Diospyros venosa
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Diospyros
| species = venosa
| synonyms =
{{Species list
| Maba venosa | (Wall. ex A.DC.) King & Gamble
}}
}}
Diospyros venosa is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It is native to Southeast Asia, from the Maluku Islands to Myanmar. It provides raw material for handicrafts, traditional medicine and fuel.
Description
Diospyros venosa grows as a tree, sometimes a shrub, from {{convert|5|–|20|m|-1}} tall.{{cite book |last1=Pauline Dy Phon |title=Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge |date=2000 |publisher=Imprimerie Olympic |location=Phnom Penh |pages=14, 15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InD2RAAACAAJ|author1-link=Pauline Dy Phon }} Inflorescences bear up to 25 flowers. The fruits are ellipsoid to roundish, up to {{convert|2.5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter.
Taxonomy
The specific epithet {{lang|la|venosa}} is from the Latin meaning 'veined', referring to the leaf.
D. venosa has an accepted infraspecific variety, D. venosa var. olivacea.
Within the genus Diospyros, there is the geographically heterogenous clade XI, with sister species from India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and New Caledonia. D. venosa is a member along with D. ebenum, D. ehretioides, D. fasciculosa, D. maritima, D. pubicalyx, D. styraciformis, and D. wallichii.{{cite journal |last1=Duangjai |first1=Sutee |last2=Samuel |first2=Rosabelle |last3=Munzinger |first3=Jérôme |last4=Forest |first4=Félix |last5=Wallnöfer |first5=Bruno |last6=Barfuss |first6=Michael H.J. |last7=Fischer |first7=Gunter |last8=Chase |first8=Mark W. |title=A multi-locus plastid phylogenetic analysis of the pantropical genus Diospyros (Ebenaceae), with an emphasis on the radiation and biogeographic origins of the New Caledonian endemic species |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2009 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=602–620 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.021 |pmid=19427384 |url=http://www.academia.edu/download/53410123/j.ympev.2009.04.02120170606-27874-1d878ov.pdf |accessdate=11 May 2020}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
Distribution
Diospyros venosa var. venosa is native to the Maluku Islands, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar.
Habitat
Its habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests, though it occurs up to 1300m elevation. In the Guning Aias Forest Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia, the Lowland dipterocarp forest has a 30-40m tall canopy of trees in the Anacardiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Sapotaceae, and Sterculiaceae families.{{cite journal |last1=Chua |first1=L.S.L. |display-authors=et al |title=A checklist of seed plants at Gunung Aias Forest Reserve, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Malayan Nature Journal |date=2006 |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=121–52 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270338285 |accessdate=11 May 2020}} Amongst the understorey plants is D. venosa var. venosa.
Within the Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Selangor, D. venosa grows as a tree to 10m height, throughout the reserves from the Lowland dipterocarp forest to the lower montane forest at 1300m.
The tree/shrub was one of the characteristic plants in the upper elevations (375-450m) ridge and slope community within the Seraya-ridge forest of the Semangkok Forest Reserve, Selangor, Malaysia.{{cite journal |last1=Kassim |first1=Abd. Rahman |title=Species assembly and site preference of tree species in a primary Seraya-ridge forest of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Journal of Tropical Forest Science |date=2002 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=287–303 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286696415 |accessdate=11 May 2020}} The seraya-ridge forest is a subtype of Hill dipterocarp forest, characterised by the dipterocarp Shorea curtisii and the palm Eugeissona tristis, the most common type of hill forest in Peninsular Malaysia.
Vernacular names
In Malaysia it is known as kayu arang (a general name for Diospyros species).{{cite journal |last1=Faridah Hanum |first1=I. |last2=Ibrahim |first2=A. Z. |last3=Shamsul Khamis |last4=Nazre |first4=M. |last5=Lepun |first5=P. |last6=Rusea |first6=G. |last7=Lajuni |first7=J. J. |last8=Latiff |first8=A. |title=An Annotated Checklist of Higher Plants in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Puchong, Selangor |journal=Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. |date=2001 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=63–78 |url=http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/58185/1/JTAS%20Vol.%2024%20%281%29%20Apr.%202001%20%28View%20Full%20Journal%29.pdf#page=60 |accessdate=11 May 2020 |publisher=Universiti Putra Malaysia Press |issn=1511-3701}} In the Khmer language, angɔt kmao and ângkât' khmau slëk thôm refer to the plant.
Uses
Twigs from the plant are used as firewood. The ebony-like wood is used to make luxury knick-knacks. The roots are used in a traditional medicine decoction as a sedative, as well as a component of a tonic.
Villagers living on the plateau of Phnom Kulen National Park, in Svay Leu District, Siem Reap Province, northwestern Cambodia, use the root and wood chips of the shrub in their traditional medicinal practices to improve post-partum care and circulation, to treat malaria, and to treat sexually transmitted diseases in women.{{cite report |last=Walker |first=Taylor J. |title=An examination of medicinal ethnobotany and biomedicine use in two villages on the Phnom Kulen plateau |date=26 April 2017 |publisher=Undergraduate Research Awards, Hollins University |location=Roanoke, United States |url=http://digitalcommons.hollins.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=researchawards |accessdate=27 April 2020}}
References
{{Reflist | refs=
{{Cite book | last1 = Ng | first1 = Francis S.P. | date = April 2002 | contribution = Diospyros venosa Wall. ex A.DC. | contribution-url = http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/backup/TFSS.vol4_5_6.pdf | editor1-last = Soepadmo | editor1-first = E. | editor2-last = Saw | editor2-first = L. G. | editor3-last = Chung | editor3-first = R. C. K. | title = Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak | volume = 4 | pages = 98–99 | publisher = Forest Research Institute Malaysia | isbn = 983-2181-27-5 | url = http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx | version = (free online from the publisher, lesser resolution scan PDF versions) | accessdate = 30 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927074942/http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx | archive-date = 27 September 2013 | url-status = dead }}
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15341512}}
Category:Plants described in 1844
{{Ebenaceae-stub}}