Delftia acidovorans

Delftia acidovorans was originally known as Comamonas acidovorans. It was renamed due to rRNA relatedness{{Cite journal|last1=Mahmood|first1=S.|last2=Taylor|first2=K. E.|last3=Overman|first3=T. L.|last4=McCormick|first4=M. I.|date=2012-11-01|title=Acute Infective Endocarditis Caused by Delftia acidovorans, a Rare Pathogen Complicating Intravenous Drug Use|url= |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|language=en|volume=50|issue=11|pages=3799–3800|doi=10.1128/JCM.00553-12|issn=0095-1137|pmc=3486206|pmid=22933597}} and differences from other microbes within the Comamonadaceae family. These differences are evidenced by phylogenetic and phenotypic data. The new name, Delftia acidovorans, is a reference to the city of Delft, where it was first discovered and recorded.

Delftia acidovorans is a saprophyte,{{Cite journal|last1=Kawamura|first1=Ichiro|last2=Yagi|first2=Tetsuya|last3=Hatakeyama|first3=Kazuhito|last4=Hasegawa|first4=Yoshinori|last5=Ohkura|first5=Teruko|last6=Ohkusu|first6=Kiyofumi|last7=Takahashi|first7=Yoshiyuki|last8=Kojima|first8=Seiji|date=2011|title=Recurrent vascular catheter-related bacteremia caused by Delftia acidovorans with different antimicrobial susceptibility profiles|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1341321X11705529|journal=Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=111–113|doi=10.1007/s10156-010-0089-x|pmid=20628778|s2cid=41936424}} Gram-negative, non-sporulating, non-denitrifying, non-fermentative rod shaped bacterium. It exists as a single cell or in pairs that are 0.4-0.8 μm wide and 2.5-4.1 μm long. It is motile through polar, or bipolar, tufts of flagella. Tufts can have one to five flagella.

Delftia acidovorans exists as part of the Betaproteobacteria lineage within the Comamonadaceae family. D. acidovorans strains SPH1, ATCC 1 15668, and Cs 1-4 are closely related. While strains CCUG 247B and CCUG 15835 belong to Delftia acidovorans, they are more similar to Delftia tsuruhatensis. CCUG 247B and CCUG 15835 are often grouped with D. tsuruhatensis rather than D. acidovorans.{{Cite journal|last1=Shetty|first1=Ameesha R.|last2=de Gannes|first2=Vidya|last3=Obi|first3=Chioma C.|last4=Lucas|first4=Susan|last5=Lapidus|first5=Alla|last6=Cheng|first6=Jan-Fang|last7=Goodwin|first7=Lynne A.|last8=Pitluck|first8=Samuel|last9=Peters|first9=Linda|last10=Mikhailova|first10=Natalia|last11=Teshima|first11=Hazuki|date=2015|title=Complete genome sequence of the phenanthrene-degrading soil bacterium Delftia acidovorans Cs1-4|journal=Standards in Genomic Sciences|volume=10|pages=55|doi=10.1186/s40793-015-0041-x|issn=1944-3277|pmc=4572682|pmid=26380642 |doi-access=free }}

Delftia acidovorans is mesophilic and its optimal growing temperature is 30 °C. It will not survive in psychrophilic conditions. D. acidovorans is a non-halophile that prefers environments with minimal to no salt concentrations for growth. D. acidovorans strains Cs1-4 and SPH-1 are aerobic bacteria.

Delftia acidovorans strains Cs1-4 and SPH-1 can use phenanthrene, pyruvate, vanillate, succinate, formic acid, gluconic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, lactic acid, and propionic acid as carbon sources. D. acidovorans does not produce urease, is catalase and oxidase positive, and oxidizes fructose and mannitol.

