Digital Research#Japan

{{pic|Digital Research logo 1974.svg|The original Digital Research logo, used from 1977 to the early 1980s}}

In 1972, Gary Kildall, an instructor at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, began working at Intel as a consultant under the business name Microcomputer Applications Associates (MAA). By 1974, he had developed Control Program/Monitor, or CP/M, the first disk operating system for microcomputers.

In 1974 he incorporated as Intergalactic Digital Research, with his wife handling the business side of the operation. The company soon began operating under its shortened name Digital Research. The company's operating systems, starting with CP/M for 8080/Z80-based microcomputers, were the de facto standard of their era. Digital Research's product suite included the original 8-bit CP/M and its various offshoots like MP/M (1979), a multi-tasking multi-user version of CP/M.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

After Microsoft presented MS-DOS that was based on CP/M, Digital Research released CP/M-86, which was the first 16-bit system (1981, adapted to the IBM PC in early 1982), which was meant as direct competitor to MS-DOS. There followed the multi-tasking MP/M-86 (1981), and Concurrent CP/M (1982), a single-user version featuring virtual consoles from which applications could be launched to run concurrently. The company's documentation had a poor reputation, with Jerry Pournelle in 1982 describing it as seemingly "encrypted and translated into Swahili".{{Cite magazine |last=Pournelle |first=Jerry |date=May 1982 |title=Supercalc, Spelling Programs, BASIC Compilers, and Home-Grown Accounting |url=https://archive.org/details/eu_BYTE-1982-05_OCR/page/n227/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=2024-12-28 |magazine=BYTE |page=226}} and InfoWorld calling its CP/M manuals incomplete, incomprehensible, and poorly indexed.{{cite journal | last = Hogan | first = Thom| title = Microsoft's Z80 SoftCard | journal = InfoWorld | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages =20–21 | publisher = Popular Computing| date = March 3, 1981| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jT4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT14 | issn = 0199-6649}}

In May 1983 Digital Research announced that it would offer PC DOS versions of all of its languages and utilities. It remained influential, with {{currency|amount=45|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=yes}} million in 1983 sales making Digital Research the fourth-largest microcomputer software company. Admitting that it had "lost" the 8088 software market but hoped to succeed with the Intel 80286 and Motorola 68000, by 1984 the company formed a partnership with AT&T Corporation to develop software for Unix System V and sell its own and third-party products in retail stores. Pournelle warned later that year, however, that "Many people of stature seem to have left or are leaving Digital Research. DR had better get its act together."

In a parallel development Digital Research also produced a selection of programming language compilers and interpreters for their OS-supported platforms, including C, Pascal, COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, PL/M, CBASIC, BASIC, and Logo.

Digital Research developed CP/M-86 as an alternative to MS-DOS and it was made available through IBM in early 1982. The company later created an MS-DOS clone with advanced features called DR DOS, which pressured Microsoft to further improve its own DOS.

At the time the IBM Personal Computer was being developed, Digital Research's CP/M was the dominant operating system of the day. In 1980, IBM asked Digital Research to supply a version of CP/M written for the Intel 8086 microprocessor as the standard operating system for the PC, which would use the code-compatible Intel 8088 chip. Digital Research, uneasy about the conditions related to making such an agreement with IBM, refused.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Microsoft seized this opportunity to supply an OS, in addition to other software (e.g., BASIC) for the new IBM PC. When the IBM PC arrived in late 1981, it came with PC DOS, an OEM version of MS-DOS, which was developed from 86-DOS, which Microsoft had acquired for this purpose. By mid-1982, MS-DOS was also marketed for use in hardware-compatible non-IBM computers. This one decision resulted in Microsoft becoming the leading name in computer software.

This story is detailed from the point of view of Microsoft and IBM in the PBS series Triumph of the Nerds, and from the point of view of Gary Kildall's friends and coworkers in The Computer Chronicles.

The competition between MS-DOS and DR DOS is one of the more controversial chapters of microcomputer history. Microsoft offered better licensing terms to any computer manufacturer that committed to selling MS-DOS with every system they shipped, making it uneconomical for them to offer systems with another OS, since the manufacturer would still be required to pay a license fee to Microsoft for that system. This practice led to a US Department of Justice investigation, resulting in a decision in 1994 that barred Microsoft from "per-processor" licensing.

