Dharmachakra#Buddhist usage

The Sanskrit noun dharma ({{lang|sa|धर्म}}) is a derivation from the root dhṛ 'to hold, maintain, keep',Monier Williams, A Sanskrit Dictionary (1899): "to hold, bear (also: bring forth), carry, maintain, preserve, keep, possess, have, use, employ, practise, undergo" and means 'what is established or firm'. The word derives from the Vedic Sanskrit n-stem dharman- with the meaning "bearer, supporter". The historical Vedic religion apparently conceived of dharma as an aspect of Ṛta.

{{cite book

|last1 = Day

|first1 = Terence

|date = 1 January 2006

|orig-date = 1982

|chapter = The Concept of Obligation

|title = The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sJtkDQAAQBAJ

|series = Editions SR (volume 2)

|publication-place = Waterloo, Ontario

|publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press

|page = 42

|isbn = 9780889208384

|access-date = 5 March 2024

|quote = The importance of the conception of Dharma in early brāhmanic thought is so considerable that it has seemed either that it replaced Ṛta as the leading philosophical and religious conception or that the earlier concept was at some time absorbed into it. It is probably more true that Dharma was conceived as an aspect of Ṛta which became so useful for framing religious, moral and social regulations, that interest in it and discussion of its applications to social and moral order eclipsed all discussions of metaphysical and theological ideas.

}}

File:The 'Ten Indus Scripts' discovered near the northern gateway of the Dholavira citadel.jpg from the northern gate of Dholavira, dubbed the Dholavira Signboard.]]

Similar chakra (spoked-wheel) symbols are one of the most ancient in all Indian history. Madhavan and Parpola note that a wheel symbol appears frequently in Indus Valley civilization artifacts, particularly on several seals.The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives

By Jane McIntosh. p. 377{{Efn|These symbols, however, are elongated and not circular. Spoked wheel vehicle are virtually absent in Harappan civilisation.{{Cite web |last=Shahane |first=Girish |date=2014-10-08 |title=What the absence of chariots in ancient Harappa means for Modi's Clean India plan |url=http://scroll.in/article/682712/what-the-absence-of-chariots-in-ancient-harappa-means-for-modis-clean-india-plan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010234514/http://scroll.in/article/682712/what-the-absence-of-chariots-in-ancient-harappa-means-for-modis-clean-india-plan |archive-date=10 October 2014 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}} Therefore interpreting these symbols as spoked wheel is a matter of debate.|group=note}} Notably, it is present in a sequence of ten signs on the Dholavira Signboard.{{sfn|Beer|2003|p=14}}

Some historians associate the ancient chakra symbols with solar symbolism.Issitt, Micah. Main, Carlyn. (2014). Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs, ABC-CLIO, p. 185. In the Vedas, the god Surya is associated with the solar disc, which is said to be a chariot of one wheel (cakra). Mitra, a form of Surya, is described as "the eye of the world", and thus the sun is conceived of as an eye (cakṣu) which illuminates and perceives the world.T. B. Karunaratne (1969), The Buddhist Wheel Symbol, The Wheel Publication No. 137/138, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy • Sri Lanka.
Such a wheel is also the main attribute of Vishnu.{{sfn|Beer|2003|p=14}} Thus, a wheel symbol might also be associated with light and knowledge.

File:Dharmachakra with huge statue of Padmasambhava behind. Lake Rewalsar. HP, India.jpg. Lake Rewalsar, Himachal Pradesh, India]]

File:Dharmachakra on Pillar - South Face - West Pillar - South Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4355.JPG, South Face, West Pillar.]]

In Buddhism, the Dharma Chakra is widely used to represent the Buddha's Dharma (Buddha's teaching and the universal moral order), Gautama Buddha himself and the walking of the path to enlightenment, since the time of Early Buddhism.{{sfn|Grünwedel|Gibson|Burgess|1901|p=67}}{{refn|group=note|name="Grunwedel"}} The symbol is also sometimes connected to the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path and Dependent Origination.

