Dexcom CGM#Early Dexcom CGMs

The Dexcom Short-Term Sensor, commonly abbreviated as STS, was a three-day continuous glucose monitor{{Cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=Satish |last2=Zisser |first2=Howard |last3=Schwartz |first3=Sherwyn |last4=Bailey |first4=Timothy |last5=Kaplan |first5=Roy |last6=Ellis |first6=Samuel |last7=Jovanovic |first7=Lois |date=2006-01-01 |title=Improvement in Glycemic Excursions With a Transcutaneous, Real-Time Continuous Glucose Sensor |url=https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/29/1/44/24405/Improvement-in-Glycemic-Excursions-With-a |journal=Diabetes Care |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=44–50 |doi=10.2337/diacare.29.01.06.dc05-1686 |pmid=16373894 |issn=0149-5992}} designed to provide real-time glucose readings to assist individuals with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes in managing their blood sugar levels. The STS received approval from the FDA in March 2006.{{cite web|accessdate=2025-03-31

|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf5/p050012b.Pdf

|title=SUMMARY OF SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS DATA, DexCom STS, March 2006|date=March 24, 2006|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)}}

The STS was considered valuable for trend information, but not sufficiently accurate for insulin dosage decisions.{{cite web|accessdate=2025-04-09

|url=https://diatribe.org/diabetes-technology/test-driving-dexcoms-short-term-sensor-sts-look-continuous-glucose-monitoring

|title=Test Driving Dexcom's Short-Term Sensor (STS): A Look at Continuous Glucose Monitoring |date=December 31, 2006 |first=Kelly|last=Close|publisher=diaTribe}} The original STS was discontinued in 2007 and 2008 following the release of an improved device, the Dexcom Seven.{{Cite web |title=NASDAQ, DXCM End of Day and Historical Stock Data [Dexcom Inc] |url=https://www.eoddata.com/stockquote/NASDAQ/DXCM.htm |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.eoddata.com}}

The STS-7, better known as the Dexcom Seven, that was introduced to the market in 2007, was the first CGM system to provide a full seven-day wear time, reducing the frequency of sensor changes.{{Cite web |last=Jen |date=2023-10-30 |title=History of the Dexcom CGM: Revolutionizing Glucose Management Connected in Motion |url=https://www.connectedinmotion.ca/blog/history-of-the-dexcom-cgm/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Connected in Motion |language=en-US}} Before the introduction of the Dexcom Seven, the company's primary research and development efforts had been focused on creating a fully implantable glucose sensor that could function continuously for periods ranging from one month to an entire year.{{Cite journal |last1=Updike |first1=S J |last2=Shults |first2=M C |last3=Gilligan |first3=B J |last4=Rhodes |first4=R K |date=2000-02-01 |title=A subcutaneous glucose sensor with improved longevity, dynamic range, and stability of calibration. |url=https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/23/2/208/19617/A-subcutaneous-glucose-sensor-with-improved |journal=Diabetes Care |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=208–214 |doi=10.2337/diacare.23.2.208 |pmid=10868833 |issn=0149-5992}}

The Dexcom Seven Plus, the successor to the original Dexcom Seven, was released in 2010 after obtaining FDA approval earlier that year.{{Cite web |title=Premarket Approval (PMA) Dexcom Seven Plus |date=2010-07-15

|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?id=P050012S025 |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.accessdata.fda.gov}} The Seven Plus featured improvements in accuracy, and introduced low and high blood sugar alarms, enhancing the system's ability to alert users to potential hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Dexcom marketed the Seven Plus as the “GPS of the CGM world."{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Mike |date=2019-01-15 |title=Dexcom comes to the market with the Seven Plus CGM system which claims to be the GPS of the CGM world, where GPS is a glucose protection system. |url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/cgm/dexcom-seven-plus-cgm.html |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Diabetes |language=en-GB}} Both the Dexcom Seven and the Dexcom Seven Plus were eventually rendered obsolete and had their FDA approvals withdrawn in 2015 as newer and more advanced Dexcom fCGM systems became available.

File:Dexcom G5.jpgIn 2012, Dexcom received regulatory approval for the Dexcom G4 Platinum,{{Cite web |title=Premarket Approval (PMA) Dexcom G4 |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?id=p120005#:~:text=Note:%20this%20medical%20device%20has,represent%20the%20most%20recent%20labeling.&text=DEXCOM,%20INC.&text=Expedited%20Review%20Granted?&text=APPROVAL%20FOR%20THE%20DEXCOM%20G4,SEVERAL%20SEQUENTIAL%20READINGS%20OVER%20TIME. |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.accessdata.fda.gov}} commonly referred to as the Dexcom G4. This device introduced several aesthetic customization options, including various color choices for the G4 receiver; featured an expanded wireless transmission range of up to twenty feet without obstruction—an improvement over previous continuous glucose monitors;{{Cite web |title=Innovative Dexcom G4® PLATINUM Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Receives FDA Approval for Use in Children Ages 2 to 17 Years |url=https://investors.dexcom.com/news/news-details/2014/Innovative-Dexcom-G4-PLATINUM-Continuous-Glucose-Monitor-CGM-Receives-FDA-Approval-for-Use-in-Children-Ages-2-to-17-Years/default.aspx |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=investors.dexcom.com |language=en-US}} and, had improved accuracy, especially during hypoglycemic episodes.{{cite web|accessdate=2025-04-09

|url=https://diatribe.org/diabetes-technology/test-drive-dexcoms-g4-platinum-cgm |title=test drive - Dexcom's G4 Platinum CGM

|first1=Adam|last1=Brown|first2=Kelly|last2=Close |publisher=diaTribe

|date=August 14, 2021}} In 2014, the G4 was approved for pediatric use, thereby extending its applicability to younger patients.