Successive revisions of Concurrent CP/M incorporated MS-DOS API emulation (since 1983), which gradually added more support for DOS applications and the FAT file system. These versions were named Concurrent DOS (1984), with Concurrent PC DOS (1984) being the version adapted to run on IBM compatible PCs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 1985, soon after the introduction of the 80286-based IBM PC/AT, Digital Research introduced a real-time system, initially called Concurrent DOS 286.

Other single-user operative systems were launched: DOS Plus (1985) and DR DOS (1988). The latter system was marketed as a direct MS-DOS/PC DOS replacement with added functionality. In order to achieve this, it gave up built-in support to run CP/M applications and was changed to use DOS-compatible internal structures. It became a successful product line in itself.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

File:IBM PC GEM.jpg

In 1985 Digital Research also produced a microcomputer version of the GKS graphics standard (related to NAPLPS) called GSX, and later used this as the basis of their GEM GUI. Less known are their application programs, limited largely to the GSX-based DR DRAW and a small suite of GUI programs for GEM. After the development of GEM, Microsoft introduced Windows 1.0.

Digital Research (and later its successor Caldera) accused Microsoft of announcing vaporware versions of MS-DOS to suppress sales of DR DOS.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Concurrent PC DOS later evolved into the modular FlexOS (1986). This exploited the greater memory addressing capability of the new CPU to provide a more flexible multi-tasking environment. There was a small but powerful set of system APIs, each with a synchronous and an asynchronous variant. Pipes were supported, and all named resources could be aliased by setting environment variables. This system was to enjoy enduring favour in point-of-sale systems.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Other successors of Concurrent DOS were Concurrent DOS XM (1986) and the 32-bit Concurrent DOS 386 (1987).

{{pic|Digital Research logo 1990.svg|Logo of Digital Research used briefly toward the end of its independent existence, from March 1990{{cite journal | last=von Simson | first=Charles | date=March 26, 1990 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAmo4wSwQJ0C&pg=PP37 | title=DRI adds graphics update | journal=Computerworld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=XXIV | issue=13 | page=37 | via=Google Books}} to 1991}}

In 1991 DR presented Multiuser DOS. Digital Research's multi-user family of operating systems was sidelined with the previous single user operative systems.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In one beta release of Windows 3.1, Microsoft included hidden code (later called the AARD code) that detected DR DOS and displayed a cryptic error message.

{{See also|FlexOS|Novell|Caldera (company)}}

Digital Research was purchased by Novell for {{currency|amount=80|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}} million in 1991.{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1996-07-25 |title=Novell Founder Noorda Pushes Antitrust Suit Against Microsoft |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-07-25-fi-27767-story.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |quote=Novell purchased Digital Research for $80 million in 1991 as part of Noorda's strategy to compete directly with Microsoft across a broad..}}

primarily for Novell to gain access to the operating system line. FlexOS, this operative system had already been adopted as the basis for the following systems:

• Siemens S5-DOS/MT,
• IBM 4680 OS
• 4690 OS.

Several notable employees worked at Digital Research, some of which later made important contributions to the IT industry, such as:

• Gary Kildall
• Kathryn Strutynski
• Gordon Eubanks
• Tom Rolander
• Edward R. McCracken

• Compiler Systems, Inc. (1981) for CBASIC
• MT MicroSYSTEMS, Inc. (1981) for Pascal/MT+

• Multiuser DOS Federation
• Novell Digital Research Systems Group
• Caldera Digital Research Systems Group

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite journal |title=Gary Kildall and Collegial Entrepreneurship |journal=Dr. Dobb's Special Report |date=Spring 1997 |author-last=Swaine |author-first=Michael |author-link=Michael Swaine (technical author) |url=http://www.digitalresearch.biz/DR/Gary/DDJ-GK02.HTM |access-date=2018-06-09}}

{{cite news |author-last=Cole |author-first=Maggie |title=Gary Kildall and the Digital Research Success Story |date=1981-05-25 |newspaper=InfoWorld - The Newspaper for the Microcomputing Community |publisher=Popular Computing, Inc. |issn=0199-6649 |volume=3 |issue=10 |location=Palo Alto, California, USA |pages=52–53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3j4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52 |access-date=2020-02-16}}

{{cite journal |title=Running 8-bit software on dual-processor computers |author-first=Gary Arlen |author-last=Kildall |author-link=Gary Arlen Kildall |journal=Electronic Design |date=1982-09-16 |page=157 |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/12/102762506-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2017-08-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819183737/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/12/102762506-05-01-acc.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-19}}

