Diicul Buicescul

Buicescul was probably a native of Buicești, the family's demesne in what is now Olt County.Nicolae Minei, "Poșta Magazin Istoric. Un boier oltean", in Magazin Istoric, September 1973, p. 97Ionașcu, pp. 8–9; Stoicescu, p. 129 His first name originates with the Bulgarian Dikov, and is ultimately a derivative of "Theodore".Alexandru Graur, Nume de persoane, pp. 67, 97, 111. Bucharest: Editura științifică, 1965. {{OCLC|3662349}} He is known to have had at least one sister, from whom he had a favorite nephew, Tudor. Their father was Ioan Buicescul; their mother, Maria (or Mara), was a relative—either niece or cousin—of Aga Matei Basarab.Gane, p. 240; Ionașcu, pp. 5, 7–9, 15, 98; Stoicescu, pp. 129, 130, 158; Tüdős & Barbu, p. 243. See also Fehér, p. 698; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, pp. 133, 145; Theodorescu, p. 21 In his overview of Wallachian politics, the Melkite traveler Paul of Aleppo notes that Buicescul was, or was perceived to be, an ibn fellah, translated as "son of peasants"Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 133 or "son of nobody".Ionașcu, p. 14 As noted by genealogist Constantin Gane, the Buicesculs were commoners of obscure origins. The first recorded member of the family was Diicul's paternal grandfather, the Jupân Mitre. Also according to Gane, Buicești was actually inherited from Maria, having been an estate of the more ancient Craiovești family, from which both Diicul and Aga Matei descended.Gane, p. 240 This account is also backed by scholar I. Ionașcu.Ionașcu, pp. 5, 7–9, 15

Ionașcu acknowledged the lack of any record detailing Diicul's youth, but proposed that he followed Aga Matei in his perennial battles with Prince Leon Tomșa. He believes that Buicescul may have followed his uncle or cousin in exile to the Principality of Transylvania, refusing Leon's peace offerings.Ionașcu, p. 9 Ultimately, in 1632, Matei seized the throne of Wallachia. In the aftermath, all of the Aga{{'}}s relatives, including Buicescul, were appointed to high office.Stoicescu, p. 129 On July 6, 1635, Buicescul became a Cupar (Cup-bearer, or assistant Paharnic) for the court in Bucharest, serving to October 20, 1638. From November 1638, he was a Great Șufar, or Intendant, in the Wallachian civil service. From July 3, 1639, to January 30, 1644, Buicescul was Aga, and as such supervised part of the Wallachian military forces. His main assignment was supervising the fortifications of Târgoviște, rebuilt under his watch.Ionașcu, p. 10 This office was not yet annexed to the Boyar Council, but allowed Diicul a steady revenue in bribes, allowing him to purchase more land.Ionașcu, pp. 9–10 In 1641–1642, he was confirmed as the owner of Priseaca, outside Buicești, while also holding deeds in Vitănești and some other Olt villages; in 1644, he bought himself half of Arcești, in Romanați County.Ionașcu, pp. 8–10, 262. See also Tüdős & Barbu, p. 243 In January 1645, the villagers of Bârzoteni, in northern Vâlcea County, sold themselves as serfs to Buicescul.Cioarec, p. 86

As summarized by historian Andrea Fehér: "[Buicescul] exhibited serious shortcomings in his character, defects that could not be erased from the chronicles, not even through him founding numerous monasteries. [He] was also infamous for his intrigues, as well as his negative influence on the ruler."Fehér, p. 698 Diicul became the main army commander, of Spatharios, on January 8, 1645, serving to April 10, 1654.Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 133; Stoicescu, p. 129 He was replacing Preda Brâncoveanu, demoted to a much less relevant office.Ionașcu, pp. 10–11 During this period, Buicescul was a noted ktitor for the Wallachian Church, erecting Clocociov Monastery ({{circa|1645}}) as well as, with Prince Matei, Pantocrator Monastery of Drăgănești-Vlașca (1647).Stoicescu, p. 130. See also Gane, p. 240; Ionașcu, pp. 8, 10, 15, 38–47; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 225; Theodorescu, p. 19 By 1649, Buicescul had established a wool-trading business with the Transylvanian Saxons of Corona, and, beyond, with the markets of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.I. Lehr, "Comerțul Țării Romînești și Moldovei în a doua jumătate a secolului XVI și prima jumătate a secolului XVII", in Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, Vol. IV, 1960, pp. 254–255, 298; Tüdős & Barbu, p. 243