In 2015, the Dexcom G5 was introduced.{{Cite web |title=Premarket Approval (PMA) Dexcom G5 |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?id=p120005s041 |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=www.accessdata.fda.gov}} The G5 provided blood glucose readings at five‐minute intervals and was the first device in the Dexcom CGM series to offer direct compatibility with a mobile application. This advancement allowed users to view glucose data on their smartphones, share information via the Dexcom Share app, and track long‐term trends using the Dexcom Clarity app. Both the Dexcom G4 Platinum and the Dexcom G5 were discontinued at the end of 2020.{{Cite web |title=Obsolescence |url=https://www.dexcom.com/obsolescence |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Dexcom |language=en-US}}

File:Dexcom G6 transmitter (52076618032).jpg

In 2018, the FDA approved the Dexcom G6 for use as a stand-alone CGM, and for integration with compatible insulin pumps, making it the first continuous glucose monitor capable of direct integration with insulin pumps.{{Cite web |last=Commissioner |first=Office of the |date=2020-03-24 |title=FDA authorizes first fully interoperable continuous glucose monitoring system, streamlines review pathway for similar devices |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-first-fully-interoperable-continuous-glucose-monitoring-system-streamlines-review |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=FDA |language=en}}{{efn-ua|With the release of the G6, the FDA created a new category of devices, "Integrated Continuous Glucose Monitors" (iCGM). This simplified the approval process for devices that could integrated with the G6.{{cite web|accessdate=2025-04-10|url=https://diatribe.org/diabetes-technology/fda-clears-dexcom-g6-cgm-no-fingersticks-launch-later-year

|title=FDA Clears Dexcom G6 CGM with No Fingersticks! Launch Later this Year|first1=Adam|last1=Brown|first2=Kelly|last2=Close |date=March 27, 2018|publisher=diaTribe Foundation}}}} The G6 was also the first CGM to operate without the need for calibrations, removing the requirement for routine fingerstick blood tests.{{Cite journal |last1=Forlenza |first1=Gregory P. |last2=Kushner |first2=Taisa |last3=Messer |first3=Laurel H. |last4=Wadwa |first4=R. Paul |last5=Sankaranarayanan |first5=Sriram |date=March 2019 |title=Factory-Calibrated Continuous Glucose Monitoring: How and Why It Works, and the Dangers of Reuse Beyond Approved Duration of Wear |journal=Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=222–229 |doi=10.1089/dia.2018.0401 |issn=1557-8593 |pmc=6477582 |pmid=30817171}}{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Viral N. |last2=Laffel |first2=Lori M. |last3=Wadwa |first3=R. Paul |last4=Garg |first4=Satish K. |date=June 2018 |title=Performance of a Factory-Calibrated Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Utilizing an Automated Sensor Applicator |journal=Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=428–433 |doi=10.1089/dia.2018.0143 |issn=1557-8593 |pmc=6422005 |pmid=29923775}} However, actual blood glucose levels can differ from the levels reported by the CGM.{{Cite web |title=Is my Dexcom sensor accurate? |url=https://www.dexcom.com/faqs/is-my-dexcom-sensor-accurate |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Dexcom |language=en-US}} The device retained compatibility with Dexcom's existing mobile applications, including Dexcom Share, which allows users to share glucose data with others, and Dexcom Clarity, which provides long-term trend analysis and reports.{{Cite journal |last1=Akturk |first1=Halis Kaan |last2=Dowd |first2=Robert |last3=Shankar |first3=Kaushik |last4=Derdzinski |first4=Mark |date=March 2021 |title=Real-World Evidence and Glycemic Improvement Using Dexcom G6 Features |journal=Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics |volume=23 |issue=S1 |pages=S21–S26 |doi=10.1089/dia.2020.0654 |issn=1557-8593 |pmc=7957382 |pmid=33434439}} As of 2025, the Dexcom G6 remains available.

The Dexcom G7 brought several design and functionality changes, receiving multiple design awards for its updated form factor and features.{{Cite web |title=Dexcom G7 sets the bar with 22 international design awards |url=https://www.dexcom.com/en-us/all-access/dexcom-cgm-explained/g7-design-awards |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Dexcom |language=en-US}} The G7 introduced direct smartwatch connectivity, making it the first Dexcom CGM compatible with the Apple Watch without requiring an intermediary smartphone connection.{{Cite web |title=Dexcom G7 Now Connects Directly to Apple Watch in the U.S. |url=https://investors.dexcom.com/news/news-details/2024/Dexcom-G7-Now-Connects-Directly-to-Apple-Watch-in-the-U.S/default.aspx |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=investors.dexcom.com |language=en-US}} In addition, while previous Dexcom CGMs were compatible only with Tandem insulin pumps, the G7 expanded its integration to include the Omnipod 5 system.{{Cite web |title=Omnipod® 5 with Dexcom Integration {{!}} Omnipod |url=https://www.omnipod.com/what-is-omnipod/omnipod-5/sensors/dexcom |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.omnipod.com}}

