Dipteryx

The largest members of Dipteryx are canopy-emergent trees of tropical rainforests. The tonka bean (D. odorata) is grown for its fragrant seeds. Baru (D. alata) is the only species which found in drier, seasonal areas, growing in the cerrado of Brazil; its fruit and seeds are used as food and fodder. Several species are used for timber, of which almendro (D. oleifera) wood is considered desirable, especially locally.{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/almendro#accordion-article-history |title=Almendro - Tree |last=Petruzzello |first=Melissa |date= |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=2 August 2019}}{{cite report |author=Stella Fließwasser |date=8 October 2014 |title=Dipteryx oleifera Factsheet |url=https://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/BfN/artenschutz/Dokumente/Dipteryx_oleifera_Factsheet.pdf |publisher=Bundesambt für Naturschutz |pages=1–6 |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031054120/https://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/BfN/artenschutz/Dokumente/Dipteryx_oleifera_Factsheet.pdf |url-status=dead}}

Dipteryx can be distinguished from other members of the Dipterygeae by its compound leaves with asymmetric leaflets caused due to an eccentric primary vein, a drupaceous fruit, seeds with a leathery skin, a hilum in a lateral or subapical position and a rugose embryo with a conspicuous plumule.{{cite journal |vauthors=Gonçalves Leite V, Freitas Mansano V, Pádua Teixeira S |year=2014 |title=Floral ontogeny in Dipterygeae (Fabaceae) reveals new insights into one of the earliest branching tribes in papilionoid legumes |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=174 |issue=4 |pages=529–550 |doi=10.1111/boj.12158 |doi-access=free}}

The number of recognised species of Dipteryx has changed over the years.

The genus was previously known as Coumarouna. In 1934 Walter Adolpho Ducke split this genus into two, on the basis of the alternate leaflets, among other characters, of Dipteryx. He used two older, conserved names published previously: Taralea and Dipteryx. Although Taralea was accepted, some taxonomists did not recognise Dipteryx as the correct name for the genus until at least the mid-1940s.{{cite journal |last=Macbride |first=James Francis |author-link=James Francis Macbride |date=1943 |title=Flora of Peru |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2375032 |journal=Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series |volume=13 |issue=3/1 |pages=251 |access-date=3 August 2019}}

In the most recent monograph on the genus, A Checklist of the Dipterygeae species by the Brazilian researcher Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima in 1989, he synonymised a number of species, accepting nine species in the genus.{{cite web |url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Dipteryx&species~ |title=ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Dipteryx |author= |website=International Legume Database & Information Service |publisher=Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics |access-date=30 January 2014}} His taxonomy was accepted by ILDIS (2005) but not noticed or followed by US databases, i.e. in GRIN (2005),{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3829 |title=GRIN species records of Dipteryx |author=USDA |author-link=USDA |author2=ARS |author2-link=Agricultural Research Service |author3=National Genetic Resources Program |website=Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database] |publisher=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014195341/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3829 |archive-date=14 October 2008 |url-status=dead}} the entry on Dipteryx in the Contribución al conocimiento de las leguminosas Colombianas by C. Barbosa (1994),{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3829 |title=GRIN species records of Dipteryx panamensis |author=USDA |author-link=USDA |author2=ARS |author2-link=Agricultural Research Service |author3=National Genetic Resources Program |date=13 April 2004 |website=Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database] |publisher=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119130720/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14394 |archive-date=19 November 2004 |url-status=dead}} the IUCN (1998){{Cite journal |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |title=Dipteryx charapilla |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |volume=1998 |page=e.T36892A10019706 |publisher=IUCN |date=1998 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T36892A10019706.en|doi-access=free }} based on World List of Threatened Trees by Oldfield et al. (1998),{{cite web |url=http://globaltrees.org/threatened-trees/red-list/ |title=Red Lists - Global Trees |author= |date=2017 |website=Global Trees Campaign |publisher=Fauna & Flora International and Botanic Gardens Conservation International |access-date=2 August 2019}} or the Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru (1993) which was built using the Tropicos database by the Missouri Botanical Garden.{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331562-2 |title=Dipteryx Schreb. |author= |date=2019 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=2 August 2019}} In 1999 the entry on Dipteryx in the Flora of the Venezuelan Guyana by de Lima was published.{{cite web |url=http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB22952 |title=Dipteryx Schreb. |last=de Lima |first=Haroldo Cavalcante |last2=Lima |first2=I.B. |date=19 February 2015 |website=Dipteryx in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil |publisher=Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro |language=Portuguese |access-date=2 August 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

The northernmost taxon Dipteryx panamensis, notable as being the only species listed on CITES since 2003 and therefore subject to export controls, was synonymised with the neglected but older name D. oleifera by de Lima in 1989, but this move was only followed by ILDIS and one or two of articles on the species over the years, all other floras, databases and publications using the name D. panamensis. In 2011, however, the Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 62 recommended D. oleifera by treated as validly published, and de Lima's synonymy for this taxon has been accepted by many.{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=460892 |title=GRIN species records of Dipteryx oleifera Benth. |author=USDA |author-link=USDA |author2=ARS |author2-link=Agricultural Research Service |author3=National Genetic Resources Program |date=2011 |website=Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database] |publisher=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland |access-date=2 August 2019}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3829 |title=GRIN species records of Dipteryx |author=USDA |author-link=USDA |author2=ARS |author2-link=Agricultural Research Service |author3=National Genetic Resources Program |website=Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database] |publisher=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland |access-date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115110/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3829 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}

By 2010, in the Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil, de Lima had changed his mind and re-recognised two of Brazilian taxa he had earlier considered synonyms in 1989, although not all.{{cite web |url=https://www.tropicos.org/Name/13000477 |title=Name - Dipteryx charapilla (J.F. Macbr.) Ducke |author= |date=2019 |website=Tropicos.org |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=3 August 2019}}{{cite book |last=Forzza |first=Rafaela Campostrini |last2=Leitman |first2=Paula Moraes |last3=Costa |first3=Andrea |display-authors=2 |date=11 August 2010 |title=Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil, volume 2 |url=http://dspace.jbrj.gov.br/jspui/bitstream/doc/35/2/vol2.pdf |location=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Andrea Jakobsson Estúdio, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro |page=1033 |language=Portuguese |isbn=978-85-88742-43-7}}

12 species are accepted:

• Dipteryx alata Vogel — Baru
• Dipteryx charapilla (J.F.Macbr.) Ducke was synonymised to D. rosea in 1989, but is now recognised as an independent species again.
• Dipteryx ferrea (Ducke) Ducke was synonymised to D. micrantha in 1989, but is now recognised as an independent species again.
• Dipteryx lacunifera Ducke
• Dipteryx magnifica (Ducke) Ducke
• Dipteryx micrantha Harms
• Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Forsyth f. — Tonka Bean
• Dipteryx oleifera Benth. — Almendro
• Dipteryx polyphylla Huber
• Dipteryx punctata (S.F.Blake) Amshoff
• Dipteryx rosea Spruce ex Benth.
• Dipteryx tetraphylla Benth.

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |title=The Triumph of Seeds: How Grains, Nuts, Kernels, Pulses, & Pips Conquered the Plant Kingdom and Shaped Human History |first=Thor |last=Hanson |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |date=2015 |isbn=9780465048724}}
• {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2988088}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Dipterygeae

Category:Fabaceae genera

Category:Flora of Southern America