Deir es-Sultan

{{Infobox monastery

| name = Deir es-Sultan (lit. "Monastery of the Sultan")

| image = File:Church of the Holy Sepulchre (4431809781).jpg

| caption=

| full=

| other_names = Deir Al-Sultan

| order=

| established = 335{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

| disestablished=

| mother=

| diocese = Disputed between the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's Archbishopric of Jerusalem and the Coptic Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem

| churches=

| founder = Constantine the Great{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

| dedication = Archangel Michael & the Four Incorporeal Creatures{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

| people=

| location = Old City (Jerusalem)

| country=

| map_type = Jerusalem

| coordinates = {{coord|31.778444|35.22975|display=inline,title}}

| remains=

| public_access= Yes

}}

Deir es-Sultan, literally the Monastery of the Sultan ({{langx|ar|دير السلطان|Deir al-Sultan}}), is an Oriental Orthodox monastery located on the roof of the Chapel of Saint Helena, which is part of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem's Old City. The Status Quo, a 250-year old understanding between religious communities, applies to the site.{{cite book |author=UN Conciliation Commission |title= United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine Working Paper on the Holy Places |date=1949 |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Conciliation_Commission_for_Palestine_Working_Paper_on_the_Holy_Places.djvu}}{{cite book |last=Cust |first=L. G. A. |author-link=Lionel George Archer Cust |title= The Status Quo in the Holy Places |date=1929 |publisher=H.M.S.O. for the High Commissioner of the Government of Palestine |url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Status_Quo_in_the_Holy_Places}} Ownership of the monastery is disputed between two churches of the Oriental Orthodox communion, the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

History

Deir es-Sultan is one of several holy sites in the area which are contested by various Christian denominations.{{cite book|author1=Johan D. Van Der Vyver|author-link1=Johan D. van der Vyver|author2=John J. Witte|author-link2=John Witte Jr.|title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSnpr1ndq5kC&pg=PA380|access-date=20 April 2013|year=1996|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-0177-8|pages=380–}}

The monastery is located on the roof of the Helena Chapel, an underground chapel that is part of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre complex, and has an entrance leading down to the Parvis (the Church courtyard). The monastery covers an area of 1,800 square meters.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Ownership is a subject of dispute between the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria.[http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2003/Pages/Africa%20in%20Jerusalem%20-%20The%20Ethiopian%20Church.aspx Robin Twite, "Africa in Jerusalem - The Ethiopian Church" in The Israel Review of Arts and Letters, 1996/102][http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7676332.stm#return Davies, "Unholy row threatens Holy Sepulchre" (BBC)][http://www.haaretz.com/monastery-atop-church-of-holy-sepulchre-in-danger-of-collapse-1.255094 Jonathan Lis, "Monastery Atop Church of Holy Sepulchre in Danger of Collapse" (HaAretz)]

According to the Coptic Church Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan granted the church to the Copts, to be named as "Deir el-Malak" (Angel Monastery), which was later confirmed by Saladin, after it was confiscated by the Crusaders, to be renamed as "Deir es-Sultan".{{cite web |title= Deir Es-Sultan Monastery's mediation by Greek Church unsuccessful: Egypt Pope |website=egyptindependent.com |date=6 December 2018 |url= https://egyptindependent.com/deir-es-sultan-monasterys-mediation-by-greek-church-unsuccessful-egypt-pope/ |access-date= 10 May 2022}} Later on, the Ethiopian monks were hosted by the Copts in 1654, as their churches in Jerusalem were acquired by the Greek and Armenian Churches due to the inability to pay taxes.

In the early 17th century, pretender to the throne Ṣägga Krәstos was hosted at the Ethiopian monastery on Dayr as-Sulṭān. The Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II granted the Ethiopians the right to set up a large tent on the roof of the Holy Sepulcher to celebrate Easter.{{cite news |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/S-informer/Actualite/Ethiopiens-les-exclus-du-Saint-Sepulcre-_NG_-2010-04-04-549415 |title=Ethiopiens, les exclus du Saint-Sépulcre |newspaper=La Croix |language=French |date=4 April 2010 }}

During the Easter Vigil in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher on April 25, 1970, the Israeli government sent military forces to change the locks of the monastery to enable the Ethiopian monks to take control of it. Afterwards, the Israeli Supreme Court unanimously approved the restoration of the monastery to the Copts on March 16, 1971, yet the government refused to implement the Supreme Court ruling.

In October 2018, a Coptic priest was arrested following protests against the restoration efforts of the monastery without the Coptic Church's consent.{{cite web |title= غضب قبطي بعد "اعتداء اسرائيلي" على دير السلطان بالقدس |trans-title= Coptic anger after an "Israeli attack" on Deir Al-Sultan in Jerusalem |website=Sky News Arabia |language= Arabic |date=24 October 2018 |url= https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1193704-غضب-قبطي-اعتداء-اسرائيلي-دير-السلطان-بالقدس }} In April 2021, "light clashes" erupted between Egyptian and Ethiopian monks, as the latter set a tent and raised the Ethiopian flag inside the monastery.{{cite web |title= Egyptian, Ethiopian churches clash over Deir al-Sultan in Jerusalem |website=Al-Monitor |date=8 May 2021 |url= https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/05/egyptian-ethiopian-churches-clash-over-deir-al-sultan-jerusalem}} The same incident was repeated a year later on 18 April 2022.{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2067061/middle-east |title=Egyptian, Ethiopian monks clash in Jerusalem |website=Arabnews|date=20 April 2022 }} In 2022, the same type of event provoked the Coptic monks to paint the flag of Egypt on the main door leading to the monastery, adjacent to the entrance to the Coptic Patriarchate of Jerusalem.{{cite web |title= Deir Al-Sultan: Ethiopians, Egyptians clash in the Holy land |website= Borkena |date=22 April 2022 |url= https://borkena.com/2022/04/19/deir-al-sultan-ethiopians-egyptians-clash-in-the-holy-land/}}