Delftia acidovorans is one of the few bacteria, along with Cupriavidus metallidurans, that can metabolize gold.{{Cite journal|last1=Rea|first1=Maria Angelica|last2=Zammit|first2=Carla M.|last3=Reith|first3=Frank|date=2016-06-01|title=Bacterial biofilms on gold grains—implications for geomicrobial transformations of gold|url=https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/92/6/fiw082/2577883|journal=FEMS Microbiology Ecology|language=en|volume=92|issue=6|pages=fiw082|doi=10.1093/femsec/fiw082|pmid=27098381|issn=0168-6496|doi-access=free}} Au³⁺ is reduced extracellularly by the non-ribosomal secondary metabolite delftibactin. Delftibactin is a unique metabolite, as it can protect the bacteria from gold toxicity as well as reduce gold ions to solid form. Delftibactin can remove gold from sludges containing seawater and calcium carbonate, and is also capable of retrieving gold from electronic waste.{{Cite journal|last1=Yusoff|first1=A H M|last2=Nading|first2=M E|last3=Salimi|first3=M N|date=2017|title=Extraction of gold (Au) particles from sea water by Delftia Acidovorans microbes|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series|volume=908|issue=1|pages=012045|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/908/1/012045|bibcode=2017JPhCS.908a2045Y|issn=1742-6588|doi-access=free}}{{Cite web|title=Gold Recycling. Using Delfibactin to Recycle Gold from Electronic Waste.|url=http://2013.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/Project/Delftibactin#:~:text=This%20fascinating%20molecule%20is%20called,gold%20ions%20in%20contaminated%20soil.|website=iGEM}} Biohydrometallurgy techniques using D. acidovorans improve recycling profitability and are sustainable alternatives to cyanide leaching.{{Cite journal|last1=Kaksonen|first1=Anna H.|last2=Boxall|first2=Naomi J.|last3=Gumulya|first3=Yosephine|last4=Khaleque|first4=Himel N.|last5=Morris|first5=Christina|last6=Bohu|first6=Tsing|last7=Cheng|first7=Ka Yu|last8=Usher|first8=Kayley M.|last9=Lakaniemi|first9=Aino-Maija|date=2018-09-01|title=Recent progress in biohydrometallurgy and microbial characterisation|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304386X18301804|journal=Hydrometallurgy|language=en|volume=180|pages=7–25|doi=10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.06.018|bibcode=2018HydMe.180....7K |s2cid=103359824 |issn=0304-386X}} Lead can also be recovered from discarded electronics with D. acidovorans. Attempts to induce delftibactin expression in Escherichia coli were unsuccessful due to the toxicity of the DelH protein.

Delftia acidovorans is capable of converting toxic metals including selenium and chromium ions into harmless products.{{Cite journal|last1=Ubalde|first1=Martha C.|last2=Braña|first2=Victoria|last3=Sueiro|first3=Fabiana|last4=Morel|first4=María A.|last5=Martínez-Rosales|first5=Cecilia|last6=Marquez|first6=Carolina|last7=Castro-Sowinski|first7=Susana|date=2012|title=The Versatility of Delftia sp. Isolates as Tools for Bioremediation and Biofertilization Technologies|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00284-012-0108-5|journal=Current Microbiology|language=en|volume=64|issue=6|pages=597–603|doi=10.1007/s00284-012-0108-5|pmid=22476956|s2cid=1464049|issn=0343-8651}} It can also degrade phenanthrene, which is a carbon source from polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons. Phenanthrene is a common environmental pollutant.

D. acidovorans can be used to manufacture polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a favorable alternative towards traditional plastic equipment used in medical settings. Traditional plastic manufacturing is resource-consuming and polluting, while PHA production through D. acidovorans is a more sustainable solution.{{Cite journal|last1=Romanelli|first1=Maria Giovanna|last2=Povolo|first2=Silvana|last3=Favaro|first3=Lorenzo|last4=Fontana|first4=Federico|last5=Basaglia|first5=Marina|last6=Casella|first6=Sergio|title=Engineering Delftia acidovorans DSM39 to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates from slaughterhouse waste|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141813014002219|journal=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules |year=2014|volume=71|pages=21–27|doi=10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.049|pmid=24704165}}

