Deir Alla

Deir Alla has been suggested to be the biblical Sukkot in Transjordan.{{Citation |last=Misgav |first=Haggai |title=Archaeology and the Bible |date=2019-03-29 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2175qxj.30 |work=The Believer and the Modern Study of the Bible |pages=515–529 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv2175qxj.30 |access-date=2022-04-04|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Glueck |first=Nelson |title=Some Biblical Sites in the Jordan Valley |author-link1=Nelson Glueck|date=1950 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23614779 |journal=Hebrew Union College Annual |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=105–129 |jstor=23614779 |issn=0360-9049}} Some believe it to be the biblical Pethor.W.H. Shea, "The Inscribed Tablets From Tell Deir `Alla" Part I: [https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1916&context=auss] Part II: [https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1911&context=auss] Andrews University Seminary Studies, vol. 27, pp. 21-37, 97-119, 1989.{{Citation |title=The Balaam Inscription from Deir ʿAlla |date=2011-07-21 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh27v.15 |work=In Pursuit of Meaning |pages=143–158 |publisher=Penn State University Press |doi=10.5325/j.ctv1bxh27v.15 |isbn=9781575066387 |access-date=2022-04-04|url-access=subscription }} It was also suggested by an early traveler to the site, Selah Merrill, who found parallels with names in the Hebrew Bible.S. Merrill, East of the Jordan. New York: C. Scribner's Sons., 1881

Deir Alla is identified with the Byzantine period town of Tar'elah or Dar'elah, which the Jerusalem Talmud identifies with biblical Sukkot.{{Cite journal |last=Avi-Yonah |first=Michael |date=1976 |title=Gazetteer of Roman Palestine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43587090 |journal=Qedem |volume=5 |pages=41 |jstor=43587090 |issn=0333-5844}}

The tell is 50 by 200 meters and rises to 27 meters above the plain. A series of Dutch excavations sponsored by the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research began in 1960, under the auspices of the department of theology, University of Leiden. These excavations continued for five seasons until 1967.H. J. Franken, The Excavations at Deir ֝Allā in Jordan, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 10, Fasc. 4, pp. 386-393 (Oct., 1960)H. J. Franken, The Excavations at Deir ֝Allā in Jordan: 2nd Season, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 11, Fasc. 4, pp. 361-372 (Oct., 1961)H. J. Franken, The Excavations at Deir ʿAlla in Jordan: 3rd Season, Vetus Testamentum, vol 12, Issue: 4, pp. 378-382, 1962H. J. Franken, Excavations at Deir 'Allā, Season 1964: Preliminary Report, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 14, Fasc. 4, pp. 417-422 (Oct., 1964) The excavation made its most dramatic discovery in 1967, an ink wall inscription relating a hitherto-unknown prophecy of Balaam, who thereby becomes the first Old Testament prophet to be identified in an inscription.H. J. Franken and Ah J. Franken, Excavations at Tell Deir Alla: the Late Bronze Age Sanctuary, David Brown, 1992, {{ISBN|90-6831-408-4}} After a long interruption, work resumed in 1976, initially under Franken, for several seasons.Ibrahim, Moawiyah et al., Excavations at Tell Deir ʻAlla Season 1979, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, vol. 23, pp. 41-50, 1979Ibrahim, M. Moawiyah et al., Excavations at Tell Deir ʻAlla, Season 1982, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, vol. 27, pp. 577-585, 1983Ibrahim, M. Moawiyah et al., Excavations at Deir 'Alla, Season 1984, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, vol. 30, pp. 131-143, 1986 After another long break, occasional seasons were conducted beginning in 1994 until 2008.Ibrahim, M. M., and G. Van der Kooij, Excavations at Tall Dayr ‘Alla: Seasons 1987 and 1994, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, vol. 41, pp. 95-114, 1897

At the end of the 1964 campaign, 11 clay tablets, 3 inscribed in a West Semitic Early Canaanite script, 7 bearing only dots, and one uninscribed, were discovered. The tablets were found in the destruction layer of storerooms dated by a cartouche of Queen Twosret of Egypt to around 1200 BC. Earlier objects were also found there so the tablets may well predate the destruction.H. J. Franken, Clay Tablets from Deir ʿAlla, Jordan, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 14, Fasc. 3, pp. 377-379 (Jul., 1964)H. J. Franken, "The Stratigraphic Context of the Clay Tablets Found at Deir 'Alla," PEQ 96, pp. 73-7, 1964 In the later excavations several more clay tablets were found, for a total of 15.[https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2021/01/enigmatic-tablets/ Michel de Vreeze - The Enigmatic Tablets from Late Bronze Age Deir ‘Alla] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813184628/https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2021/01/enigmatic-tablets/ |date=2021-08-13 }} ANE Today, vol. IX, no. 1, January 2021