The G7 was first released in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Austria, and Hong Kong in October 2022.{{Cite web |date=4 October 2022 |title=Dexcom G7 Launches in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Austria and Hong Kong – Initiating Global Rollout of World's Most Powerful Continuous Glucose Monitoring System |url=https://www.dexcom.com/en-GB/press-releases/dexcom-g7-launch-initiates-global-rollout-of-worlds-most-powerful-cgm |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=Dexcom UK Newsroom}}

In December 2022, the G7 received FDA approval,[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf21/K213919.pdf Dexcom G7 FDA Approval] FDA, 2022, accessed 1 April 2025 with availability in the United States beginning in February 2023.{{Cite web |last=Duerden |first=Stephanie |date=2023-02-15 |title=Dexcom G7 Release Date, Features & Cost Insights |url=https://www.usmed.com/dexcom-g7-cgm-device-release-date-and-cost-insights/#:~:text=The%20CGM%20began%20distribution%20on,now%20distributing%20the%20Dexcom%20G7! |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=US MED |language=en-US}} The G7's launch was promoted through a Super Bowl advertisement featuring Nick Jonas, a singer with type one diabetes who is a G7 user.{{Cite web |last=Whooley |first=Sean |date=2023-02-07 |title=Dexcom to announce U.S. G7 launch in Super Bowl commercial |url=https://www.drugdeliverybusiness.com/dexcom-us-g7-launch-super-bowl-nick-jonas/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Drug Delivery Business |language=en-US}}

On March 5, 2024, the Dexcom G7 15-Day Continuous Glucose Monitoring System was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for individuals aged 18 years and older with diabetes.{{Cite web |title=The FDA Just Cleared the Dexcom G7 15-Day, the Longest-Lasting CGM |url=https://www.cnet.com/health/medical/the-fda-just-cleared-the-dexcom-g7-15-day-the-longest-lasting-cgm/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=CNET |language=en}} This version of the G7 extends the sensor wear time from 10 to approximately 15.5 days{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=FDA Clears New Dexcom G7 15 Day Continuous Glucose Monitoring System |url=https://www.drugtopics.com/view/fda-clears-new-dexcom-g7-15-day-continuous-glucose-monitoring-system |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Drug Topics |language=en}} and features a slightly improved mean absolute relative difference of 8.0%, compared to the original G7’s 8.2%.{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=Conor |date=2025-04-10 |title=Dexcom wins FDA clearance for 15-day G7 CGM sensor |url=https://www.fiercebiotech.com/medtech/dexcom-wins-fda-clearance-15-day-g7-cgm-sensor |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.fiercebiotech.com |language=en}} The system provides real-time glucose readings every five minutes via the Dexcom G7 app and includes a 12-hour grace period for sensor replacement.

In the summer of 2024, Dexcom introduced Stelo by Dexcom, a CGM similar to the G7 but with modified features and alarm settings.{{Cite web |title=Stelo: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage & Reviews |url=https://www.goodrx.com/stelo/what-is |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=GoodRx |language=en}} Stelo is intended for individuals who do not require insulin therapy or frequent low blood sugar alerts, differentiating it from other Dexcom CGMs designed for insulin-dependent users. Unlike other Dexcom models, Stelo is available over the counter and does not require a prescription. As of 2025, both the Dexcom G7 and the Stelo are available.

Each generation of the Dexcom CGM system has consisted of two primary components: the sensor and the transmitter. The sensor is a thin wire that is inserted into the subcutaneous tissue, where it measures interstitial glucose levels.{{Cite patent|country=US|number=20030032874A1|title=Sensor head for use with implantable devices|pubdate=13 February 2003|invent1=Rhodes|invent2=Tapsak|invent3=Braukner|invent4=Shults|inventor1-first=Rathbun|inventor2-first=Mark|inventor3-first=James|inventor4-first=Mark}} The transmitter is a small electronic device that attaches to the sensor and wirelessly transmits the glucose data to a compatible receiver, smartphone, or other monitoring device, allowing users to view their glucose readings in real time.{{Cite web |title=Dexcom G6 CGM Transmitter for Diabetes Management {{!}} Dexcom Canada Store |url=https://ca.store.dexcom.com/en-CA/dexcom-g6/g6-transmitter/STT-GS-006.html#:~:text=The%20Transmitter%20snaps%20into%20the,for%20up%20to%203%20months.&text=Why%20is%20there%20an%20order%20limit? |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=ca.store.dexcom.com}} In addition to the sensor and transmitter, Dexcom CGM systems also include an applicator, which is the device used to insert the sensor into the tissue.{{Cite web |title=Dexcom: G6 Continuous Glucose Monitoring System |url=https://www.delve.com/work/cgm |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Delve |language=en}} Blood glucose readings are viewed on a device-specific receiver, and/or, with modern systems, via a smartphone application.{{Cite web |title=Dexcom G7 Receiver |url=https://www.dexcom.com/en-GB/dexcom-shop/g7/stk-gt-100 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Dexcom |language=en-GB}}

The Dexcom sensor operates as an implantable electrochemical device that continuously measures glucose levels in the interstitial fluid beneath the skin. It consists of a non-conductive body housing three electrodes: a working electrode that reacts with glucose, a reference electrode that maintains a constant voltage, and a counter electrode that completes the electrical circuit. The counter electrode is designed with a larger reactive surface area to enhance measurement accuracy. These components are inserted into the subcutaneous tissue using an applicator.{{Cite patent|country=US|number=8676288B2|title=Device and method for determining analyte levels|pubdate=18 March 2014|invent1=Shults|invent2=Updike|invent3=Rhodes|inventor1-first=Mark|inventor2-first=Stuart|inventor3-first=Rathbun}} A multi-layer membrane covers the electrodes, regulating the diffusion of substances to the sensor and promoting stable, reliable readings. The resulting electrical signal is transmitted by the Dexcom transmitter to a compatible receiver or smart device for real-time glucose monitoring.

