Demographics of Eritrea#Ethno-linguistic groups

Sources disagree as to the current population of Eritrea, with UN DESA proposing a low estimate of 3.6 million for 2021 and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa proposing a high estimate of 6.7 million for 2019. Eritrea has never conducted an official government census. In its 2019 data release, UN DESA described why its estimate was much lower than earlier estimates, stating, "The decrease is due to the availability of new official population estimates for several years (population count in 2000, official estimates up to 2018) that contribute to lower the size of the population in the recent years, as well as to revised past estimates since 1950."

In the 2010s, worsening conditions fueled migration pressure, with Eritreans trying to reach Europe illegally.[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21587844-eritreans-are-taking-seas-because-worsening-conditions-home-why-they Why they leave -- Eritreans are taking to the seas because of worsening conditions at home] 12 October 2013.

"Some 30,000 people reached Italy illegally in boats in the first nine months of 2013, three times as many as in the whole of 2012, according to Frontex, [...] the largest batch came from Eritrea, a country that has supposedly been at peace for the past 13 years."

[http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2014/06/12/emigration-has-left-eritrea-desolate-say-bishops/ Emigration has left Eritrea ‘desolate’, say bishops], Catholic Herald, 6 September 2014.[http://www.worldbank.org/prospects/migrationandremittances Bilateral Estimates of Migrant Stocks in 2010] estimates 942,000 emigrants, of whom 450,000 migrated to Sudan and 290,000 to Ethiopia. Cf. the World' Bank's [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/Factbook2011-Ebook.pdf Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011]. The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs expects Eritrean population growth to accelerate to 1.8% per year from 2020 to 2030, vs. 1.1% per year from 2010 to 2020.

The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2020 was 41.1%, 54.3% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 4.5% were 65 or older.{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website.|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/|url-status=live|access-date=14 April 2021|website=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922024646/https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |archive-date=2018-09-22 }}

File:Eritrea single age population pyramid 2020.png in 2020]]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (1 July 2020) (Estimates based on the 2000 quick population count results and 1995, 2002 and 2010 Eritrea Demographic and Health Surveys.):{{Cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/|title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics|website=unstats.un.org}}

The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) Population Division published its UN DESA 2019 Revision (World Population Prospects 2019) data release based on several data samples, including the 1995 and 2002 Demographic and Health Surveys (1995 DHS, 2002 DHS) and the 2010 Population and Health Survey (2010 PHS), since a full census had not been carried out in Eritrea {{as of|2010|lc=yes}}.{{rp|31}}

The 1995 DHS survey was carried out in Eritrea by the Eritrean National Statistics Office (NSO) and Macro International Inc., collecting data by interviewing 5,054 women aged 15–49 and 1,114 men aged 15–59, chosen to be a statistically representative sample, from September 1995 to January 1996.

The 2002 DHS survey was carried out by the NSO (renamed as the National Statistics and Evaluation Office), with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and ORC Macro, collecting data with interviews of 8,754 women in Eritrea in the 15–49 age range, in what was considered to be a statistically representative sample of the full population. Key findings of the survey included a drop from 1995 to 2002 of fertility from 6.1 to 4.8 children per woman; improved knowledge of contraception; a drop in post-neonatal mortality; improved antenatal care; a doubling of the full vaccination rate for 12–23 month old babies from 41 to 76 percent; 38 percent of children under five years old were chronically malnourished or stunted; and near universal knowledge of HIV and AIDS.

In 2010, the NSO, supported by the Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies, published a Population and Health Survey (EPHS2010), based on a survey covering 34,423 households by choosing 900 areas around Eritrea, 525 rural and 375 urban, and randomly selecting 40 households in each cluster. Interviews aimed to include all women aged 15–49 and men aged 15–59 who were either residents or visitors in any selected household on the night preceding the interview. Key findings compared to the 1995 DHS survey included a decrease in early childhood mortality, increased children's vaccination, decreased maternal death, and a "wide gap between knowledge and use of family planning".