The Prince also sent his boyar on several diplomatic missions, including at least one sojourn in Transylvania. In Moldavia, Buicescul attended the wedding between Maria, daughter of the Prince Vasile Lupu, and Janusz Radziwiłł.Costin, p. 118; Stoicescu, p. 130 This state visit formed part of several reconciliation attempts between Wallachia and Moldavia, which had been feuding with each other after Lupu's arrival on the throne in 1634.Costin, p. 118 The effort proving fruitless, Spatharios Buicescul was again involved in the intrigues to topple Lupu. In 1650, he coordinated the Wallachian expedition into Moldavia, assisting the Transylvanian general John Kemény.Costin, pp. 140–145; Ionașcu, pp. 11–12 Entering the country through the Valley of Râbna, his troops occupied Focșani.Costin, pp. 140–145 The expedition succeeded in replacing Lupu with the Transylvanian favorite, Gheorghe Ștefan. In his later chronicle of the events, Lupu's loyalist Miron Costin claimed that, in accepting this Prince, Kemény snubbed Buicescul, who had allegedly wanted the Moldavian crown for himself.Costin, p. 148

Aided by troops from the Cossack Hetmanate, Lupu defeated a large Wallachian force of 9,000 soldiers, commanded by Buicescul, and chased away Ștefan's 300 Moldavian renegades. Here, Costin suggests, Buicescul revealed himself to be an incompetent general, allowing his soldiers to be thinly deployed, and then decimated, along the Milcov.Costin, pp. 159–161. See also Stoicescu, p. 130 One essential flaw, pointed by other historians, was the Wallachian army's insufficient firepower.Ionașcu, p. 12 Lupu's invasion was nevertheless overturned. Buicescul's own troops were again scattered following a direct confrontation with Tymofiy Khmelnytsky's cavalry at Șoplea,Costin, p. 161. See also Ionașcu, p. 11 but Prince Matei was able to recover the loss at Finta. The Moldavians were defeated, and Gheorghe Ștefan was reconfirmed as Prince.Costin, pp. 161–175; Gane, pp. 241–242, 265–271, 299–300, 309; Ionașcu, p. 12; Stoicescu, p. 129; Xenopol, pp. 39–41

In 1652, Matei and Princess Elena Năsturel had lost their adoptive son, Mateiaș. This fueled a search for another heir: Mihai, son of Nicolae Pătrașcu, and Istratie Golescu were considered, but Matei finally selected Buicescul—although the latter was by then middle-aged.Gane, pp. 239–241; Ionașcu, pp. 12–13 Other boyars were disappointed with Matei's choice, believing Buicescul to be of flippant and haughty character; they sympathized more with the Serdar Constantin Șerban, born out of wedlock to the former Prince of 1602–1611, Radu Șerban.Gane, pp. 240–241; Ionașcu, pp. 13–14; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, pp. 133–134 Buicescul himself had a noted rivalry with the Serdar, particularly after being revealed as an heir apparent.Gane, p. 241; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 133; Stoicescu, pp. 129–130, 144–145, 158; Theodorescu, pp. 19–20 One detailed account, originating with Paul of Aleppo, suggests that Șerban refused to honor the Prince's choice, and never removed his hat if Buicescul was in the room.Gane, p. 241; Ionașcu, p. 14; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 133 Their clashes aggravated with time, prompting Prince Matei to arrest Șerban—allegedly, after Buicescul threatened resignation. Buicescul's rival was mutilated, or "carved at the nose", which would have technically invalidated him from ever placing a claim to the throne. Historians disagree on whether this "marking" happened during Șerban's early yearsGane, p. 241 or was a consequence of his arrest by Prince Matei.Ionașcu, p. 12; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 145; Stoicescu, p. 158; Theodorescu, pp. 21–22

Wounded at Finta, Matei never fully recovered and, with time, became bedridden. With Elena assuming an informal regency, Șerban coordinated a rebellion of the Seimeni mercenaries, and managed to exhaust the Basarab regime. Although they survived the uprising, both the Princess and Prince were dead by April 1654.Gane, pp. 242–244, 318; Ionașcu, pp. 12–14 This resulted in a heated competition for the throne, during which, historian Gábor Kármán notes, Buicescul emerged as a favorite of the Transylvanian Prince, George II Rákóczi.Kármán, p. 235 However, the Spatharios had been called to his country estate by the illness of his son; Șerban, meanwhile, was at Dobreni, allowing him to seize the opportunity and leave for Târgoviște, where the Seimeni imposed him as Prince.Gane, pp. 244, 318; Ionașcu, pp. 8–9, 14, 15; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, pp. 133–134, 144