Until the release of the Dexcom G7 and Stelo, the sensor and transmitter were separate components, with the transmitter snapping into the sensor. However, the G7 and Stelo models integrate both the sensor and transmitter into a single, disposable system.{{Cite web |title=Dexcom G7 CGM System |url=https://www.dexcom.com/en-GB/dexcom-g7-cgm-system |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Dexcom |language=en-GB}}

The transmitter is the component of the Dexcom CGM system that is responsible for sending glucose data from the sensor to a compatible receiver, smartphone, or other monitoring device via Bluetooth, allowing users to view real-time glucose readings. Throughout previous iterations of the Dexcom CGM, the transmitter has typically been shaped like a pear. However, the Dexcom G7 and Stelo models feature a smaller, rounder design; in addition, these newer models also integrate both the sensor and transmitter into a single, disposable system.

File:Dexcom G6 applicator.jpg

Before the release of the Dexcom G6, users of the Dexcom CGM system had to manually insert the sensor using a syringe-like applicator. This process was often painful, error-prone, and involved multiple steps, requiring up to 11 actions to complete the sensor insertion. As a result, the process was cumbersome and uncomfortable for many users.

With the release of the new applicator, the design was significantly improved. The updated applicator features a one-touch, one-hand operation, simplifying the process and reducing the steps from eleven to just four. It also utilizes a fast needle mechanism that quickly moves in and out of the skin, minimizing discomfort and making the insertion nearly painless. This redesign made the process easier and more accessible, particularly for parents using the system with young children.

File:Dexcom G6 receiver.jpg

The Dexcom receiver is a compatible display device used to view automatic glucose readings from Dexcom continuous glucose monitoring systems. It may be used as an alternative to, or in conjunction with, a compatible smartphone. Over the years, multiple versions of Dexcom receivers have been released, varying in design and functionality. Earlier models were powered by replaceable batteries, while more recent versions, including the Dexcom G7 receiver, feature rechargeable batteries.

The Dexcom G5 was the first Dexcom continuous glucose monitor to be compatible with a mobile application. The accompanying app, named “Dexcom G5,” allowed users to view their blood glucose readings on a smartphone and, with an intermediary iPhone, on an Apple Watch.{{Cite web |title=Dexcom G5® Mobile Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Now Available on the Apple Watch |url=https://www.dexcom.com/news/dexcom-continuous-glucose-monitoring-cgm-apple-watch |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Dexcom |language=en-US}} The app remained available until the discontinuation of the Dexcom G5, at which point it was removed from app stores.

The Dexcom G6 continued this functionality with its own dedicated application, “Dexcom G6,” which provided real-time glucose readings and data-sharing capabilities.

Upon the release of the Dexcom G7, a new application, “Dexcom G7,” was introduced to support the updated system.{{Cite web |title=Dexcom Diabetes CGM Apps for Mobile and Smartwatch |url=https://www.dexcom.com/en-us/apps |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Dexcom |language=en-US}} The Dexcom G7 app is also available as the first system that connects directly to a smart watch.

The Stelo by Dexcom also has an app which is very similar to that of the G7, but has slightly different options.{{Cite web |title=Stelo app compatibility informationa |url=https://www.stelo.com/en-us/compatibility |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Stelo |language=en-US}}

File:Articons-black dexcom g6.svg

The Dexcom Follow app is a mobile application that enables up to ten individuals to remotely monitor a user's blood glucose levels through a feature known as “Share.” This app was released alongside the Dexcom G5 in 2015. The Dexcom Follow app is compatible with the Dexcom G6 and G7 systems.

Dexcom Clarity is a diabetes management software and mobile application that allows users to view, analyze, and share their Dexcom CGM data.{{Cite web |title=Dexcom Clarity |url=https://clarity.dexcom.com/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=clarity.dexcom.com}} It displays glucose data through various visual reports and graphs, helping users recognize key trends and patterns, such as nighttime highs or lows, that are important for optimizing diabetes care.{{Cite web |title=Clarity Professional – Diabetes Clinic Management Software {{!}} Dexcom Provider |url=https://provider.dexcom.com/products/dexcom-clarity |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=provider.dexcom.com}}

In addition to mobile and desktop access, Dexcom Clarity offers a clinic portal for healthcare providers, allowing them to remotely access and review patient data. The software generates several types of reports, including summaries of key statistics, analyses of glucose patterns, and trend graphs that can be customized and filtered for detailed examination.

CGMs do not always produce readings identical to fingerstick blood glucose tests due to a lag between interstitial and blood glucose levels, especially during rapid changes.{{cite web|accessdate=2025-04-11|url=https://www.levels.com/blog/why-doesnt-my-cgm-reading-match-my-finger-stick-reading |title=Why doesn't my CGM reading match my finger-stick reading? |first=Anna |last=Brooks |date=September 20, 2024|publisher=Levels Health}} Differences of up to 20% are considered normal. CGM readings are most accurate when glucose levels are stable.{{Cite web |title=Accuracy and How to Manually Calibrate your Dexcom G7 - Levels Support |url=https://support.levels.com/article/453-accuracy-and-how-to-manually-calibrate-your-dexcom-g7 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=support.levels.com}}