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR) (1995 DHS, Table 3.1; 2002 DHS, Table 4.1;{{cite web|url=http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/dhs#_r=&collection=&country=&dtype=&from=1890&page=5&ps=&sk=&sort_by=nation&sort_order=&to=2014&topic=&view=s&vk=|title=MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys|access-date=31 May 2015}})

Fertility geographical distribution as of 2010 (PHS, Table 4–2):

{{image frame

|content={{Graph:Chart

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|xType=date

|linewidth=1

|showSymbols=

|width=

|colors= #FF8317,#BFB000,#001E00,#87CEEB,#000000

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|xAxisTitle= Final year of 5-year period

|xAxisAngle= -90

|x= 1955,1960,1965,1970,1975,1980,1985,1990,1995,2000,2005,2010,2015,2020

|yAxisTitle= Net migrants in thousands

|yAxisMin =

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|legend=Eritrean net migration

|y1Title=2019

|y1=0.997, 3, 6.997, 4.999, 10, 10, 10, -40.0, -314.772, -129.998, 227.29, -80.009, -246, -199.29

|y2Title=2015

|y2=0.997, 3, 6.997, 4.999, 10, 10, 10, -40, -400.002, -70, 110.001, -160.001, -160.001

|y3Title=2010

|y3=0.175, 2.212, 6.356, 2.91, 7.773, 53.231, 49.2, -3.8, -358.661, -8.887, 229.376, 55

|yGrid=

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|width=420

|caption=Eritrean migration (immigrants minus emigrants; UN DESA Revisions 2010 to 2019). Negative numbers indicate more emigration than immigration; positive numbers indicate more immigration. Sources: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) Population Division: (Revisions 2012 and 2017 are almost identical to Revisions 2010 and 2015, respectively.)

• Revision 2010
• Revision 2015
• Revision 2019

|border=no

}}

In 2015, there was a major outflow of emigrants from Eritrea. The Guardian attributed the emigration to Eritrea being "a totalitarian state where most citizens fear arrest at any moment and dare not speak to their neighbours, gather in groups or linger long outside their homes", with a major factor being the conditions and long durations of conscription in the Eritrean Army. At the end of 2018, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that about 507,300 Eritreans were refugees who had fled Eritrea. Factors corresponding to emigration include the "lack of political, religious and social freedom", economic reasons and indefinite military service. Young people choosing to flee Eritrea often keep their plans secret from their families in order to decrease their families' stress and risk of being fined or imprisoned. Payment to people smugglers is typically made when a refugee arrives in Libya and provides the smugglers with a telephone number of a diaspora contact who is expected to pay. Several refugees given educational opportunities while residing in refugee camps in Ethiopia felt that they lacked long-term life opportunities beyond obtaining academic degrees, motivating them to attempt further emigration to Europe.

During the first four half decades of the twenty-first century, UN DESA Population Division, in its 2019 Revision of World Population Prospects, estimated that Eritrea had 227 thousand more immigrants than emigrants during 2000–2005 (more people arrived than left), and had net outflows afterwards, with 80 thousand net emigrants during 2005–2010, 246 thousand during 2010–2015 and 199 thousand during 2015–2020.

{{clear}}

{{further|Languages of Eritrea}}

File:Ethno-Demography of Eritrea.png

{{Pie chart

|thumb = right

|caption = Ethnicity in Eritrea (2021) {{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/#people-and-society| title = The World Factbook| date = 2023-02-09}}

|label1 = Tigrinya

|value1 = 50

|color1 = Red

|label2 = Tigre

|value2 = 30

|color2 = Green

|label3 = Saho

|value3 = 4

|color3 = Cyan

|label4 = Afar

|value4 = 4

|color4 = Yellow

|label5 = Kunama

|value5 = 4

|color5 = Violet

|label6 = Bilen

|value6 = 3

|color6 = Maroon

|label7 = Other

|value7 = 5

|color7 = Grey}}

Eritrea's population comprises nine recognized ethnic groups, most of whom speak languages from the Ethiopian Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. The East African Semitic languages spoken in Eritrea are Tigre, Tigrinya, and the newly recognized Dahlik. Other Afro-Asiatic languages belonging to the Cushitic branch are also widely spoken in the country. The latter include Afar, Beja, Blin, and Saho.

In addition, languages belonging to the Nilo-Saharan language family (Kunama and Nara) are spoken as a mother tongue by the Kunama and Nara Nilotic ethnic minorities that live in the north and northwestern part of the country. The Rashaida speak Arabic, while there are also a number of Italians who speak their native Italian language.