{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2588uIxmAQC&pg=PA403 |title=The New View From Digital Research |journal=PC Magazine |date=July 1983 |access-date=2013-10-21 |author-last=Hughes, Jr. |author-first=George D. |pages=403}}

{{cite news |title=Company Strategies Boomerang |author-last=Caruso |author-first=Denise |newspaper=InfoWorld - The Newsweekly for Microcomputer Users |publisher=Popular Computing, Inc. |issn=0199-6649 |date=1984-04-02 |volume=6 |issue=14 |pages=80–83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA80 |access-date=2015-02-10}}

{{cite news |title=New developments may decide battle over Unix |series=Software |author-last=Shea |author-first=Tom |date=1984-02-20 |newspaper=InfoWorld - The Newsweekly for Microcomputer Users |publisher=Popular Computing, Inc. |issn=0199-6649 |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=43–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hS4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43 |access-date=2016-02-25}}

{{cite news |author-last=Caruso |author-first=Denise |title=Digital Research Rebounds - New products are leading the software maker's resurgence |series=The Industry |date=1984-04-23 |newspaper=InfoWorld - The Newsweekly for Microcomputer Users |publisher=Popular Computing, Inc., CW Communications Inc. |issn=0199-6649 |volume=6 |issue=17 |page= |pages=56–57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56 |access-date=2020-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217102517/https://books.google.de/books?id=hy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=%2522Digital+Research%2522+number+of+employees&source=bl&ots=_F-XruJhyQ&sig=ACfU3U3MdFwYYh8VCEGppvgcSGh1uPZaeQ&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXjM7dq9jnAhXF16QKHbqLDPg4ChDoATAFegQIChAB |archive-date=2020-02-17}}

{{cite news |author-last=Burton |author-first=Kathleen |title=Cash-short Digital Research cuts staff, seeks investors |series=Computer Industry |date=1985-07-29 |newspaper=Computerworld - The Newsweekly for the Computer Community |publisher=CW Communications, Inc. |issn=0010-4841 |volume=XIX |number=30 |location=Monterey, California, USA |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Huij24Zmr0C&pg=PA72 |access-date=2020-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217102442/https://books.google.de/books?id=2Huij24Zmr0C&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&ots=4yuH63ttiz&focus=viewport&dq=%2522Digital+Research%2522+total+revenue&hl=de |archive-date=2020-02-17}}

{{cite news |author-last=Watt |author-first=Peggy |title=Digital Research tighens belt with layoffs, reorganization - Realign business units, product lines |series=Computer Industry |date=1986-10-27 |newspaper=Computerworld - The Newsweekly for the Computer Community |publisher=CW Communications, Inc. |issn=0010-4841 |volume=XX |number=43 |location=Monterey, California, USA |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI091j0HhhwC&pg=PA95 |access-date=2020-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216233625/https://books.google.de/books?id=nI091j0HhhwC&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2020-02-16}}

{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1985-03-rescan/1985_03_BYTE_10-03_Bargain_Computing#page/n339/mode/2up |title=Program Editing Breakthrough! |journal=BYTE |date=March 1983 |access-date=2016-03-19 |pages=326 |type=advertisement}}

{{cite news |title=PC Software Maker Novell To Buy Digital Research |author-first=John Gregory |author-last=Markoff |author-link=John Gregory Markoff |date=1991-07-17 |newspaper=The New York Times |id=Section D |page=8 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/17/business/pc-software-maker-novell-to-buy-digital-research.html?mcubz=0 |access-date=2020-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218124856/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/17/business/pc-software-maker-novell-to-buy-digital-research.html?mcubz=0 |archive-date=2020-02-18 |url-access=limited}}

{{cite news |title=Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement |date=1991-07-17 |work=Business Wire |url=http://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html |access-date=2017-01-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818133749/https://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html |archive-date=2018-08-18}}

[https://www.pbs.org/nerds/ Triumph of the Nerds], PBS

{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/GaryKild|title=Gary Kildall Special|via=Internet Archive}}

{{cite news |author-first=Elizabeth |author-last=Corcoran |title=Microsoft Settles Case With Justice |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/longterm/microsoft/stories/1994/settle071794.htm |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=1994-07-17 |access-date=2014-03-14}}

