Denunciation

{{Short description|Act of assigning blame}}

{{Other uses|Denunciation (disambiguation)}}

{{Multiple issues|

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File:(Venice) Bocca di Leone in the Doge's Palace.jpg in Venice. Text translation: "Secret denunciations against anyone who will conceal favors and services or will collude to hide the true revenue from them".]]

Denunciation (from Latin denuntiare, "to denounce") is the act of publicly assigning to a person the blame for a perceived wrongdoing, with the hope of bringing attention to it.{{cite web |title= denounce |url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/denounce |publisher= Merriam-Webster |accessdate= July 20, 2018}}{{Cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Sheila |last2=Gellately |first2=Robert |date=1996 |title=Introduction to the Practices of Denunciation in Modern European History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2946718 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=747–767 |doi=10.1086/245392 |jstor=2946718 |s2cid=145252854 |issn=0022-2801}}

Notably, centralized social control in authoritarian states requires some level of cooperation from the populace.{{Cite journal |last=Gellately |first=Robert |date=2001 |title=Denunciation as a Subject of Historical Research |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20757865 |journal=Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung |volume=26 |issue=2/3 (96/97) |pages=16–29 |jstor=20757865 |issn=0172-6404}}{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=Jan T. |date=1982-07-01 |title=A note on the nature of Soviet totalitarianism |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09668138208411424 |journal=Soviet Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=367–376 |doi=10.1080/09668138208411424 |issn=0038-5859}} The following two forms of cooperation occur: first, authorities actively use incentives to elicit denunciations from the populace, either through coercion or through the promise of rewards. Second, authorities passively gain access to political negative networks, as individuals denounce to harm others whom they dislike and to gain relative to them. Paradoxically, social control is most effective when authorities provide individuals maximum freedom to direct its coercive power.{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0003122417694456 | doi=10.1177/0003122417694456 | title=Denunciation and Social Control | year=2017 | last1=Bergemann | first1=Patrick | journal=American Sociological Review | volume=82 | issue=2 | pages=384–406 | s2cid=151547072 }} The most famous informer in western cultural history is Judas {{cn|date=March 2023}} - according to the New Testament, Judas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus of Nazareth, betrayed Jesus, making his arrest and his subsequent delivery to the Romans possible.

Commonly, denunciation is justified by proponents because it allegedly leads to a better society by reducing or discouraging crime. The punishment of the denounced person is said to be justified because the convicted criminal is morally deserving of punishment. Yet, this reasoning does not present a compelling argument for society's right to inflict punishment on a specific individual. Society may recognize a crime's impact on law-abiding society, but traditional punishment theories do not even attempt to deal with punishment's effect on law-abiding society. Just as punishment may impact potential lawbreakers, it may also impact those who abide by the law. To fully understand society's right to inflict punishment, one must recognize punishment's full impact on all segments of society, not just on potential lawbreakers.Rychlak, Ronald J. (1990): [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2273557 Society's moral right to punish: A further exploration of the denunciation theory of punishment]. Tulane Law Review, vol. 65, No. 2, 1990, online since 5 Jun 2013 - " To fully understand society's right to inflict punishment, one must recognize punishment's full impact on all segments of society, not just the potential lawbreakers."