{{main|Tigrinya people}}

File:Traditional Eritrean dance.jpg traditional dance.]]

The majority of the Tigrinya inhabit the highlands of Eritrea; however, migration to other parts of the country has occurred. Their language is called Tigrinya. They are the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting about 50% of the population. The predominantly Tigrinya populated urban centers in Eritrea are the capital Asmara, Mendefera, Dekemhare, Adi Keyh, Adi Quala and Senafe, while there is a significant population of Tigrinya in other cities including Keren, and Massawa.

They are 92% Christians, (of which 90% are of the Eritrean Orthodox faith, 5% Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic (whose mass is held in Ge'ez as opposed to Latin), and 5% belonging to various Protestant and other Christian denominations, the majority of which belong to the (Lutheran) Evangelical Church of Eritrea).

{{main|Tigre people}}

File:Traditional Eritrean dancing.jpg dance]]

The Tigre reside in the western lowlands in Eritrea. Many also migrated to Sudan at the time of the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict and lived there since. They are a nomadic and pastoralist people, related to the Tigrinya and to the Beja people. They are a predominantly Muslim nomadic people who inhabit the northern, western, and coastal lowlands of Eritrea, and constitute 30% of the country's population. Some also inhabit areas in eastern Sudan. 95% of the Tigre people adhere to the Islamic religion Sunni Islam, but there are a small number of Christians among them as well (often referred to as the Mensaï in Eritrea). Their language is called Tigre.

{{main|Rashaida people}}

The Rashaida are one of Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups. They represent around 1% of the population of Eritrea. The Rashaida reside in the northern coastal lowlands of Eritrea and the northern eastern coasts of Sudan. They are predominantly Muslim and are the only ethnic group in Eritrea to have Arabic as their communal language, specifically the Hejazi dialect. The Rashaida first came to Eritrea in the 19th century from the Arabian Coast.{{cite web|last=Alders|first=Anne|url=http://www.eritreanbeauty.com/r.html|title=the Rashaida|access-date=2006-06-07|archive-date=2006-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709094430/http://www.eritreanbeauty.com/r.html|url-status=usurped}}

The Jeberti people in Eritrea trace descent from early Muslim adherents. The term Jeberti is also locally sometimes used to generically refer to all Islamic inhabitants of the highlands.{{cite journal|first=Abbebe|last=Kifleyesus|journal=L'Homme: Revue française d'anthropologie|url=http://www.cairn.info/revue-l-homme-2009-1-page-49.htm|title=Jeberti Women Traders' Innumeracy: Its Impact on Commercial Activity in Eritrea|date=January 2009|volume=189 |issue=189|page=59|doi=10.4000/lhomme.21986 |access-date=27 February 2015}} The Jeberti in Eritrea speak Arabic and Tigrinya.{{cite book|last=Facts On File, Incorporated|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1438126760|page=336|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC}} They account for about 8% of the Tigrinya speakers in the nation.

{{main|Afar people}}

According to the CIA, the Afar constitute 4% of the nation's population. They live in the Debubawi Keyih Bahri Region of Eritrea, as well as the Afar Region in Ethiopia, and Djibouti. They speak the Afar language as a mother tongue, and are predominantly Muslim. Afars in Eritrea number about 600,000 individuals, the smallest population out of the countries they reside in. In Djibouti, there are about 780,000 group members, and in Ethiopia, they number approximately 2,100,000.

{{main|Saho people}}

The Saho represent 4% of Eritrea's population. They principally reside in the Debubawi Keyih Bahri Region and the Northern Red Sea Region of Eritrea. Their language is called Saho. They are predominantly Muslim, although a few Christians known as the Irob live in the Debub Region of Eritrea and the Tigray region of Ethiopia.

{{main|Bilen people}}

The Bilen in Eritrea represent around 3% of the country's population. They are primarily concentrated in the north-central areas, in and around the city of Keren, and south towards Asmara, the nation's capital. Many of them entered Eritrea from Kush (central Sudan) in the 8th century and settled at Merara, after which they went to Wag and Lasta. The Bilen then returned to Axum in Ethiopia's Tigray Province, and battled with the natives; in the resulting aftermath, the Bilen returned to their main base at Merara. The Bilen include adherents of both Islam and Christianity. They speak the Bilen language as a mother tongue. Christian adherents are mainly urban and have interbred with the Tigrinya who live in the area. Muslim adherents are mainly rural and have intermingled with the adjacent Tigre.