The pre-Buddhist dharmachakra (Pali: dhammacakka) is considered one of the ashtamangala (auspicious signs) in Hinduism and Buddhism and often used as a symbol of both faiths.{{sfn|Goetz|1964|p=52}}{{refn|group=note|Goetz: "dharmachakra, symbol of the Buddhist faith".{{sfn|Goetz|1964|p=52}}}} It is one of the oldest known Indian symbols found in Indian art, appearing with the first surviving post-Indus Valley Civilisation Indian iconography in the time of the Buddhist king Ashoka.{{sfn|Grünwedel|Gibson|Burgess|1901|p=67}}{{refn|group=note|name="Grunwedel"|Grünwedel e.a.:"The wheel (dharmachakra) as already mentioned, was adopted by Buddha's disciples as the symbol of his doctrine, and combined with other symbols—a trident placed above it, etc.—stands for him on the sculptures of the Asoka period."{{sfn|Grünwedel|Gibson|Burgess|1901|p=67}}}}

The Buddha is said to have set the "wheel of dharma" in motion when he delivered his first sermon,{{sfn|Pal|1986|p=42}} which is described in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. This "turning of the wheel" signifies a great and revolutionary change with universal consequences, brought about by an exceptional human being. Buddhism adopted the wheel as a symbol from the Indian mythical idea of the ideal king, called a chakravartin ("wheel-turner", or "universal monarch"),{{sfn|Beer|2003|p=14}}{{sfn|Pal|1986|p=42}} who was said to possess several mythical objects, including the ratana cakka (the ideal wheel). The Mahā Sudassana Sutta of the Digha Nikaya describes this wheel as having a nave (nābhi), a thousand spokes (sahassārāni) and a felly (nemi), all of which are perfect in every respect. Siddhartha Gautama was said to have been a "mahapurisa" (great man) who could have chosen to become a wheel turning king, but instead became the spiritual counterpart to such a king, a wheel turning sage, that is, a Buddha.Ludowyk, E.F.C. (2013) The Footprint of the Buddha, Routledge, p. 22.

In his explanation of the term "turning the wheel of Dharma", the Theravada exegete Buddhaghosa explains that this "wheel" which the Buddha turned is primarily to be understood as wisdom, knowledge, and insight (ñāṇa). This wisdom has two aspects, paṭivedha-ñāṇa, the wisdom of self-realisation of the Truth and desanā-ñāṇa, the wisdom of proclamation of the Truth. The dharmachakra symbol also points to the central Indian idea of "Dharma", a complex and multivalent term which refers to the eternal cosmic law, universal moral order and in Buddhism, the very teaching and path expounded by the Buddha.Issitt, Micah. Main, Carlyn. (2014). Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs, ABC-CLIO, p. 186.

File:Sarnath_Ashoka_Lions_with_Dharma_Wheel.jpg, from Sarnath. It originally supported a large dharmachakra on the top (reconstitution).]]

In the Buddhist Art at early sites such as Bharhut and Sanchi, the dharmachakra was often used as a symbol of Gautama Buddha himself. The symbol is often paired with the triratna (triple jewel) or trishula (trident) symbolizing the triple gem, umbrellas (chatra), symbols of sovereignty and royal power, gems and garlands. It is also sometimes depicted alongside animals such as lions, or deer.

There are different designs of the Buddhist dharmachakra with 8, 12, 24 or more spokes. In different Buddhist traditions, the different number of spokes may represent different aspects of the Buddha's Dharma (teaching). In the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist tradition for example, the 8 spoked wheel represents the noble eightfold path, and the hub, rim and spokes are also said to represent the three trainings (sila, prajña and samadhi).A Lamp Illuminating the Path to Liberation: An Explanation of Essential Topics for Dharma Students by Khenpo Gyaltsen (translated by Lhasey Lotsawa Translations, Nepal: 2014, pp. 247–248).

In Buddhism, the cyclical movement of a wheel is also used to symbolize the cyclical nature of life in the world (also referred to as the "wheel of samsara", samsara-chakra or the "wheel of becoming", bhava-cakra). This wheel of suffering can be reversed or "turned" through the practice of the Buddhist path. The Buddhist terms for "suffering" (dukkha) and happiness (sukha) may also originally be related to the proper or improper fitting of wheels on a chariot's axle.Sargeant, Winthrop (2009), The Bhagavad Gita, SUNY Press, p. 303. The Indo-Tibetan tradition has developed elaborate depictions called Bhavacakras which depict the many realms of rebirth in Buddhist cosmology.

