back towards space. This data is to be used to study changes in Earth's radiation budget caused by natural and human activities.{{cite web| title= NOAA Satellite and Information Service: Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR): National Institute of Standards and Technology Advanced Radiometer (NISTAR)|url=http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/pdf/DSCOVR%20-%20NISTAR%20Instrument%20Info%20Sheet.pdf| publisher=NOAA|access-date= February 10, 2015|url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150422070911/http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/pdf/DSCOVR%20-%20NISTAR%20Instrument%20Info%20Sheet.pdf|archive-date=April 22, 2015}} {{PD-notice}}

Using NISTAR data, scientists can help determine the impact that humanity is having on the atmosphere of Earth and make the necessary changes to help balance the radiation budget.{{cite web |url= http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/noaas-dscovr-nistar-instrument-watches-earths-budget|title=NOAA's DSCOVR NISTAR Instrument Watches Earth's "Budget"|publisher=NASA|last=Jenner|first=Lynn|date=January 20, 2015|access-date=March 12, 2019}} {{PD-notice}} The radiometer measures in four channels:

• For total radiation in ultraviolet, visible and infrared in the range 0.2–100 μm
• For reflected solar radiation in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared in the range 0.2–4 μm
• For reflected solar radiation in infrared in the range 0.7–4 μm
• For calibration purposes in the range 0.3–1 μm

The DSCOVR launch was conducted by launch provider SpaceX using their Falcon 9 v1.1 rocket. The launch of DSCOVR took place on 11 February 2015, following two scrubbed launches. It took DSCOVR 110 days from when it left Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Florida, to reach its target destination {{cvt|1.5|e6km}} away from Earth at the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange point.{{cite web|url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/d/dscovr#launch|title=DSCOVR - Satellite Missions|publisher=ESA|website=directory.eoportal.org |access-date=March 12, 2019}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/nation-s-first-operational-satellite-in-deep-space-reaches-final-orbit|title=NOAA's First Operational Satellite in Deep Space Reaches Final Orbit|publisher=NASA|date=June 8, 2015|access-date=May 1, 2019}} {{PD-notice}}

{{LaunchAttempt

| date1 = 8 February 2015, 23:10:00

| result1 = Scrubbed

| reason1 = Technical

| weathergo1 = >90

| decision_date1 =

| decision_clock1 = 02:40:00

| notes1 = Range issues: tracking,{{cite news|url=http://www.waaytv.com/space_alabama/spacex-discovr-launch-scrubbed/article_2a75d112-afeb-11e4-bd09-e7da992d6b35.html|title=SpaceX DISCOVR launch scrubbed|publisher=WAAYTV|series=Space Alabama|first=Miriam|last=Cresswell|date=February 8, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150211092953/http://www.waaytv.com/space_alabama/spacex-discovr-launch-scrubbed/article_2a75d112-afeb-11e4-bd09-e7da992d6b35.html|archive-date=February 11, 2015}} first-stage video transmitter issues noted

| date2 = 10 February 2015, 23:04:49

| result2 = Scrubbed

| reason2 = Weather

| notes2 = Upper-level winds at the launch pad exceeded {{convert|100|kn}} at {{cvt|7600|m}}

| weathergo2 = 80

| date3 = 11 February 2015, 23:03:42

| result3 = Success

| weathergo3 = >90

}}

{{multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical

| header = An animation of Deep Space Climate Observatory's trajectory

| image1 = Animation of Deep Space Climate Observatory trajectory.gif

| caption1 = An oblique view

| image2 = Animation of Deep Space Climate Observatory trajectory viewed from the Sun.gif

| caption2 = As viewed from the Sun:

| footer = {{legend2|magenta|Deep Space Climate Observatory}}{{·}}{{legend2|RoyalBlue|Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|Gold|Moon}}

}}

On 6 July 2015, DSCOVR returned its first publicly released view of the entire sunlit side of Earth from {{cvt|1475207|km}} away, taken by the EPIC instrument. EPIC provides a daily series of Earth images, enabling the first-time study of daily variations over the entire globe. The images, available 12 to 36 hours after they are made, have been posted to a dedicated web page since September 2015.

DSCOVR was placed in operation at the L1 Lagrange point to monitor the Sun, because the constant stream of particles from the Sun (the solar wind) reaches L1 about 60 minutes before reaching Earth. DSCOVR will usually be able to provide a 15- to 60-minute warning before a surge of particles and magnetic field from a coronal mass ejection (CME) reaches Earth and creates a geomagnetic storm. DSCOVR data will also be used to improve predictions of the impact locations of a geomagnetic storm to be able to take preventative action. Electronic technologies such as satellites in geosynchronous orbit are at risk of unplanned disruptions without warnings from DSCOVR and other monitoring satellites at L1.{{cite web|url=http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/|title=DSCOVR: Deep Space Climate Observatory|publisher=NOAA|access-date=July 22, 2015}} {{PD-notice}}

On 16–17 July 2015, DSCOVR took a series of images showing the Moon during a transit of Earth. The images were taken between 19:50 and 00:45 UTC. The animation was composed of monochrome images taken in different color filters at 30-second intervals for each frame, resulting in a slight color fringing for the Moon in each finished frame. Due to its position at Sun–Earth L1, DSCOVR will always see the Moon illuminated and will always see its far side when it passes in front of Earth.{{cite news |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/08/05/watch-the-moon-transit-the-earth/|title=Watch the moon transit the Earth|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=August 5, 2015}}