File:Dexcom MARD graph.jpg

Mean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD) is a standard metric used to evaluate the accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring systems,{{Cite journal |last1=Freckmann |first1=Guido |last2=Mende |first2=Jochen |last3=Pleus |first3=Stefan |last4=Waldenmaier |first4=Delia |last5=Baumstark |first5=Annette |last6=Jendrike |first6=Nina |last7=Haug |first7=Cornelia |date=24 March 2021 |title=Mean Absolute Relative Difference of Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems and Relationship to ISO 15197 |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1089–1095 |doi=10.1177/19322968211001402 |pmid=33759584 |pmc=9445334 |issn=1932-2968}} which gives the average amount a CGM sensor reading varies from the actual blood glucose.{{cite web|accessdate=2025-04-09|url=https://diatribe.org/diabetes-technology/diabetes-technology-highlights-attd-2025

|title=Diabetes Technology Highlights from ATTD 2025

|publisher=diaTribe Foundation|date=March 24, 2025}} It is calculated by taking the average of the absolute relative differences between the glucose readings reported by the CGM system and corresponding reference measurements, typically obtained through laboratory analysis or blood glucose meters.{{Cite journal |last1=Pleus |first1=Stefan |last2=Stuhr |first2=Andreas |last3=Link |first3=Manuela |last4=Haug |first4=Cornelia |last5=Freckmann |first5=Guido |date=20 February 2021 |title=Variation of Mean Absolute Relative Differences of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems Throughout the Day |journal=Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=649–658 |doi=10.1177/1932296821992373 |issn=1932-2968 |pmc=9294578 |pmid=33615834}} A lower MARD value indicates greater accuracy, and it is commonly used in clinical research and regulatory evaluations to compare the performance of different CGM devices. It is also of note that MARD percentages can vary by person, even while using the same device.

The accuracy of Dexcom CGM systems has steadily improved over time, as reflected in declining MARD values across successive generations. The original Dexcom STS, released in 2006, had a MARD of approximately 20.3%,[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf5/p050012b.Pdf SUMMARY OF SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS DATA, DexCom STS], Food and Drug Administration, 24 March 2006, accessed 8 April 2025 while the Dexcom Seven, introduced in 2007, reduced this to around 17%. The Seven Plus had a slightly lower MARD of 16%.[https://www.fda.gov/files/advisory%20committees/published/Dexcom-Panel--July-21--2016.pdf Dexcom G5 Advisory Committee Briefing Materials], Dexcom, Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Toxicology Devices Panel, 21 July 2016, accessed 8 February 2025 The G4 Platinum, launched in 2012, further improved accuracy with a MARD of 13.9%,{{Cite journal |last1=Matuleviciene |first1=Viktorija |last2=Joseph |first2=Jeffrey I. |last3=Andelin |first3=Mervi |last4=Hirsch |first4=Irl B. |last5=Attvall |first5=Stig |last6=Pivodic |first6=Aldina |last7=Dahlqvist |first7=Sofia |last8=Klonoff |first8=David |last9=Haraldsson |first9=Börje |last10=Lind |first10=Marcus |date=November 2014 |title=A Clinical Trial of the Accuracy and Treatment Experience of the Dexcom G4 Sensor (Dexcom G4 System) and Enlite Sensor (Guardian REAL-Time System) Tested Simultaneously in Ambulatory Patients with Type 1 Diabetes |journal=Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics |language=en |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=759–767 |doi=10.1089/dia.2014.0238 |issn=1520-9156 |pmc=4201312 |pmid=25233297}} followed by the G5 Mobile in 2015, which achieved 9%—the first Dexcom system to reach single-digit accuracy.{{Cite web |title=FDA Approves Dexcom G5® Mobile Continuous Glucose Monitoring System |url=https://investors.dexcom.com/news/news-details/2015/FDA-Approves-Dexcom-G5-Mobile-Continuous-Glucose-Monitoring-System/default.aspx |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=investors.dexcom.com |language=en-US}} in some users, however it also was found to be as high as 15%.{{Cite journal |last1=Ólafsdóttir |first1=Arndís Finna |last2=Andelin |first2=Mervi |last3=Saeed |first3=Aso |last4=Sofizadeh |first4=Sheyda |last5=Hamoodi |first5=Hussein |last6=Jansson |first6=Per-Anders |last7=Lind |first7=Marcus |date=2022-08-06 |title=Performance of Dexcom G5 and FreeStyle Libre sensors tested simultaneously in people with type 1 or 2 diabetes and advanced chronic kidney disease |journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases |volume=10 |issue=22 |pages=7794–7807 |doi=10.12998/wjcc.v10.i22.7794 |doi-access=free |issn=2307-8960 |pmc=9372866 |pmid=36158498}} The Dexcom G6, released in 2018, was similarly marketed with a MARD of 9%,{{Cite web |title=Dexcom G6 & G7, What's New? |url=https://www.adces.org/education/danatech/glucose-monitoring/continuous-glucose-monitors-(cgm)/cgm-selection-training/dexcom-g6-g7-comparison |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=ADCES |language=en}} although some studies found values exceeding 12% in certain individuals.{{Cite journal |last1=Marak |first1=Martin Chase |last2=Calhoun |first2=Peter |last3=Damiano |first3=Edward R. |last4=Russell |first4=Steven J. |last5=Ruedy |first5=Katrina J. |last6=Beck |first6=Roy W. |date=2023-11-01 |title=Testing the Real-World Accuracy of the Dexcom G6 Pro CGM During the Insulin-Only Bionic Pancreas Pivotal Trial |journal=Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=817–821 |doi=10.1089/dia.2023.0287 |pmid=37668666 |pmc=10771867 |issn=1520-9156}} The most recent model, the Dexcom G7, features a redesigned sensor and updated algorithm, yielding a MARD of 8.2% in adults and 8.1% in children.{{Cite web |title=How Dexcom G7 Continuous Glucose Monitoring Works |url=https://www.dexcom.com/g7/how-it-works |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Dexcom |language=en-US}} The newest iteration of the Dexcom CGM, the Dexcom G7 15-Day CGM, has an even lower MARD of 8% in adult users.