The spokes of a wheel are also often used as symbols of the Buddhist doctrine of dependent origination. According to the Theravada scholar Buddhaghosa:

“It is the beginningless round of rebirths that is called the ’Wheel of the round of rebirths’ (saṃsāracakka). Ignorance (avijjā) is its hub (or nave) because it is its root. Ageing-and-death (jarā-maraṇa) is its rim (or felly) because it terminates it. The remaining ten links [of Dependent Origination] are its spokes [i.e. saṅkhāra up to the process of becoming, bhava].”

File:Stone wheel engraved in the 13th century built Konark Sun Temple in Orissa, India.jpg.]]

File:Emblem_of_India.svg features the 24 spoke Dharmachakra from the Lion Capital of Ashoka.]]

File:Ahinsa Parmo Dharm.jpg Paramo Dharma (non-violence is the highest dharma).]]

The dharmachakra is a symbol in the sramana religion of Budhha Dhamma.Asha Kalia, Art of Osian Temples: Socio-economic and Religious Life in India, 8th–12th Centuries A.D. Abhinav Publications, 1982, chapter 16.Sharma, Savita (1990). Early Indian Symbols: Numismatic Evidence, Agam Kala Prakashan, 1990 p. 51.

Wheel symbolism was also used in Indian temples in places that underwent a religious transformation from Buddhism,{{sfn|Misra|2007}}{{sfn|Sahu|1958}} such as Jagannath temple, whose deity is believed by some scholars to have a Buddhist origin.{{sfn|Nayak|2014}}{{sfn|Mansinha|2021}} It also finds use in other ancient temples of Odisha, the most famous of which is the Konark Sun Temple.

The 24 spoke Ashoka dharmachakra is present in the modern flag of India, representing the pan-Indian concept of Dharma. The modern State Emblem of India is a depiction of the Lion Capital of Ashoka (Sanchi), which includes the dharmachakra. An integral part of the emblem is the motto inscribed in Devanagari script: Satyameva Jayate ({{langx|en|Truth Alone Triumphs}}).{{cite court|litigants=Kamal Dey v. Union of India and State of West Bengal|court=Calcutta High Court|date=2011-07-14|url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/WP-No.32027W.pdf|access-date=2012-04-16}} This is a quote from the Mundaka Upanishad,{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/resume/193/scp.html.pdf|title=Rajya Sabha Parliamentary Standing Committee On Home Affairs: 116th Report on The State Emblem Of India (Prohibition Of Improper Use) Bill, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308060826/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/resume/193/scp.html.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2013|url-status=dead}} the concluding part of the Vedas.

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the first Vice President of India, stated that the Ashoka Chakra of India represents the "wheel of the law of dharma", as well as "Truth or satya", "Virtue" as well as "motion", as in the "dynamism of a peaceful change".{{cite web|url=http://www.mahapolice.gov.in/mahapolice/jsp/temp/html/flag_code_of_india.pdf|title=The national flag code|website=Mahapolice.gov.in|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215055705/http://mahapolice.gov.in/mahapolice/jsp/temp/html/flag_code_of_india.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2017|url-status=dead}}

• The main attribute of Vishnu is a wheel like weapon called the Sudarshana Chakra.{{sfn|Beer|2003|p=14}}
• Similar wheel symbols were used as a solar symbol by the Ancient Egyptians.{{cite book|last=Hall|first=Adelaide S.|title=A Glossary of Important Symbols in Their Hebrew: Pagan and Christian Forms|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59605-593-3|page=56|publisher=Cosimo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxcOmjiAWXAC}}
• Some Buddha statues also depict the related Dharmachakra Mudrā, a hand sign depicting the turning of the Dharma wheel.
• A very similar wheel symbol also appears in the flag of the Romani people, hinting to their nomadic history.
• In non-Buddhist cultural contexts, an eight-spoked wheel resembles a traditional ship's wheel. As a nautical emblem, this image is a common sailor tattoo, which may be misidentified as a dharmachakra or vice versa.
• The sonnenrad is a similar symbol used by occultists and neo-nazis.
• Falun Gong uses the concept of a similar wheel as a central concept
• In the Unicode computer standard, the dharmachakra is called the "Wheel of Dharma" and found in the eight-spoked form. It is represented as U+2638 (☸). As emoji: ☸️.

