Delphinium glaucum

{{speciesbox

| image = Delphinium glaucum 413067623.jpg

| image_caption = In Alberta

| genus = Delphinium

| species = glaucum

| authority = S.Watson

| synonyms = *Delphinium brownii

D. scopulorum

}}

Delphinium glaucum, known by the common names Sierra larkspur, mountain larkspur, and glaucous larkspur, is a species of wildflower in the genus Delphinium, which belongs to the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. It is native to western North America from Arizona to Alaska, growing in moist mountainous environments such as riverbanks and meadows.

Taxonomy

Although Ewan, in his survey of North American Delphinium,J. Ewan (1945), University of Colorado Studies, Series D. Physical and Biological Sciences 2 55–244. treated D. glaucum and D. brownii as two separate species, some taxonomists now seem inclined to treat D. brownii as a local form of D. glaucum.J. D. Olsen and G. D. Manners (1989). In Toxicants of Plant Origin, Vol. 1, (P. R. Cheeke, Ed.), pp. 291–326, Boca Raton: CRC Press.J. Looman (1984) Can. Field-Nat. 98 345-361. (Accessed through: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/89187) However, the matter does not yet appear to be completely resolved.K. E. Panter et al. (2002) Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 30 113–128.S. E. Welsh and M. H. Ralphs (2002) Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 30 103–112.

Description

File:White-lined Sphinx, Lundy Canyon, Mono County, CA, USA imported from iNaturalist photo 315699106.jpg feeding on Sierra larkspur]]

D. glaucum is a "tall" larkspur, which sprouts from one to several tall, stout, pale green erect stems which may approach {{convert|3|m|ft}} in height. The lobed leaves are generally found only at the base of the plant. The top of the stem is a large inflorescence which may itself be over {{convert|1|m|ft}} long. It usually contains over fifty widely spaced flowers, with each flower on a pedicel a few centimeters long. The sepals are flat and extend to the sides or point forward. The sepals and petals are dark blue to deep purple, although the top two petals may be lighter in color to almost white. They may be somewhat wrinkly. The spur is about two centimeters long.

= Toxicity =

Larkspurs have long been associated with livestock poisoning in North America, and D. glaucum (under the name D. brownii) has caused problems in the rangelands of Alberta, in western Canada.V. N. Aiyar, M. H. Benn, T. Hanna, J. Jacyno, S. H. Roth and J. L. Wilkens (1979) Experientia 35 1367–1368.

Chemical studies

The earliest phytochemical research on D. glaucum (then known as D. brownii ) was that of Richard Manske, working at the National Research Laboratories in Ottawa, Canada, in 1938, who isolated an alkaloid that he was unable to purify adequately, and the common plant-sugar, mannitol.R. H. F. Manske (1938) Can. J. Chem., Sect. B 16 57-60. A few years later, John Goodson, at the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories in London, England, isolated what he believed to be the same alkaloid, in purer form, from seeds of Delphinium elatum, and named it "methyl-lycaconitine".J. A. Goodson (1943) J. Chem. Soc. 139-141.

Further work to identify the chemical constituents of D. glaucum (still called D. brownii) was carried out by Michael Benn and his co-workers at the National Research Council laboratories in Ottawa, Canada in 1963.M. H. Benn, M. A. M. Cameron and O. E. Edwards (1963) Can. J. Chem. 41 477-482. These chemists confirmed the presence of methyllycaconitine in the plant, and also isolated another, structurally related diterpenoid alkaloid, which they named browniine.

Delphinium glaucum (still under the name D. brownii) was studied again by Mike Benn's research group, at the University of Calgary, in Canada, with the objective of identifying the compounds responsible for its toxicity. These researchers again found methyllycaconitine and browniine in the plant, but also a closely related alkaloid, browniine-14-acetate, as well as the alkaloid magnoflorine, belonging to the aporphine class. Of these, methyllycaconitine was found to be the most toxic.

References

External links

[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6434,6462,6474 Jepson Manual Treatment]
[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Delphinium+glaucum Photo gallery]
[https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn11904 Plant extract may block cannabis addiction]

glaucum