Paul of Aleppo records an important role for the Spatharios during Șerban's investiture, although it is not known if this testimony refers to Buicescul or to his known successor, Hrizea of Bogdănei.Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, pp. 135–137, 144 The same author informs that "the old Spatharios" was welcomed back from Buicești, and solemnly reconfirmed. However, Buicescul returned to his intrigues, "out of haughtiness and arrogance", prompting the Prince to depose him.Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 144 Prince Constantin eventually arrested Buicescul and ordered him mutilated with the same "carving at the nose".Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, pp. 144–145; Stoicescu, pp. 129–130; Xenopol, p. 135 As noted by Paul of Aleppo, Diicul barely escaped the death penalty, only because "some spoke in his favor". Paul also argues that mutilation was no longer an obstacle for the throne, with Șerban's own nose having "healed".

In late 1654 or early 1655, a new Seimeni revolt placed the boyars in mortal danger; Buicescul and his family escaped by fleeing into Transylvania, settling at Corona.Stoicescu, p. 130; Tüdős & Barbu, p. 244; Xenopol, p. 135. See also Gane, p. 318; Ionașcu, p. 14 Historian A. D. Xenopol proposes that Rákóczi had extended his personal protection to the Buicesculs.Xenopol, p. 135 On May 20, he signed his name to a boyars' letter which pleaded with Rákóczi to intervene against the Seimeni "foreigners".Ludovic Demény, "Cu privire la caracterul răscoalei din 1655 în Țara Romînească", in Studii. Revistă de Istorie, Vol. XVI, Issue 2, 1963, p. 324 The boyars did not endorse Buicescul's claim to the throne, specifically because, they claimed, he had embezzled the Wallachian treasury and all private funds placed in his care. A boyars' letter to Rákóczi, also signed by Wallachian Metropolitan Ignațiu, claimed that the 30,000 thaler Diicul had deposited in Hermannstadt were entirely stolen, in complicity with his nephew Tudor. Rákóczi sided with the boyars and confiscated the money, retaining half of it for his own expenses.Tüdős & Barbu, pp. 244–245, 247

Diicul returned to Wallachia at some point before December 1655.Stoicescu, p. 130; Tüdős & Barbu, p. 244 The Seimeni, who had placed Spatharios Hrizea on the Wallachian throne, had by then been defeated and massacred by Transylvanian and Moldavian troops. This maneuver greatly increased Rákóczi's say in Wallachian politics.Costin, pp. 191–197; Kármán, pp. 235–243; Xenopol, pp. 137–141 Upon securing his crown under Transylvania's tutelage, Constantin Șerban also became more tolerant of the Buicescul clan. On June 30, 1656, he made Diicul his Great Clucer, allowing him to serve in that position to August 18, 1657.Stoicescu, p. 130. See also Ionașcu, p. 14 Around that time, he issued a deed recognizing the Buicesculs as landlords of Arcești.Ionașcu, pp. 8–9

A new Prince, Mihnea III, seized the throne in early 1658. After a brief hiatus, Buicescul was again appointed Clucer on December 9 of that year, and continued to serve until June 12, 1659. By then, however, he had fallen afoul of the Prince, who ordered a purge of the boyardom. Buicescul was eventually captured and killed before the end of 1659.Lucia V. Babescu, "Cutreerând Țara mea (continuare). II", in Biserica și Școala, Vol. LII, Issue 51, December 1928, p. 6Drăghiceanu, p. 13; Paul of Aleppo & Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, p. 133; Rezachevici, p. 103; Stoicescu, p. 130 Various researchers note that the execution was a retaliation for his cooperation with, and matrimonial ties to, the dissident Cantacuzino family. According to historian Constantin Rezachevici, Buicescul and his family belonged to the Cantacuzinos in the larger definition, which is "an actual boyar faction".Rezachevici, p. 105 Some scholars also record that the former Spatharios was killed by decapitation.Drăghiceanu, p. 13 Ionașcu mentions the general circumstances of this clampdown, proposing that Buicescul may have been killed in a manner similar to other boyars, who were strangled or lynched at Curtea Veche; however, he too notes that Buicescul was actually beheaded, or "slashed".Ionașcu, pp. 14–15, 17, 62 Rezachevici believes that Buicescul and Spatharios Udriște Năsturel were assassinated together at Curtea Veche, in July 1659; the new Clucer was Mihai Argetoianu.Rezachevici, p. 103

File:Rhédey palota tábla.JPG, Cluj-Napoca]]