Continuous glucose monitoring systems do not always produce readings identical to those obtained through fingerstick blood glucose testing. Differences between CGM and fingerstick values are expected due to physiological and technical factors, including the lag time between glucose levels in interstitial fluid and those in capillary blood. While the Dexcom G7 has a reported MARD of approximately 9%, variations of up to 20% between CGM and fingerstick readings are considered within the normal accuracy range.{{Cite web |title=Can Dexcom sensors be calibrated and optional calibration? |url=https://www.dexcom.com/en-GB/faqs/can-dexcom-sensors-be-calibrated |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Dexcom |language=en-GB}} These differences are particularly noticeable during periods of rapid glucose change, such as after meals, physical activity, or insulin administration. As a result, CGM readings are most reliable when glucose levels are stable, and discrepancies may occur during times of fluctuation.

There is an option to calibrate using a blood sugar taken from another device such as a finger pricker and a glucose meter, but it is not mandatory on any currently available Dexcom CGMs. The "20 rule" (or 20/20 rule) is commonly used to assess the accuracy of the CGM. If the difference between the Dexcom G6 reading and the fingerstick meter value is within 20% (or 20 mg/dL when glucose levels are under 80 mg/dL), the sensor is operating within its expected error margin. While CGM and meter readings may not match exactly, they should generally fall within this acceptable range, especially when glucose levels are stable.

Hybrid closed-loop (HCL) systems, also known as automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, are medical technologies designed to assist individuals with diabetes in regulating blood glucose levels.{{Cite journal |last=Templer |first=Sophie |date=2022-06-06 |title=Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Systems: Past, Present, and Future Directions |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2022.919942 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-2392 |pmc=9207329 |pmid=35733769}} These systems integrate a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), an insulin pump, and a control algorithm to automatically adjust basal insulin delivery and, in some systems, administer correction boluses.{{Cite web |title=Hybrid Closed Loop systems, the Dexcom way {{!}} Dexcom Healthcare Professionals |url=https://uk.provider.dexcom.com/connectivity/hybrid-closed-loop |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=uk.provider.dexcom.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |date=22 April 2022 |title=Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Pump Systems for Diabetes {{!}} Tandem Diabetes Care |url=https://www.tandemdiabetes.com/support/diabetes-education/managing-diabetes/closed-loop-insulin-pump |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Tandem Diabetes |language=en-US}} The term "hybrid" refers to the fact that while the system automates many aspects of insulin dosing, users are still required to manually input carbohydrate intake and manually administer bolus doses for meals. HCL systems aim to maintain glucose levels within a target range and reduce the frequency and severity of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.

Research and development of HCL systems began in the early 2000s, with efforts such as the Advanced Insulin Infusion Using a Control Loop (ADICOL) project. A 2008 clinical trial by Weinzimer et al. demonstrated that hybrid closed-loop therapy significantly improved overnight glucose control compared to conventional insulin delivery. The first HCL system to receive regulatory approval was the MiniMed 670G (Medtronic) in 2016. Since then, other systems—including the MiniMed 770G and 780G, Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ, and CamAPS FX—have also been introduced, employing various algorithmic strategies such as model predictive control (MPC), proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, and fuzzy logic.

The Dexcom G6 and G7 can integrate with the Tandem t:slim X2, the Tandem Mobi, the Omnipod 5 , and the Beta Bionics iLet insulin pumps.{{Cite web |title=How Dexcom Integrates With Tandem t:slim X2 |url=https://www.dexcom.com/en-GB/blog/tandem-tslim-x2-and-dexcom-integration |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Dexcom |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |title=Omnipod® 5 with Dexcom Integration {{!}} Omnipod |url=https://www.omnipod.com/what-is-omnipod/omnipod-5/sensors/dexcom |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=www.omnipod.com}}

File:Tslim X2 insulin pump.jpg

The Tandem t:slim X2 insulin pump, made by Tandem Diabetes,{{cite web|accessdate=2025-04-09 |url=https://www.tandemdiabetes.com/landing-pages/t-slim-x2?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=NPD-GGL-BR-Brand-Tier2&utm_term=tslim&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwtdi_BhACEiwA97y8BEG-ch_Y1n3Hn4MBb5swl5xuRLFDRUI37amiT6Z1xEgkajlKukqrRRoC8gUQAvD_BwE

|title=t:slim X2 Insulin Pump:The Convenient All-In-One System

|publisher=Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.|date=2005}} can be integrated with the Dexcom G6 or Dexcom G7 Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems to automate glucose regulation. Using real-time glucose data from the CGM, the t:slim X2 uses an algorithm to adjust insulin delivery based on these readings, helping to prevent glucose highs and lows. This integration enables more flexible management of blood sugar levels throughout the day.{{Cite journal |last1=Chico |first1=Ana |last2=Moreno-Fernández |first2=Jesús |last3=Fernández-García |first3=Diego |last4=Solá |first4=Eva |date=January 2024 |title=The Hybrid Closed-Loop System Tandem t:slim X2™ with Control-IQ Technology: Expert Recommendations for Better Management and Optimization |journal=Diabetes Therapy |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=281–295 |doi=10.1007/s13300-023-01486-2 |issn=1869-6953 |pmc=10786785 |pmid=37857988}}