{{cite journal |title=Examining the Windows AARD Detection Code - A serious message--and the code that produced it |author-first=Andrew |author-last=Schulman |date=September 1993 |journal=Dr. Dobb's Journal |volume=18 |issue=9 |id=#204 |publisher=Miller Freeman, Inc. |pages=42, 44–48, 89 |url=http://www.ddj.com/documents/s=1030/ddj9309d/9309d.htm |access-date=2013-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210072152/http://www.ddj.com/documents/s%3D1030/ddj9309d/9309d.htm |archive-date=2005-12-10}}

{{cite book |author-first1=Andrew |author-last1=Schulman |author-first2=Ralf D. |author-last2=Brown |author-link2=Ralf D. Brown |author-first3=David |author-last3=Maxey |author-first4=Raymond J. |author-last4=Michels |author-first5=Jim |author-last5=Kyle |title=Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 |publisher=Addison Wesley |edition=2 |date=1994 |orig-year=November 1993 |isbn=0-201-63287-X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11 11], [https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/182 182]–[https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/183 183] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11}} (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata: {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition]}}

{{cite journal |title=Compiler Systems Acquired; Language Division Formed Under Gordon Eubanks, Jr. - Digital Research Acquires Compiler Systems; Will Now Provide the Microcomputer Industry with One-stop Shopping for Total Systems Support |journal=Digital Research News - for Digital Research Users Everywhere |publisher=Digital Research, Inc. |location=Pacific Grove, California, USA |date=November 1981 |volume=1 |number=1 |id=Fourth Quarter |pages=1, 7 |url=https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Research%20News/01x01%201981%20Digital%20Research%20News.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110124333/https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Research%20News/01x01%201981%20Digital%20Research%20News.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-10 |url-status=usurped |access-date=2020-01-18}}

{{cite news |title=Rapid expansion marks DRI history |newspaper=Digital Dialogue |publisher=Digital Research |date=August 1982 |volume=1 |number=1 |pages=7–8 |url=https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Dialogue/01x01%20198208%20Digital%20Dialogue.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912192812/https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Dialogue/01x01%20198208%20Digital%20Dialogue.pdf |archive-date=2023-09-12 |url-status=usurped |access-date=2020-02-25}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200225202039/http://www.digitalresearch.biz/images/Reunion.Book.25.Year.pdf]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200225205551/http://www.retrotechnology.com/dri/kildall_digital_dialog.txt]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200223212031/http://www.retrotechnology.com/dri/d_dri_refs.html]}}

}}

• {{cite web |title=Digital Research - The Untold Story |author-first=Marc |author-last=Perkel |author-link=Marc Perkel |date=1996-10-18 |orig-year=1991-03-20, 1991-05-23, 1991-07-21, 1991-07-24, 1991-08-02 |url=http://www.ctyme.com/dri.htm |access-date=2019-04-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419190806/http://www.ctyme.com/dri.htm |archive-date=2019-04-19}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190419191036/http://www.ctyme.com/dri1.htm]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190419191113/http://www.ctyme.com/dri2.htm]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190419144412/http://www.ctyme.com/dri3.htm]}} (NB. Marc Perkel claimed to have inspired Novell in February 1991 to buy Digital Research and develop something he called "NovOS".)
• {{cite book |title="Gary Kildall Conference Room" Dedication Ceremony |date=2017-04-21 |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) |url=https://ethw.org/w/images/a/a8/GaryKildallConferenceRoomDedication%2821-April-17%29.pdf |access-date=2020-02-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102232814/https://ethw.org/w/images/a/a8/GaryKildallConferenceRoomDedication%2821-April-17%29.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-02}} (18 pages)

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.DigitalResearch.biz Digital Research's history website]
• [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/ Various Digital Research manuals]
• [http://www.joewein.de/dri.html Joe Wein's page on Digital Research]
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131007025338/http://www.intel-vintage.info/apps/videos/videos/show/18129431-intel-ipds-100-cp-m Intel iPDS-100 Using CP/M-Video]}}

{{Digital Research}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:1972 establishments in California

Category:1991 disestablishments in California

Category:American companies established in 1972

Category:Companies based in Monterey County, California

Category:Defunct computer companies based in California

Category:Defunct software companies of the United States

Category:Novell

Category:Point of sale companies

Category:Software companies disestablished in 1991

Category:Software companies established in 1972

Category:1991 mergers and acquisitions