Diicul Buicescul was married twice, to a Dumitra of Arcești, and later, according to some disputed records, to a Lady Bălașa.Ionașcu, pp. 8, 15, 17–19; Stoicescu, p. 129. See also Drăghiceanu, p. 18; Gane, p. 240 Buicescul's eldest son, the Paharnic Papa, born {{circa|1630}}–1633,Ionașcu, pp. 8, 15 was probably groomed by Rákóczi to take over as puppet ruler of Wallachia, following his father's mutilation—this alliance was superseded in 1655, when Constantin Șerban willingly submitted to Transylvania's leadership.Xenopol, pp. 135–136 Nonetheless, Papa remained figure of political importance until his death in 1688. He took in marriage the daughter of another Spatharios, Pană Filipescu, who had helped defeat Hrizea in 1655.Stoicescu, pp. 130–131, 178, 194. See also Gane, p. 240; Ionașcu, pp. 15–16 A second son, Preda, followed Diicul into Transylvania, and married Ana, a daughter of the diplomat István Szalánczy.Fehér, p. 698; Ionașcu, pp. 14, 17; Stoicescu, p. 130; Tüdős & Barbu, pp. 243–245 According to Ionașcu, the son recorded as ill was neither Papa nor Preda, but an anonymous third, who did not survive 1654;Ionașcu, p. 15 Preda himself died young, in 1656, with Diicul inheriting his wealth.Tüdős & Barbu, p. 245 One document suggests that Diicul had also adopted his nephew and alleged accomplice Tudor, who worked as a tax farmer with the title of Great Căminar. Diicul's progeny included at least four daughters: Păuna, Ancuța, Calița and Marica.Ionașcu, pp. 15, 17, 262; Stoicescu, pp. 121, 129, 130–131, 137 The Clocociov murals also depict a fifth, Ilinca.Ionașcu, p. 15; Stoicescu, p. 130

Preda's daughter, born Stanca and later known as Sára (or Stanca) Bulcsesdi-Székely-Haller, was one of the leading aristocrats of Kolozsvár (Cluj); she converted to Calvinism and was a celebrated benefactor of the Reformed Church in Transylvania.Fehér, p. 701; Tüdős & Barbu, passim In the early 1680, Sara was still litigating over her grandfather's confiscated wealth, also obtaining her share of Papa Buicescul's estate in Wallachia.Tüdős & Barbu, pp. 245, 247–248 Through her aunt Păuna, wife of Drăghici Cantacuzino, the Buicescul clan became in-laws with the Cantacuzinos. Buicescul was thus the grandfather of Spatharios Pârvu II Cantacuzino, making him the great-great-grandfather of Pârvu III and Rodion Cantacuzino.Drăghiceanu, pp. 16–26. See also Gane, pp. 318–319; Ionașcu, pp. 15, 16, 17–19; Rizo-Rangabé, pp. 22–23; Stoicescu, pp. 137, 143 Although Papa Buicescul was, later in life, an enemy of Prince Șerban Cantacuzino, this connection spared him his life.Ionașcu, p. 16; Stoicescu, pp. 130–131, 137 The Cantacuzinos honored Diicul's memory, notably by depicting him in a collective fresco at their church in Măgureni.Drăghiceanu, p. 18 By then, Calița had married Mihăilă Ghinea of Brătășani; their two sons, Drăghici and Fota, never reached political significance.Stoicescu, pp. 123, 130 Marica's husband, Staico Bucșanu, was an enemy of Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu, who ordered him hanged ca. 1693; their line was extinguished with his death.Stoicescu, pp. 128–129, 130. See also Ionașcu, p. 262; Iorga, pp. 712, 715

Papa had three children, of whom the only son, Diicul II, served as Spatharios under Prince Brâncoveanu.Ionașcu, pp. 16–17, 19–20; Stoicescu, p. 131; Tüdős & Barbu, pp. 248–249 From 1679, he had also been awarded Transylvanian citizenship and was granted a coat of arms by Michael I Apafi.Tudor-Radu Tiron, "Despre dreptul la stemă în Transilvania secolului XVII", in Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, Vol. XXIV, 2006, p. 228 His estate was sold off: in 1691, Brâncoveanu purchased from Diicul II the village of Gioroc, which he later donated to Horezu Monastery;Cioarec, p. 96 in 1697, another one of Papa's estates, at Constantinești, was purchased by the local peasants.Ionașcu, p. 69 Having bought himself a new demesne at Bălcești,Bodea et al., pp. 9–10, 42, 44–46 Diicul II sued his cousin Sára and his nephew Ádám Székely for their share of the Buicescul estate.Tüdős & Barbu, pp. 248–249 Diicul II died childless some time after 1705;Ionașcu, pp. 16–17, 19–20 his main possessions went to Vintilă Bucșanu, and to Bucșanu's daughters.Bodea et al., pp. 10–11. See also Iorga, p. 136 By then, Papa's widow Dumitrana had also sold her land in Bârzoteni to the Starets of Horezu.Cioarec, p. 86; Ionașcu, p. 19

