Diplazium esculentum
{{Short description|Species of fern}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =Starr_030807-8009_Diplazium_esculentum.jpg
| genus = Diplazium
| species = esculentum
| synonyms =Athyrium esculentum
}}
Diplazium esculentum, the vegetable fern, is an edible fern found throughout Asia and Oceania. It is probably one of the most commonly consumed ferns.{{cite web|last=Anonymous |title=Vegetable fern |url=http://libnts.avrdc.org.tw/fulltext_pdf/ebook1/10-21%20vegetable%20fern.pdf |work=Use and production of D. esculentum |publisher=AVRDC (The World Vegetable Center) |accessdate=27 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005057/http://libnts.avrdc.org.tw/fulltext_pdf/ebook1/10-21%20vegetable%20fern.pdf |archivedate=26 April 2012 }}
The genus Diplazium is in the family Athyriaceae, in the eupolypods II clade of the order Polypodiales, in the class Polypodiopsida.
Description
This plant is a large perennial fern with an ascending rhizome of about 50{{nbsp}}cm high and covered with short rufous scales of about 1{{nbsp}}mm long. The plant is bipinnate with long brownish petioles, and the petiole base is black and covered with short scales. The frond can reach 1.5{{nbsp}}m in length, and the pinnae is about 8{{nbsp}}cm long and 2{{nbsp}}cm wide.{{ cite book | first1=Yoshitaka | last1=Tanaka | first2=Nguyen | last2=Van Ke | date=2007 | title=Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden | publisher=Thailand: Orchid Press | isbn=978-9745240896 | page=37}}
Uses
The young fronds are stir-fried and used in salads.{{cite journal|title= Edible Ferns|author= Copeland EB| journal=American Fern Journal| volume=32| issue= 4|year=1942| pages=121–126| doi=10.2307/1545216|jstor= 1545216}}[http://ethnoleaflets.com/leaflets/pterido.htm Ethnobotanical Leaflets]
They may have mild amounts of fern toxins but no major toxic effects are recorded.{{cite journal|journal=Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology|year= 2004 |volume= 28 |issue= 2| title=Studies on pathological effects of linguda (Diplazium esculentum, Retz.) in laboratory rats and guinea pigs|author=Gangwar Neeraj Kumar}}
It is known as pakô ("wing") in the Philippines, pucuk paku and paku tanjung in Malaysia, sayur paku or pakis in Indonesia, phak koot ({{langx|th|ผักกูด}}) in Thailand, rau dớn in Vietnam, dhekia ({{langx|as|ঢেঁকীয়া}}) in Assamese, Dhenki Shaak ({{langx|bn|ঢেঁকি শাক}}) in Bengali, paloi saag ({{langx|syl|পালই শাগ}}) in Sylheti, ningro in Nepali, dingkia in Boro and linguda in northern India, referring to the curled fronds.
It is known as {{lang|haw|pohole}} or {{lang|haw|hō'i'o}} in Hawaiian cuisine.
The ferns grow in wet areas of shady valleys.N_ Kua'_ina: Living Hawaiian Culture by Davianna McGrego pages 110, 133[https://books.google.com/books?id=4ueqM7dgyj0C&dq=Diplazium+esculentum%5D&pg=PA125] Hawai_i's Ferns and Fern Allies by Daniel Dooley Palmer page 125 The fern species Diplazium esculentum is believed to have been introduced and naturalized in Hawaii and was first reported collected in 1910. The fern also has medicinal uses.[https://books.google.com/books?id=YC_lAgAAQBAJ&dq=Diplazium+esculentum%5D&pg=PA1439 CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set) by Umberto Quattrocchi CRC Press, May 3, 2012 – Science – 3960 pages page 1439
Pharmacological effects
The extract also had alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity.Chai TT, Yeoh LY, Mohd Ismail NI, Ong HC, Abd Manan F, Wong FC (2015) [https://sites.google.com/site/chairesearchgroup/file-cabinet/Chai%20et%20al%20%282015%29%20Evaluation%20of%20glucosidase%20inhibitory%20and%20cytotoxic%20potential%20of%205%20ferns.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1 Evaluation of glucosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic potential of five selected edible and medicinal ferns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018092916/https://sites.google.com/site/chairesearchgroup/file-cabinet/Chai%20et%20al%20%282015%29%20Evaluation%20of%20glucosidase%20inhibitory%20and%20cytotoxic%20potential%20of%205%20ferns.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1 |date=2016-10-18 }}. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 14 (3): 449-454.
Gallery
File:Yam phak khut.jpg|Yam phak khut, a Thai salad of fern leaves and pork
File:Ensaladang Pako with salted egg.jpg|Ensaladang pako (fern salad) with salted egg from the Philippines
Image:DiplaziumEsculentumCoorg.jpg|Habitat
See also
References
{{Reflist|2|refs=
|author1=Alan R. Smith
|author2=Kathleen M. Pryer
|author3=Eric Schuettpelz
|author4=Petra Korall
|author5=Harald Schneider
|author6=Paul G. Wolf
|year=2006
|title=A classification for extant ferns
|journal=Taxon
|volume=55
|issue=3
|pages=705–731
|url=http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf
|doi=10.2307/25065646
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226232147/http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf
|archivedate=2008-02-26
|jstor=25065646
}}
|author1=Maarten J. M. Christenhusz |author2=Xian-Chun Zhang |author3=Harald Schneider |year=2011
|title=A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns
|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=19|pages=7–54
|url=http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2 }}
|author1=Carl J. Rothfels |author2=Anders Larsson |author3=Li-Yaung Kuo |author4=Petra Korall |author5=Wen- Liang Chiou |author6=Kathleen M. Pryer |year=2012
|title=Overcoming Deep Roots, Fast Rates, and Short Internodes to Resolve the Ancient Rapid Radiation of Eupolypod II Ferns
|journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=490–509
|doi=10.1093/sysbio/sys001 |pmid=22223449|doi-access=free }}
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q625571}}
Category:Flora of tropical Asia
Category:Medicinal plants of Asia
Category:Medicinal plants of Oceania