{{main|Beja people}}

The Beja in Eritrea, or Hedareb, constitute 2% of local residents. They mainly live along the north-western border with Sudan. Group members are predominantly Muslim and communicate in Beja as a first or second language. The Beja also include the Beni-Amer people, who have retained their native Beja language alongside Hedareb.

{{main|Kunama people}}

According to the CIA, the Kunama constitute around 4% of Eritrea's population. They mainly live in the country's Gash Barka Region, as well as in adjacent parts of Ethiopia's Tigray Region. Many of them reside in the contested border village of Badme. Their language is called Kunama. Although some Kunama still practice traditional beliefs, most are converts to either Christianity (Roman Catholic and Protestant) or Islam.

{{main|Nara people}}

The Nara represent 2% of the nation's population. They principally reside along the south-western border with Sudan and Ethiopia. They are generally Muslim, with a few Christians and some practising their indigenous beliefs. Their language is called Nara.

{{main|Italian Eritreans}}

A few monolingual Italian Eritreans remain. As of 2008, they were estimated at 900 people, down from around 38,000 residents at the end of World War II.

:Afar, Arabic (spoken by the Rashaida), Beja (spoken by the Hedareb), Blin, Kunama, Nara, Saho, Tigre, Tigrinya, as a second language. English, Italian and Arabic are the foremost second languages.

{{Main|Religion in Eritrea}}

File:Regions of Eritrea.svg|thumb|Regions of Eritrea 1. Maekel 2. Anseba 3. Gash-Barka 4. Debub 5. Northern Red Sea 6. Southern Red Sea

poly 167 182 163 205 179 211 184 203 176 179 Maekel Region

poly 167 182 176 179 118 108 118 50 59 85 53 133 Anseba Region

poly 163 205 167 182 53 133 19 258 91 276 135 239 147 206 Gash-Barka Region

poly 184 203 179 211 147 206 135 239 153 254 221 248 225 226 189 200 Debub Region

poly 176 179 184 203 189 200 225 226 221 248 271 259 279 220 200 159 155 21 118 50 118 108 Northern Red Sea Region

poly 279 220 271 259 419 388 442 361 319 241 Southern Red Sea Region

People in Eritrea practice various religions. According to the Pew Research Center (2010), 62.9% of the population are Christian, mostly followers of Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo, and to a lesser extent, Roman Catholicism, with the second-largest religion being Muslims.{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/global-christianity/total-population-percentage.php|title=Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country|date=19 December 2011|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107191939/http://features.pewforum.org/global-christianity/total-population-percentage.php|archive-date=7 January 2012}} In general, most local residents who adhere to Christianity live in the Maekel and Debub regions, whereas those who follow Islam predominantly inhabit the Anseba, Northern Red Sea, Southern Red Sea and Gash-Barka regions. A few adherents of traditional faiths can also be found, particularly in the lowlands.