At an unknown date, Brâncoveanu also bought Arcești, which had been owned collectively by Papa's daughters.Iorga, p. 136 Like his aunts, Diicul II's sisters took prominent boyars as their husbands. Of them, another Stanca married Paharnic Cornea Brăiloiu of Târgu Jiu, who was one of Brâncoveanu's trusted diplomats. Two of their sons, Barbu and Dumitrașco, surrendered to the Habsburg monarchy during the war of 1716, and went on to serve as civilian administrators of Habsburg Oltenia.Marinoiu, pp. 115, 132; Stoicescu, pp. 121–122, 131, 220 As revenge, Prince Nicholas Mavrocordatos sent Dumitrașco to a monastery.Marinoiu, p. 115; Stoicescu, p. 122 He had by then fathered a daughter, also named Stanca, whom he married into the Obedeanu family.Marinoiu, p. 131 The Bucșanus also followed suit in supporting the Habsburg party, thus forfeiting their inheritance in Wallachia. Family lands later returned to his daughters, and passed to Gavrilașco Mavrocordat, then to the Hriscoscoleu family; in 1766, Bălcești was eventually sold to the ancestors of writer Nicolae Bălcescu.Bodea et al., pp. 10–13

The Culcer{{'}}s descendants into the 18th century include Sára's grandson, Count László Székely, who was an acclaimed contributor to Hungarian literature, as well as a major book collector.Fehér, passim; Tüdős & Barbu, p. 249 Buicescul's distant memory was by then becoming altered—Count Székely's memoirs include no mention of his great-grandfather, though they dwell on Sára's successive marriages.Fehér, pp. 697–698 Various genealogies of the late 19th century preserve distorted versions of Diicul's name: he appears as Dicescul-Buncescul in Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky's Russian Genealogical Book,Gheorghe G. Bezviconi, Boierimea Moldovei dintre Prut și Nistru, Vol. II, p. 104. Bucharest: National Institute of History, 1943 and as Dudulescu-Buntescu in Eugène Rizo-Rangabé's Cantacuzino tree.Rizo-Rangabé, p. 22 Based on such misreadings, Buicescul was spuriously identified by scholar Paul Gore as a patriarch of the Dicescu family in Bessarabia Governorate. According to Gane, Diicul still had genuine descendants in 1930s Greater Romania, if only through his daughters. This family was known by variant of the ancestral surname, Boicescu, notably used by Nicolae A. Boicescu. The latter was especially noted as a friend and confidant of the writer Mateiu Caragiale.{{in lang|ro}} Mircea Mihăieș, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090903115112/http://www.romlit.ro/care_e_cea_mai_proast_carte_romneasc "Care e cea mai proastă carte românească?"], in România Literară, Nr. 31/2009; Ion Vianu, Investigații mateine, pp. 9, 15, 21–31. Cluj-Napoca & Iași: Biblioteca Apostrof & Polirom, 2008. {{ISBN|978-973-9279-97-0}} He married Smaranda "Lileta" Năsturel, a collateral descendant of Udriște Năsturel; in 1928, the couple still lived in Boicești. Their son, Diicu Boicescu, worked as an editor for the Romanian Academy Press.Mihai Sorin Rădulescu, "Scrisori de la Petre Ș. Năsturel", in București. Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie, Vol. XXIX, 2015, pp. 208, 216, 219

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Buicescul, Diicul}}

Category:17th-century births

Category:Year of birth uncertain

Category:1659 deaths

Category:17th-century diplomats

Category:17th-century politicians

Category:17th-century military personnel of the Principality of Wallachia

Category:Spatharii of Wallachia

Category:Diplomats for Wallachia

Category:Mutilated pretenders to the Wallachian throne

Category:People from Olt County

Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania

Category:Romanian adoptees

Category:Adult adoptees

Category:Romanian refugees

Category:Romanian exiles

Category:Exiled politicians

Category:People executed for treason against Wallachia

Category:People executed by Wallachia by decapitation