Dialect card
{{Short description|Punitive mark indicating a person speaks a non-standard, stigmatized dialect}}{{refimprove|date=September 2016}}
Image:Esempio di hogen fuda.jpg
A {{nihongo|dialect card|lead=yes|方言札|hōgen fuda}} was a type of card used in a punishment system of Japanese regional schools in the post-Meiji period to promote the Tokyo dialect of Japanese in favor of other Japanese dialects and other Japonic languages. A student who spoke in dialect would be forced to wear the card until another student also spoke in dialect, and then it would pass to the new transgressor; the student wearing it at the end of the school day received corporal punishment by the teachers.{{cite book|author1=Mary Goebel Noguchi|author2=Sandra Fotos|title=Studies in Japanese Bilingualism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDBCqwLfp8UC&pg=PA72|accessdate=9 June 2012|year=2001|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-85359-490-8|pages=72–}}{{cite book|author=Elise K. Tipton|title=Society and the State in Interwar Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvoXnnI0Kf4C&pg=PA204|accessdate=9 June 2012|date=2 October 1997|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-15069-9|pages=204–}}
Background
During the Edo period under the Tokugawa shogunate, most Japanese people could not travel outside of their home domain. As a result, regional Japanese dialects were relatively isolated and became increasingly distinct. After the Meiji Restoration the government, in emulation of the European nation states, sought to create a standard Japanese speech. A Tokyo dialect, specifically that of the upper-class Yamanote area, became the model for Standard Japanese, widely used in schools, publishing, and radio broadcasting. By the early twentieth century, the Ministry of Education and other authorities instituted various policies to reduce or suppress regional differences.{{cite book|last=Gottlieb|first=Nanette|title=Language and Society in Japan|year=2005|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-53284-1}}
Implementation
The use of hogen fuda was most prominent in the Tōhoku, Kyushu and Ryukyu Islands (including Okinawa) as they are geographically and linguistically most distant from the Tokyo dialect. The issue is most prominent in regard to Ryukyuan languages as there are groups, such as the Kariyushi Club, which advocate the languages to be officially recognised by the Japanese government as a language (and Ryukyu as a nation). In Okinawa, the card was initially voluntarily adopted by Okinawan students at the start of the 20th century, but became mandatory as assimilation policies increased following 1917.
Cultural interaction
In 2024, the Welsh message of 1923 Welsh Women's Peace was translated into Okinawan language from the perspective of the similarities between the Okinawan dialect card and the Welsh Not policy in Wales.[https://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/articles/-/1354274 Global Peace and Goodwill Message translated into Uchinaaguchi for first time]
The Asahi Shimbun newspaper in Japan claimed that the reconstruction of the Okinawan language can be taken as a reference from the reconstruction of the Welsh language.[https://nation.cymru/culture/japanese-language-subjected-to-welsh-not-style-punishment-takes-inspiration-from-cymraeg/ Japanese language subjected to ‘Welsh Not’-style punishment takes inspiration from Cymraeg]
Keiichiro Nemoto also created a short film inspired by the similarities between the history of Okinawan dialect card and Welsh Not in Wales.[https://nation.cymru/culture/japanese-singer-to-shoot-video-inspired-by-the-welsh-not-in-cardiff/ Japanese singer to shoot video inspired by the Welsh Not in Cardiff]
See also
- Codification
- Language planning
- Prestige (sociolinguistics)
- Usage
- Symbole, a similar punishment for Breton-speaking students