The t:slim X2 uses two predictive technologies when connected to the Dexcom CGM: Control-IQ and Basal-IQ. Control-IQ is a hybrid closed-loop system that predicts glucose levels up to 30 minutes in advance using Dexcom CGM data. It adjusts basal insulin delivery by increasing, decreasing, or halting insulin delivery as needed to maintain glucose levels within a target range. Additionally, Control-IQ can automatically administer up to one correction bolus per hour if glucose levels are expected to rise. Basal-IQ also uses Dexcom G6 data to predict glucose trends but primarily focuses on preventing lows. It stops insulin delivery if glucose is expected to drop below 4.4 mmol/L (72 mg/dL) and resumes delivery once glucose levels rise. However, Basal-IQ does not administer correction boluses or adjust insulin for elevated glucose levels.

The Tandem Mobi system is an automated insulin delivery AID system developed by Tandem Diabetes Care.{{Cite web |title=Connect Tandem Mobi with Dexcom G7 CGM System |url=https://www.dexcom.com/partnerships/tandem-mobi |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Dexcom |language=en-US}} It is powered by Control‑IQ+ technology (commercially launched in March 2025){{cite press release|accessdate=2025-04-10

|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250318904729/en/Tandem-Diabetes-Care-Launches-New-Control-IQ-Automated-Insulin-Delivery-Technology-in-the-United-States |title=Tandem Diabetes Care Launches New Control-IQ+ Automated Insulin Delivery Technology in the United States|agency=businesswire.com|date=Mar 18, 2025|publisher=Tandem}} which utilizes continuous glucose monitoring CGM sensor data to predict glucose levels 30 minutes in advance and adjust insulin delivery accordingly. The system can automatically deliver correction boluses, a feature referred to as AutoBolus, to help reduce the risk of hyperglycemia. Tandem Mobi is the only AID system that allows full control through a compatible mobile application, including on iPhone devices.{{Cite web |title=Tandem Mobi Automated Insulin Delivery System {{!}} Tandem Diabetes Care |url=https://www.tandemdiabetes.com/products/insulin-pumps/tandem-mobi |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Tandem Diabetes |language=en-US}}

The Omnipod® 5, manufactured by Insulet, is a tubeless insulin pump system{{cite web|accessdate=2025-04-09

|url=https://www.omnipod.com/

|title=Simplify Life with Omnipod® 5|publisher=Insulet|date=2025}} that can be integrated with the Dexcom G7 system to provide automated glucose control.{{Cite web |title=Omnipod 5 Insulin Pump and Dexcom G7 Integration |url=https://www.dexcom.com/partnerships/omnipod-5 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Dexcom |language=en-US}} The system was released in the US in June 2024.{{cite web|accessdate=2025-04-10|url=https://www.drugdeliverybusiness.com/insulet-fully-launches-omnipod-5-g7-us/

|title=Insulet fully launches Omnipod 5 with Dexcom G7 in the U.S. along with iPhone app|date=June 20, 2024 |first=Sean |last=Whooley

|publisher=Drug Delivery Business News}} Users can control the system through the Omnipod® 5 Controller or a compatible Android smartphone. Omnipod® 5 App for iPhone is expected to be released in the first half of 2025. The system allows for a simplified pairing process through a QR code scan and features a shortened 30-minute CGM warm-up period, compared to the Dexcom G6, enabling more time spent in Automated Mode. The system uses real-time glucose data to adjust insulin delivery.

The iLet Bionic Pancreas system, developed by Beta Bionics, is an automated insulin delivery system comprising the iLet ACE Pump, the iLet Dosing Decision Software, and a compatible continuous glucose monitor — either the Dexcom G6/G7 or the FreeStyle Libre 3 Plus sensor.{{cite web|accessdate=2025-04-12

|url=https://www.betabionics.com/ilet-bionic-pancreas/ilet-adults/

|title=Choose your CGM with the iLet|publisher=Beta Bionics}}

{{Cite web |title=Connect Dexcom G7 with iLet Beta Bionic Pancreas insulin pump |url=https://www.dexcom.com/partnerships/betabionics |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Dexcom |language=en-US}} The system is designed to automate insulin dosing with minimal user input, relying solely on the user’s body weight for initialization.{{Cite web |title=iLet Bionic Pancreas System |url=https://consumerguide.diabetes.org/products/ilet-bionic-pancreas-system |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=adaconsumerguide}} It utilizes three algorithms to manage insulin delivery: a basal insulin controller, which adjusts basal rates every five minutes based on current glucose values, glucose trends, and historical CGM data; a bolus correction controller, which incorporates insulin on board in addition to these factors to calculate correction doses; and a meal announcement controller, which determines bolus doses according to the user’s estimation of meal size. The system does not require user-programmed basal rates, insulin-to-carbohydrate ratios, or correction factors. It supports three glucose targets—110, 120, or 130 mg/dL—and is approved for use in individuals aged six years and older with type 1 diabetes.