File:Sanchi Great Stupa Mauryan configuration.jpg|Reconstitution of approximate layout of Sanchi at the time of the Mauryas, showing the pillar topped by a dharmachakra.

File:Worship of Chakra - Sandstone - ca 2nd Century BCE - Sunga Period - Bharhut - ACCN 305 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1563.JPG|Sandstone depiction, c. 2nd Century BCE, Bharhut, Indian Museum – Kolkata.

File:Bharhut pinnacles.jpg|Illustrated reconstruction of the pinnacles at Bharhut by Alexander Cunningham

File:Bharhut Eastern gateway.jpg|Eastern gateway of Bharhut stupa topped with a dharmachakra pinnacle

File:057 Buddha represented by Dharmacakra (33749746625).jpg|Buddha represented by Dharmacakra, Sanchi Stupa no. 3.

File:063 Dharmacakra on Pillar (33620519361).jpg|Dharmacakra on Pillar, Sanchi Stupa no. 3

File:Adoration of the pillar of Ashoka Sanchi Stupa 3 South Gateway Right pillar top panel.jpg|Adoration of the pillar of Ashoka, Sanchi Stupa no. 3.

File:Sculptures at Sanchi Stupa Cultus of the Chakra, or Wheel of the Law.jpg|Illustration from Sanchi Stupa

File:31.1. Pilaster-Swing Chakra-2nd century CE-Limestone-Amravati-Andhra Pradesh-Sculpture Gallery-Indian Museum-Kolkata-A2-A25076.jpg|Limestone Pilaster, 2nd century CE, Amaravathi, Indian Museum, Kolkata.

File:Feet of Buddha at ASI Museum, Amaravathi.jpg|Buddha footprints with dharmachakras, Archaeological Museum, Amaravati

File:1st century Gandhara Buddha footprint with five swastikas on sole under each toe.jpg|1st century Gandhara Buddha footprint

File:Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Gandhara.Met.jpg|Gandharan Stele illustrating the first sermon at Sarnath, 2nd century, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

File:Arte de Gandhara. Dahlem. 05.TIF|Stele from Gandhara

File:A sculpture depicting the Dharma chakra in the museum of Amaravathi.jpg|A sculpture depicting the Dharmachakra in the museum of Amaravathi

File:Taxila coin with wheel and Buddhist symbols.jpg|Taxila coin with wheel and Buddhist symbols

File:Tilia Tepe gold token. Kabub Museum.jpg|Coin found in Afghanistan, 50 BCE – c. 30 CE, at the latest before 50 CE.

File:SAMA Triratna.jpg|Three Jewels, or Triratna. Eastern Afghanistan. Kushan period. 2–3 century.

File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg|Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudra, Gupta period, 5th CE.

File:001 Dhammacakka, 7c, Dwaravati (35252600795).jpg|Dhammacakka, National Museum, Bangkok, Thailand

File:002 Dhammacakka, Dwaravati (35252600135).jpg|Dhammacakka, National Museum, Bangkok, Thailand

File:Khao Khlang Nai-004.jpg|Khao Klang Nai, Si Thep Historical Park, Thailand.

File:Flickr - dalbera - La Roue de la Loi au musée Guimet.jpg|Mon dharmachakra, VII or IX century, Sandstone

File:Dharma wheel, Japan, Kamakura period, 1200s AD, bronze - Tokyo National Museum - Tokyo, Japan - DSC09326.jpg|Dharma wheel, Japan, Kamakura period, 1200s CE, bronze – Tokyo National Museum.

File:Five disciples at Sarnath.jpg|Part of a Buddha-statue, showing the first five disciples of the Buddha at Sarnath and dharmachakra.

File:輪宝-Wheel of the Buddhist Law (Rinpō) MET DT352194.jpg|Japanese dharmachakra, late 13th century.