D. acidovorans is an emergent opportunistic pathogen that demonstrates antibiotic resistance.{{Cite journal|last1=Chotikanatis|first1=Kobkul|last2=Bäcker|first2=Martin|last3=Rosas-Garcia|first3=Gabriela|last4=Hammerschlag|first4=Margaret R.|date=2011|title=Recurrent Intravascular-Catheter-Related Bacteremia Caused by Delftia acidovorans in a Hemodialysis Patient|url= |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|language=en|volume=49|issue=9|pages=3418–3421|doi=10.1128/JCM.00625-11|issn=0095-1137|pmc=3165601|pmid=21775546}} The infection can cause bacteremia,{{Cite journal|last1=Lang|first1=K. J.|last2=Chinzowu|first2=T.|last3=Cann|first3=K. J.|date=2012|title=Delftia acidovorans as an Unusual Causative Organism in Line-Related Sepsis|url= |journal=Indian Journal of Microbiology|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=102–103|doi=10.1007/s12088-011-0221-3|issn=0046-8991|pmc=3298582|pmid=23450157}} keratitis,{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sang Mok|last2=Kim|first2=Mee Kum|last3=Lee|first3=Jae Lim|last4=Wee|first4=Won Ryang|last5=Lee|first5=Jin Hak|date=2008|title=Experience of Comamonas Acidovorans Keratitis with Delayed Onset and Treatment Response in Immunocompromised Cornea|url= |journal=Korean Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=22|issue=1|pages=49–52|doi=10.3341/kjo.2008.22.1.49|issn=1011-8942|pmc=2629953|pmid=18323706}}{{Cite journal|last1=Langman|first1=ME|last2=Dighiero|first2=PL|last3=Gicquel|first3=JJ|date=2007-10-02|title=Comamonas: a not so comon agent in hydrogel contact lens wearers|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01062_3296.x|journal=Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica|language=en|volume=85|pages=0|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01062_3296.x}} pneumonia,{{Cite journal|last1=Yildiz|first1=Hanifi|last2=Sünnetçioğlu|first2=Aysel|last3=Ekin|first3=Selami|last4=Baran|first4=İrfan|last5=Özgökçe|first5=Mesut|last6=Aşker|first6=Selvi|last7=Üney|first7=İbrahim|last8=Akyüz|first8=Sümeyye|date=2020-02-10|editor-last=Turgut|editor-first=Engin|title=Delftia Acidovorans pneumonia with lung cavities formation|url=http://colombiamedica.univalle.edu.co/index.php/comedica/article/view/4025|journal=Colombia Medica|volume=50|issue=3|pages=215–221|doi=10.25100/cm.v50i3.4025|pmc=7141147|pmid=32284666}} empyema,{{Cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Sadia|last2=Sistla|first2=Sujatha|last3=Dhodapkar|first3=Rahul|last4=Parija|first4=Subhash Chandra|date=2012|title=Fatal Delftia acidovorans infection in an immunocompetent patient with empyema|url= |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine|language=en|volume=2|issue=11|pages=923–924|doi=10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60254-8|pmc=3609244|pmid=23569872}} otitis,{{Cite journal|last1=Reina|first1=Jordi|last2=Llompart|first2=Isabel|last3=Alomar|first3=Pedro|date=March 1991|title=Acute suppurative otitis caused by Comamonas acidovorans|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/019643999190006H|journal=Clinical Microbiology Newsletter|language=en|volume=13|issue=5|pages=38–39|doi=10.1016/0196-4399(91)90006-H}} and peritonitis.{{Cite journal|last1=Artan|first1=Ayse Serra|last2=Gursu|first2=Meltem|last3=Elcioglu|first3=Omer Celal|last4=Kazancioglu|first4=Rumeyza|date=2020|title=Delftia Acidovorans Peritonitis in a Patient Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis|journal=Turkish Journal of Nephrology|volume=29|issue=4|pages=326–328|doi=10.5152/turkjnephrol.2020.4204|doi-access=free}} Known sources of infection include contaminated water and catheters. D. acidovorans should be considered a causative organism in patients when water or soil contamination is suspected. D. acidovorans has been isolated from clinical settings as well, such as RO systems,{{Cite journal|last1=Yassin|first1=Mohamed H.|last2=Abramovitz|first2=Blaise|last3=Hariri|first3=Rahman|last4=McKibben|first4=Leeanna|last5=Pinevich|first5=A.J.|date=2020|title=Delftia acidovorans pseudo outbreak in portable reverse osmosis machines: Interventions to ensure safe and cost-effective hemodialysis|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.027|journal=American Journal of Infection Control|volume=48|issue=3|pages=304–308|doi=10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.027|pmid=31952870|s2cid=210708340|issn=0196-6553}} surgical vacuums,{{Cite journal|last1=Miño de Kaspar|first1=Herminia|last2=Grasbon|first2=Thomas|last3=Kampik|first3=Anselm|date=2000|title=Automated surgical equipment requires routine disinfection of vacuum control manifold to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00178-5|journal=Ophthalmology|volume=107|issue=4|pages=685–690|doi=10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00178-5|pmid=10768329|issn=0161-6420}} and operating bay sinks.{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-01|title=Scrub sink contamination and transmission to operating room personnel|url= |journal=New Microbes and New Infections|language=en|volume=37|pages=100754|doi=10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100754|issn=2052-2975|pmc=7502367|pmid=32995014|last1=Ta|first1=C.|last2=Wong|first2=G.|last3=Cole|first3=W.|last4=Medvedev|first4=G.}} Some strains can tolerate chlorhexidine,{{Cite journal|last1=Rema|first1=Tara|last2=Lawrence|first2=John R.|last3=Dynes|first3=James J.|last4=Hitchcock|first4=Adam P.|last5=Korber|first5=Darren R.|date=2014|title=Microscopic and Spectroscopic Analyses of Chlorhexidine Tolerance in Delftia acidovorans Biofilms|url= |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|language=en|volume=58|issue=10|pages=5673–5686|doi=10.1128/AAC.02984-14|issn=0066-4804|pmc=4187954|pmid=25022584}} a common surgical disinfectant.

Infections of D. acidovorans can be confirmed through an orange indole test. Antibiotic resistance to aminoglycosides is common.

{{Reflist}}

• [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=2941&submit=Search Type strain of Delftia acidovorans at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]

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Category:Comamonadaceae

Category:Bacteria described in 1999