On 19 October 2015, NASA opened a new website to host near-live "Blue Marble" images taken by EPIC of Earth.{{cite web|url=https://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/|title=DSCOVR: EPIC – Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera|publisher=NASA|access-date=August 30, 2019}} {{PD-notice}} Twelve images are released each day, every two hours, showcasing Earth as it rotates on its axis.{{cite news|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/10/19/nasa-to-post-new-blue-marble-pictures-every-day/|title=NASA to post new "blue marble" pictures every day|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=October 19, 2015}} The resolution of the images ranges from {{cvt|10|to|15|km|0|disp=x| per pixel (|/pixel)}}, and the short exposure times renders points of starlight invisible.

On 27 June 2019, DSCOVR was put into safe mode due to an anomaly with the laser gyroscope of the Miniature Inertial Measurement Unit (MIMU), part of the spacecraft's attitude control system.{{cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/dscovr-spacecraft-in-safe-mode/|title=DSCOVR spacecraft in safe mode|publisher=SpaceNews|last=Foust|first=Jeff|date=July 5, 2019}} Operators programmed a software patch that allows DSCOVR to operate without a laser gyroscope, using only the star tracker for angular rate information.{{cite news|title=Software fix planned to restore DSCOVR |url=https://spacenews.com/software-fix-planned-to-restore-dscovr/|access-date=3 March 2020|publisher=SpaceNews|date=1 October 2019}} DSCOVR came out of the safe hold on 2 March 2020, and resumed normal operations.{{cite news|title=DSCOVR back in operation|url=https://spacenews.com/dscovr-back-in-operation/|publisher=SpaceNews|date=3 March 2020}}

{{multiple image|align=center|direction=horizontal|caption_align=center|total_width=800

|image1=Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif|caption1=The Moon transiting Earth, 16 July 2015. The far side of the Moon faces the camera.

|image2=EpicEarth-Globespin-tilt-23.4.gif|caption2=The Earth depicted with its 23.4° tilt (the cause of the seasons) on EPIC{{'s}} 268th day of operation, 25 September 2015, a few days after the September equinox.

|image3=EpicEarth-Globespin(2016May29).gif|caption3=The Earth's rotation on 29 May 2016, a few weeks prior to the June solstice, with the Northern Hemisphere tilted toward the Sun.

|image4=An_EPIC_Eclipse.gif|caption4=From space, the Moon's shadow during the solar eclipse of 9 March 2016 appears as a dark spot moving across the Earth.

}}

• Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System
• STEREO
• Visual Monitoring Camera
• List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches

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{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite web|url=https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/asset/document/dscovr_program_overview_info_sheet.pdf|title=NOAA Satellite and Information Service: Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR)|publisher=NOAA|access-date=September 24, 2019|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017004955/https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/asset/document/dscovr_program_overview_info_sheet.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/pdf/DSCOVR-facts-Jan15.pdf|title=DSCOVR: Deep Space Climate Observatory|publisher=NOAA|date=January 2015|access-date=March 14, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402185249/http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/pdf/DSCOVR-facts-Jan15.pdf|archive-date=April 2, 2015}} {{PD-notice}}

}}

{{commons category|DSCOVR}}

• [https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/ DSCOVR website] at NOAA.gov
• [https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/d/dscovr DSCOVR] at eoPortal.org
• [https://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/ EPIC global images] at NASA.gov

• {{cite book|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9789/review-of-scientific-aspects-of-the-nasa-triana-mission-letter|title=Review of Scientific Aspects of the NASA Triana Mission: Letter Report|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, D.C.|author=National Research Council|date=March 2000|doi=10.17226/9789|isbn=978-0-309-13169-8}}
• {{cite news|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2001/07/15/politics-puts-100-million-satellite-on-ice/|title=Politics Puts $100 Million Satellite On Ice|newspaper=Orlando Sentinel|first=Melissa|last=Harris |date=July 15, 2001}}
• {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/15/opinion/15park.html|title=Scorched Earth|series=Opinion Editorial|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Robert L.|last=Park|author-link=Robert L. Park |date=January 15, 2006}}
• Rebuttal: {{cite web|url=http://cstpr.colorado.edu/prometheus/archives/space_policy/000673repoliticizing_tria.html|title=Re-Politicizing Triana|publisher=Center for Science and Technology Policy Research |first=Roger A.|last=Pielke Jr.|author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr.|date=January 15, 2006|access-date=March 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614171807/http://cstpr.colorado.edu/prometheus/archives/space_policy/000673repoliticizing_tria.html|archive-date=June 14, 2013|url-status=dead}}
• {{cite news|url=http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-03/lost-satellite|title=Who Killed The Deep Space Climate Observatory?|publisher=Popular Science|first=Bill|last=Donahue|date=April 6, 2011}}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2015/0728-dscovrs-halo.html|title=DSCOVR's Halo|publisher=The Planetary Society|first=Dave|last=Doody|date=July 28, 2015}}

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