{{portal|Eritrea}}

• Languages of Eritrea
• Culture of Eritrea

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite web | title= World Population Prospects 2019 | website= UN DESA |year = 2019 | url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx | access-date = 2021-02-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-02-27 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= Eritrea – Indicators – Population (million people), 2018 | website= Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa |year = 2019 | url = https://comstat.comesa.int/lqpaqnf/comesa-in-figures-2019?tsId=1000510 | access-date = 2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228195303/https://comstat.comesa.int/lqpaqnf/comesa-in-figures-2019?tsId=1000510 |archive-date= 2021-02-28 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= File MORT/3-1: Deaths (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (thousands) | website= UN DESA |year = 2019 | url =https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/3_Mortality/WPP2019_MORT_F03_1_DEATHS_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210310002939/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/3_Mortality/WPP2019_MORT_F03_1_DEATHS_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-03-10 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= File FERT/1: Births (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (thousands) | website= UN DESA |year = 2019 | url =https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/2_Fertility/WPP2019_FERT_F01_BIRTHS_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210310004254/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/2_Fertility/WPP2019_FERT_F01_BIRTHS_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-03-10 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= File FERT/3: Crude birth rate by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (births per 1,000 population) | website= UN DESA |year = 2019 | url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/2_Fertility/WPP2019_FERT_F03_CRUDE_BIRTH_RATE.xlsx | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210310005544/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/2_Fertility/WPP2019_FERT_F03_CRUDE_BIRTH_RATE.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-03-10 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= File FERT/4: Total fertility by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (live births per woman) | website= UN DESA |year = 2019 | url =https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/2_Fertility/WPP2019_FERT_F04_TOTAL_FERTILITY.xlsx | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210228192109/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/2_Fertility/WPP2019_FERT_F04_TOTAL_FERTILITY.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-02-28 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= File POP/3: Rate of natural increase by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (per 1,000 population) | website= UN DESA |year = 2019 | url =https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F03_RATE_OF_NATURAL_INCREASE.xlsx | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210310002352/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F03_RATE_OF_NATURAL_INCREASE.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-03-10 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= File MORT/2: Crude death rate by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (deaths per 1,000 population) | website= UN DESA |year = 2019 | url =https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/3_Mortality/WPP2019_MORT_F02_CRUDE_DEATH_RATE.xlsx | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210310011201/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/3_Mortality/WPP2019_MORT_F02_CRUDE_DEATH_RATE.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-03-10 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= File MORT/1-1: Infant mortality rate (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (infant deaths per 1,000 live births) | website= UN DESA |year = 2019 | url =https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/3_Mortality/WPP2019_MORT_F01_1_IMR_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210310012313/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/3_Mortality/WPP2019_MORT_F01_1_IMR_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-03-10 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= File MORT/7-1: Life expectancy at birth (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (years) | website= UN DESA |year = 2019 | url =https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/3_Mortality/WPP2019_MORT_F07_1_LIFE_EXPECTANCY_0_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210310015150/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/3_Mortality/WPP2019_MORT_F07_1_LIFE_EXPECTANCY_0_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-03-10 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= Population Division – World Population Prospects 2019 – Data Sources | website= UN DESA |year= 2019 | url = https://population.un.org/wpp/DataSources/232 | access-date = 2021-02-28 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210228203636/https://population.un.org/wpp/DataSources/232 |archive-date= 2021-02-28 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= Eritrea – 2002 Demographic and Health Survey – Key Findings | website= National Statistics Office (Eritrea), ORC Macro |date = 2003-06-16 | url =https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SR97/Eritrea_KF.pdf | access-date = 2021-03-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201024054748/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SR97/Eritrea_KF.pdf |archive-date= 2020-10-24 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= Eritrea – Demographic and Health Survey 1995 | website= National Statistics Office |date = 2001-01-29 | url =https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR80/FR80.pdf | access-date = 2021-03-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200709082457/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR80/FR80.pdf |archive-date= 2020-07-09 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= Eritrea – Demographic and Health Survey 2002 | website= National Statistics Office (Eritrea) |date = 2003-06-02 | url =https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR137/FR137.pdf | access-date = 2021-03-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210303200322/https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR137/FR137.pdf |archive-date= 2021-03-03 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= Eritrea – Population and Health Survey 2010 | website= National Statistics Office, Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies |year = 2010 | url =https://www.unicef.org/eritrea/ECO_resources_populationhealthsurvey2010.pdf | access-date = 2021-03-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190606121847/https://www.unicef.org/eritrea/ECO_resources_populationhealthsurvey2010.pdf |archive-date= 2019-06-06 |url-status=live }}

{{cite news | last1= Kingsley | first1= Patrick | title=It's not at war, but up to 3% of its people have fled. What is going on in Eritrea? | date= 2015-07-15 |newspaper= The Guardian | url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/22/eritrea-migrants-child-soldier-fled-what-is-going |access-date= 2021-02-28 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20150923100909/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/22/eritrea-migrants-child-soldier-fled-what-is-going |archive-date= 2015-09-23 |url-status=live }}

{{cite book | title= Eritrea – events of 2019 | website= Human Rights Watch |year = 2020 | url = https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/eritrea | access-date = 2021-02-28 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210228205428/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/eritrea%23 |archive-date= 2021-02-28 |url-status=live }}

