Digital signal (signal processing)
{{short description|Signal with discrete values in time and amplitude}}
{{For|logic signals|Digital signal}}
Image:Digital.signal.discret.svg and quantized representation of the gray analog signal. A digital signal consists of a sequence of samples, which in this case are integers: 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 6...]]
In the context of digital signal processing (DSP), a digital signal is a discrete time, quantized amplitude signal. In other words, it is a sampled signal consisting of samples that take on values from a discrete set (a countable set that can be mapped one-to-one to a subset of integers). If that discrete set is finite, the discrete values can be represented with digital words of a finite width. Most commonly, these discrete values are represented as fixed-point words (either proportional to the waveform values or companded) or floating-point words.{{cite book
| last =Smith
| first =Steven W.
| title =Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists
| edition =1
| volume =1
| publisher =Newnes
| series =Demystifying Technology
| date =2002-11-06
| chapter =3
| pages =35–39
| isbn =075067444X}}{{cite book
| last =Harris
| first =Frederic J.
| title =Multirate Signal Processing for Communication Systems
| publisher =Prentice Hall PTR
| location =Upper Saddle River, NJ
| date =2004-05-24
| chapter =1.1
| page =2
| isbn = 0131465112}}{{cite book
| last =Vaseghi
| first =Saeed V.
| title =Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise Reduction
| edition =4
| publisher =John Wiley & Sons
| location =Chichester, West Suffix, United Kingdom
| date =2009-03-02
| chapter =1.4
| page =23
| isbn = 978-0470754061}}{{cite book
| last =Diniz
| first =Paulo S. R.
| author2=Eduardo A. B. da Silva
| author3=Sergio L. Netto
| title =Digital Signal Processing: System Analysis and Design
| edition=2
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| location=New York & UK
| date=2010-09-13
| chapter =1.1
| page =5
| isbn = 978-0521887755}}{{cite book
| last = Manolakis
| first = Dimitris G. | authorlink = Dimitris Manolakis
| author2 = Vinay K. Ingle
| title = Applied Digital Signal Processing: Theory and Practice
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| location = Cambridge, UK
| date = 2011-11-21
| chapter = 1.1.1
| page = 5
| isbn = 978-0521110020}}
Image:Discrete cosine.svg for the reconstruction of the original cosine function from samples. (The effects of quantization are too subtle to be seen in this graph.)]]
The process of analog-to-digital conversion produces a digital signal.{{cite book|last1=Ingle|first1=Vinay K.|author2=John G. Proakis|title=Digital Signal Processing Using MATLAB|date=2011-01-01|publisher=CL Engineering|location=Stamford, CT|isbn=978-1111427375|page=3|edition=3|chapter=1.1}} The conversion process can be thought of as occurring in two steps:
- sampling, which produces a continuous-valued discrete-time signal, and
- quantization, which replaces each sample value with an approximation selected from a given discrete set (for example, by truncating or rounding).
An analog signal can be reconstructed after conversion to digital (down to the precision afforded by the quantization used), provided that the signal has negligible power in frequencies above the Nyquist limit and does not saturate the quantizer.
Common practical digital signals are represented as 8-bit (256 levels), 16-bit (65,536 levels), 24-bit (16.8 million levels), and 32-bit (4.3 billion levels) using pulse-code modulation where the number of quantization levels is not necessarily limited to powers of two. A floating point representation is used in many DSP applications.