CamAPS® FX, a product of CamDiab Ltd, is a mobile app designed for individuals with type 1 diabetes.{{cite web |accessdate=2025-04-12

|url=https://camdiab.com/faq

|title=FAQs: Have a question about CamAPS FX?

|publisher=CamDiab}} It operates in conjunction with various insulin pumps, including the mylife YpsoPump, DANA Diabecare RS, and DANA-i insulin pumps, and is compatible with continuous glucose monitoring systems such as the Dexcom G6 and Abbott FreeStyle Libre 3.{{Cite web |title=CamAPS FX hybrid closed loop app {{!}} Cambridge artificial pancreas |url=https://camdiab.com/faq |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=camdiab.com}} The system utilizes a self-learning algorithm that adapts insulin delivery based on glucose data, adjusting every 8–12 minutes, and it is approved for use in individuals aged one year and older, with age requirements varying depending on the CGM system used.[https://www.mylife-diabetescare.com/files/media/03_Documents/001_CamAPS/FAS/UK-en/YPU_FAS_CamAPS_infographic_UK-en.pdf mylife CamAPS FX app infographic], YpsoPump, accessed 9 April 2025

CamAPS FX is controlled via a smartphone app, currently available for Android devices, with iOS support in development. The app allows users to set personalized glucose targets and offers features like "Ease-off" and "Boost" modes to adjust insulin needs, as well as a "Slowly absorbed meal" function for managing the effects of high-fat or low-glycemic meals. Remote monitoring capabilities are included through app-based sharing and SMS alerts. The system’s algorithm, developed at the University of Cambridge, has been validated in multiple clinical trials, showing consistent improvements in glycemic control and quality of life.

Diabeloop is an automated insulin delivery system{{Cite web |title=Insulin Pumps & Pens Compatible with Dexcom CGM |url=https://www.dexcom.com/partnerships/pumps-and-pens |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Dexcom |language=en-US}} that integrates an algorithm called DBLG1 for loop mode, combining insulin delivery with continuous glucose monitoring to maintain glucose control. The system features an all-in-one controller that manages the pump, CGM, and loop mode functionality.{{Cite web |title=Products |url=https://www.diabeloop.com/products |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Diabeloop |language=en-US}} It ensures secure data transmission via encrypted Bluetooth and is hosted on Health Data System (HDS)-accredited servers in compliance with French health regulations. The DBLG1 system also offers configurable alerts with vibration mode and adjustable volume settings for both day and night. The Kaleido pump, compatible with DBLG1, is waterproof, removable, and rechargeable, providing up to three days of use and can be fully recharged in two hours. The Diabeloop system uses the Dexcom G6.{{Cite web |title=DBLG1 System: Features And Components |url=https://www.dbl-diabetes.com/dblg1-system/features-dblg1system |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=dbl-diabetes |language=en-US}}

A smart insulin pen is a reusable injector pen designed to assist people with diabetes in managing insulin delivery more effectively. This system is paired with a smartphone app that calculates and tracks insulin doses, providing reminders, alerts, and reports to ensure better diabetes management.{{Cite web |title=What is a smart insulin pen? {{!}} American Diabetes Association |url=https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/devices-technology/smart-insulin-pen |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=diabetes.org}} Some smart insulin pens are capable of integrating with Dexcom continuous glucose monitoring data, enabling users to make more informed decisions based on real-time glucose levels. These pens can be either an add-on to an existing insulin pen or a standalone reusable device that uses prefilled cartridges instead of vials or disposable pens.

The InPen{{TM}} is a reusable, bluetooth-enabled insulin pen, manufactured by Medtronic, that can connect to Dexcom CGM systems.{{cite web

|accessdate=2025-04-12 |url=https://www.medtronicdiabetes.com/customer-support/inpen-system-support/compatibility-and-integrations

|title=InPen: Compatibility and integrations|publisher=Medtronic Diabetes}} The InPen can connect to the G6 and G7 through the InPen app, the Apple iPhone's Heath app, and on the Apple Watch.

Eli Lilly's Tempo{{tm}} system is a diabetes management platform that includes the Tempo Pen, Tempo Smart Button, and the TempoSmart App. The Tempo Pen is a reusable insulin pen that, when paired with the Tempo Smart Button, captures and transmits insulin dose data to the TempoSmart App via Bluetooth.{{Cite web |title=What is Tempo™ Personalized Diabetes Management Platform {{!}} For HCPs |url=https://www.lillytempo.com/hcp/what-is-tempo?utm_term=go_cmp-21802682872_adg-165989234622_ad-716645039005_kwd-932971066019_dev-c_ext-_prd-_mca-_sig-CjwKCAjwtdi_BhACEiwA97y8BJ9gT540T5HdzLSbMoJZ-1OBtwivX8VUE9atJVTSGm9DxCrsQpMjCRoCri0QAvD_BwE&utm_source=google&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwtdi_BhACEiwA97y8BJ9gT540T5HdzLSbMoJZ-1OBtwivX8VUE9atJVTSGm9DxCrsQpMjCRoCri0QAvD_BwE |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=lillytempo.com |language=en}} The TempoSmart App can integrate glucose data from compatible devices, such as the Tempo Blood Glucose Meter or Dexcom G7,{{Cite web |title=Connect Dexcom G7 with Lilly Tempo Smart Platform |url=https://www.dexcom.com/partnerships/lillytempo |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Dexcom |language=en-US}} allowing users to track their insulin doses, glucose levels, and other lifestyle data in one place. The app also includes features such as bolus insulin dose calculation, medication reminders, digital logbooks, trend reports, and diabetes education tools.

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Category:Diabetes-related supplies and medical equipment