.{{cite web | title= File MIGR/2: Net number of migrants (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (thousands) | website= UN DESA |year = 2019 | url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/4_Migration/WPP2019_MIGR_F02_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.xlsx | access-date = 2021-02-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210228192239/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/4_Migration/WPP2019_MIGR_F02_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-02-28 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= File MIGR/2: Net number of migrants (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (thousands) | website= UN DESA |year = 2019 | url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/4_Migration/WPP2019_MIGR_F02_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.xlsx | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210228192239/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/4_Migration/WPP2019_MIGR_F02_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-02-28 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title=File MIGR/2: Net number of migrants (both sexes combined) by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (thousands) | website= UN DESA |year = 2017 | url = https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SachinPawaskarUNO/immigration/master/WPP2017_MIGR_F02_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.xlsx | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210310221305/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SachinPawaskarUNO/immigration/master/WPP2017_MIGR_F02_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-03-10 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= File MIGR/2: Net number of migrants (both sexes combined) by major area, region and country, 1950-2100 (thousands) | website= UN DESA |year = 2015 | url = https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/4_Migration/WPP2015_MIGR_F02_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.XLS | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161006091231/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/4_Migration/WPP2015_MIGR_F02_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.XLS |archive-date= 2016-10-06 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= File MIGR/2: Net number of migrants (both sexes combined) by major area, region and country, 1950-2100 (thousands) | website= UN DESA |year = 2013 | url = https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/EXCEL_FILES/4_Migration/WPP2012_MIGR_F02_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.XLS | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150320044155/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/EXCEL_FILES/4_Migration/WPP2012_MIGR_F02_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.XLS |archive-date= 2015-03-20 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title=File 19: Net number of migrants (both sexes combined) by major area, region and country, 1950-2100 (thousands) | website= UN DESA |year = 2011 | url = http://esa.un.org:80/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB01_Period_Indicators/WPP2010_DB1_F19_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.XLS | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130315043340/http://esa.un.org:80/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/DB01_Period_Indicators/WPP2010_DB1_F19_NET_NUMBER_OF_MIGRANTS.XLS |archive-date= 2013-03-15 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | last1 = Belloni | first1 = Milena |title = I asked young Eritreans why they risk migration. This is what they told me | website= The Conversation |date = 2019-07-22 | url = https://theconversation.com/i-asked-young-eritreans-why-they-risk-migration-this-is-what-they-told-me-119324 | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210310204620/https://theconversation.com/i-asked-young-eritreans-why-they-risk-migration-this-is-what-they-told-me-119324 |archive-date= 2021-03-10 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | last1 = Poole | first1 = Amanda | last2= Riggan | first2= Jennifer |title = Why Eritrean refugees choose the risky migration to Europe | website= The Conversation |date = 2021-02-28 | url = https://theconversation.com/why-eritrean-refugees-choose-the-risky-migration-to-europe-155751 | access-date = 2021-03-10 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210310204627/https://theconversation.com/why-eritrean-refugees-choose-the-risky-migration-to-europe-155751 |archive-date= 2021-03-10 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web | title= World Population Prospect 2019: release note about major differences in total population estimates for mid-2019 between 2017 and 2019 revisions | website= United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |date = 2019-08-28 | url =https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications//Files/WPP2019_Release-Note-rev1.pdf |quote= The population of Eritrea in 2019 is 3.5 million, which is about 1.8 million (34.1 per cent) less than the previous estimate from the 2017 revision. The decrease is due to the availability of new official population estimates for several years (population count in 2000, official estimates up to 2018) that contribute to lower the size of the population in the recent years, as well as to revised past estimates since 1950. |access-date = 2021-03-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210111101908/https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications//Files/WPP2019_Release-Note-rev1.pdf |archive-date= 2021-01-11 |url-status=live }}

}}

Attribution:

{{CIA World Factbook|year=2008}}

{{Commons category|Demographics of Eritrea}}

• [http://home.planet.nl/~hans.mebrat/eritrea-languages.htm Languages in Eritrea]
• [http://home.planet.nl/~hans.mebrat/eritrea-people.htm Ethnic groups in Eritrea]
• [http://www.modaina.com Eritrean website featuring resources relevant to Tigre history and culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092433/http://www.modaina.com/ |date=2014-02-02 }}

{{Ethnic groups in Eritrea}}

{{Africa in topic|Demographics of}}

{{Eritrea topics}}

{{Eritrean diaspora}}

Category:Society of Eritrea