File:China, Ming dynasty - Mandala Base - 1987.58 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Mandala Base, China, Ming dynasty, Cleveland Museum of Art.

File:Dharma wheel, China, Qing dynasty, Qianlong period, 1736-1795 AD, famille rose with golden glaze - Sichuan Provincial Museum - Chengdu, China - DSC04134.jpg|Dharma wheel, China, Qing dynasty, Qianlong period, 1736–1795 CE.

File:China, Qing dynasty (1644-1912), Jiaqing reign - Box with Ink Cakes- Yellow Ink Stick in Shape of a Buddhist "Wheel of th - 1942.206.e - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Box with Ink Cakes: Yellow Ink Stick, China, Qing dynasty (1644–1912).

File:Dharmachakra Pravartana - National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|Dharmachakra Pravartana at National Museum, New Delhi

File:Shanti Stupa, Leh (2).JPG|Shanti Stupa, Leh

File:Jokhang dharma wheel-5447.jpg|Jokhang Monastery

File:003 Dhammacakka Wheel (9140985559).jpg|Wat Phothivihan, Tumpat, Kelantan

File:Wat Phra Sing, Chiang Rai - 2017-06-27 (002).jpg|Entrance to Wat Phra Sing

File:113 Yakkha upholding the Dhammacakka (9206899756).jpg|Seal of Chai Nat Province (a garuda upholding the dhammacakka in front of the mountain and river), Wat Sri Suphan, Chiang Mai

File:Boudhanath 2016-04-15a.jpg|Dharmachakra at Boudanath

File:011 Dhammacakka on Main Gable (9204016689).jpg|Dhammacakka on Main Gable, Wat Phra Putthabat Tak Pha, Lamphun

File:Pagoda Mumbai Entance 01.jpg|Entrance to the Global Vipassana Pagoda

File:Glimpses of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi.jpg|Lok Sabha chamber of the New Parliament building, New Delhi

File:State emblem of Mongolia.svg|The Emblem of Mongolia includes the dharmachakra, a cintamani, a padma, blue khata and the Soyombo symbol

File:Emblem of Sri Lanka.svg|The Emblem of Sri Lanka, featuring a blue dharmachakra as the crest

File:Emblem of India.svg|The Emblem of India, featuring the Ashoka Chakra on the base panel representing the Dharmachakra

File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|Emblem of the Supreme Court of India, which shows the dharmachakra on top of the Lion Capital. It was found broken during the excavations.

File:Flag of India.svg|The Flag of India has the Ashoka Chakra at its center representing the Dharmachakra.

File:Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg|The flag of the former Kingdom of Sikkim featured a version of the Dharmachakra

File:Emblem of Tibet.svg|Emblem of Central Tibetan Administration with Tibetan Buddhist style Dharmachakra

File:Dharmacakra flag (Thailand).svg|The dhammacakka flag, the symbol of Buddhism in Thailand

File:Emblem of Thammasat University.svg|The seal of Thammasat University in Thailand consisting of a Constitution on phan with a twelve-spoked dhammacakka

File:Colours of the National Scout Organization of Thailand.svg|Colours of the National Scout Organization of Thailand

File:Flag of various Republican Parties of India.svg|Flag used by the Indian Dalit Buddhist Movement

File:USAF Religion Pin 3.svg|The insignia for Buddhist chaplains in the United States Armed Forces.

File:Ahimsa Jainism Gradient.jpg|Wheel in Jain Symbol of Ahimsa represents dharmachakra

File:USVA headstone emb-02.svg|USVA headstone emblem 2

File:Flag of the Romani people.svg|Flag of the Romani People. It contains blue and red colour to represent the heaven and earth respectively, and uses a 16 spoke Dharmachakra to symbolise their tradition and to pay homage to their Indian origin.

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• {{cite book | author=Dorothy C. Donath | title=Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna; a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day | url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismforwestt00dona | url-access=registration | publisher=Julian Press | year=1971 | isbn=0-07-017533-0}}

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• [http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/symbols/wheel.htm Buddhist Wheel Symbol (Dharmachakra)]

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