{{main|The Balaam Inscription}}

The 1967 excavation revealed a many-chambered structure that had also been destroyed by earthquake, during the Persian period at the site. On a wall was written a story relating visions of the seer of the gods "Balʿam son of Beʿor" (Balaam son of Beor), who may be the same Balʿam son of Beʿor mentioned in Numbers 22–24 and in other passages of the Bible. The Deir Alla Balaam is associated with "a god bearing the name Shgr, 'Shadday' gods and goddesses, and with the goddess Ashtar."{{cite book|title=Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, Volume 80|year=2000|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004115989|page=322|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFL0__dIdlcC&q=Deir+%CA%BFAll%C4%81.+Balaam&pg=PA323|author=Thomas L. Thompson|editor=André Lemaire, Magne Saebo|chapter=Problems of Genre and Historicity with Palestine's Descriptions}}

It reflects the oldest example of story from a biblical book (Numbers) written in a West Semitic alphabetic script, and is considered the oldest piece of West Semitic literature transmitted in a still debated Semitic language.J. Hoftijzer (ed.)The Balaam Text from Deir ‘Alla Re-evaluated (Leiden: Brill, 1991) {{ISBN|978-90-04-09317-1}}. The Deir Alla Inscription is datable to ca. 840–760 BCE; it was written in red and black inks on a plastered wall; 119 pieces of inked plaster were recovered. The wall, near the summit of the tell, was felled by yet another tremor.J. Hoftijzer and G. van der Kooij, "Aramaic Texts from Deir 'Alla" Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 19 (Leiden) 1976.

The town was a sanctuary and metal-working centre, ringed by smelting furnaces built against the exterior of the city walls,Metal slag was found at every level, and often-rebuilt furnaces. (H.J. Franken, "The Excavations at Deir ʿAllā in Jordan" Vetus Testamentum 10.4 [October 1960, pp. 386-393], p 389). whose successive rebuildings, dated by ceramics from the Late Bronze Age, sixteenth century BCE, to the fifth century BCE, accumulated as a tell based on a low natural hill. The hopeful identification of the site as the biblical Sukkot is not confirmed by any inscription at the site.

Deir Alla was the first Bronze Age city excavated in Jordan. The initial expectations were of establishing a relative chronology of Levantine pottery in the transition between the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, established through meticulous stratigraphy. It was intended to span a gap between established chronologies at Jericho and Samaria.H.J. Franken,Excavations at Tell Deir ʻAlla, Leiden Brill, 1969

The oldest sanctuary at Deir Alla dates to the Late Bronze Age;There had been earlier, but unrelated Chalcolithic inhabitants of the tell. Franken (1961:371) it was peacefully rebuilt at intervals, the floor being raised as the tell accumulated height, and the squared altar stone renewed, each new one placed atop the previous one. The final sanctuary was obliterated in a fierce fire; the blackened remains of an Egyptian jar bearing the cartouche of Queen Twosret gives a terminus post quem of c. 1200 BCE, a date consonant with other twelfth-century urban destruction in the Ancient Near East. Unlike some other destroyed sites, Deir Alla's habitation continued after the disaster, without a break, into the Iron Age; the discontinuity was a cultural one, with highly developed pottery of a separate ceramic tradition post-dating the destruction.

A sugar mill, dating from the Ayyubid/Mamluk era, was in use in the village until 1967.Pringle, 1997, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA46 46]

In 1596, during the Ottoman Empire, Deir Alla was noted in the census as being located in the nahiya of Gawr in the liwa of Ajloun. It had a population of 46 Muslim households and 4 Muslim bachelors. They paid a taxes on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, sesame, cotton, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues, water buffalos and a water mill; a total of 10,500 akçe.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 168

The Jordanian census of 1961 reported 1,190 inhabitants in Deir Alla.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p17.pdf 17]

As well as being the site of the Deir Alla Inscription, Deir Alla is also the site of Battle of Fahl between the Muslim Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire. There are several tombs of Sahabah (followers of Muhammad) in Deir Alla:

• Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
• Dhiraar bin Al-Azwar
• Sharhabeel ibn Hasana

• Kuntillet Ajrud
• Cities of the ancient Near East

{{Reflist|25em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book | title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population | author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics | year = 1964|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf}}
• {{cite book | last1= Hütteroth|first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |first2=K. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
• {{cite book|title= Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|last= Pringle |first= D.|author-link=Denys Pringle |year=1997|isbn=0521-46010-7|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}

{{refend}}

• Een Verhalla voor het Oprapen. Opgravingen de Deir Alla in de Jordaanvallei, Leiden: Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, 1989. {{ISBN|90-71201-09-0}}

• [https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Deir%20Alla%20(Jordan) Photos of Deir Alla] at the American Center of Research

{{Sites of the Israelite Settlement}}

Category:Populated places in Balqa Governorate

Category:Archaeological sites in Jordan

Category:Former populated places in West Asia

Category:Late Bronze Age collapse