Dirar ibn al-Azwar

Dhiraar belonged to the Arab tribe of Banu Asad. The son of one of its chieftains, known as al-Azwar Malik, the sixth generation descendant of Asad ibn Khuzaymah, the progenitor of Asad tribe who descended from seventh generation from Adnan.{{#tag:ref|Dhiraar full lineage nisba is Malik ibn Aws Jadhimah ibn Rabia ibn Malik ibn Sha'labah ibn Asad ibn Khuzaymah ibn Mudrikah ibn Ilyas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Maad ibn Adnan al-Asadi.({{langx|ar|ضرار بن الأزور وهو مالك بن أوس بن جذيمة بن ربيعة بن مالك بن ثعلبة بن أسد بن دودان بن أسد بن خزيمة بن مدركة بن إلياس بن مضر بن نزار بن معد بن عدنان، الأسدي}}){{Cite web|url=http://madrasato-mohammed.com/siar%20salaf/pg_007_0030.htm|title=ßÊÇÈ Çáßäì}}{{Cite web|url=http://islamstory.com/|title=قصة الإسلام|website=islamstory.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://islamweb.net/ar/library/|title=مكتبة الإسلامية - أضخم مكتبة إسلامية على الإنترنت - إسلام ويب|website=islamweb.net}}|group="Notes"}} Dhiraar became Muslim after the Battle of the Trench, as he was sent with Tulayha ibn Khuwailid by Asad clan and then to urging them to embrace Islam after his visit to the prophet of Islam.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&q=dirar+azwar&pg=PA242|title=Atlas Al-sīrah Al-Nabawīyah|date=February 13, 2004|publisher=Darussalam|via=Google Books|isbn=9789960897714}} Dhiraar's family was among the first converts to Islam. Muhammad admonished that it is allowed for Muslims to possess property which he gained before he convert to Islam. It is recorded Dhiraar were known as very wealthy person as it was said that he possessed a thousand camels{{#tag:ref|Baghawi transmit the long narrative chains which came from Dhiraar himself which recorded by Al-Tabarani. however Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani rejected the authenticity of the dialogue contained in the narration, although he did not criticize regarding the case that Dhiraar's possession of thousand camels which came in the background of the dialogue narration{{cite web |last1=al-Asqalani |first1=Ibn Hajar |title=Dhiraar ibn Azwar |url=http://hadithtransmitters.hawramani.com/%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%8A/?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=ar&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc |website=Hawramani |publisher=Ikram Hawramani |access-date=18 October 2021}}|group="Notes"}}.

During the initial period of the Ridda Wars, Dhiraar was a tax collector, Dhiraar were one of the Arabian clansmen from Asad that staying loyal and pledge allegiance to the Islam government in Medina, as he pledge his allegiance to the newly appointed caliph, Abu Bakar,{{cite journal |last1=Yahya |first1=Mahayuddin Hj. |title=The people of al-ayyam in the Arab conquest of Iraq |date=1979 |publisher=Politics and Strategic Studies |pages=78–79 |url=http://www.ukm.my/jebat|journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Strategic Studies |volume=9 |access-date=22 November 2021}} Dhiraar showed his loyalty by warning and chastising the conduct of the peoples who rebelled against the caliphate.{{cite book |author1=Yaqut al-Hamawi |author1-link=Yaqut al-Hamawi |editor1-last=Abdel Aziz Al-Jundi |editor1-first=Farid |title=معجم البلدان 1-7 ج2|trans-title=معجم البلدان 1-7 ج2 |date=2011 |type=Religion / Islam / History |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |page=556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TZMDwAAQBAJ |access-date=24 January 2022 |language=ar|quote=... أغشى بني ضؤر من عنزة: أباح لنا، ما بين بضرى وذومَة، كتائب منا يلبسون السّنوّرًا إذا هو سامانا، من الناس، واحدّ له الملك خالا ملكه وتفـطرا نفت مُضرّ الحمراء عنا سيوفنا، كما طرد الليل النهار فأذبرًا وقال ضرار بن الأزور يذكر أهل الردة ...}} Later, he participated as a scout for the elite cavalry of Rashidun, led by the general Khalid ibn al-Walid. Dhiraar was sent to quell this rebellion.{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQrVBQAAQBAJ&q=dirar&pg=PA110|title=Husayn Haekal, Muhammad; Cordova library, 2014; 1 Biografi Abu Bakr Ash-Shiddiq ra.|last1 = Haekal|first1 = Muhammad Husain|date = 2014-08-05}}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Dhiraar was sent by Khalid to lead a detachment consisting of Banu Tamim warriors to confront Malik ibn Nuwayrah, chief of the Bani Yarbu', a Banu Tamim clan, on accusations of apostasy.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrtLsKXt1osC&q=dirar+azwar&pg=PA149|title=The Origins of the Islamic State; Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad Bin Jab Al-Baladhuri, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá Balādhurī;|isbn = 9781931956635|last = Balādhurī|first = Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá|year = 2002|publisher=Gorgias Press }}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Dhiraar participated in Battle of Yamama, where he testified that around 7,000 followers of Musaylima killed in the battlefield, the plain of Aqraba, while 7,000 others were killed inside their fortress, in a garden which called "The garden of death".{{cite book |author1=Ibn Jarir Tabari |author2=Iḥsān ʻAbbās |author3=Ehsan Yar-Shater |author1-link=Tabari |editor1-last=McGraw Donner |editor1-first=Fred |editor2-last=ʻAbbās|translator1= Fred McGraw Donner |editor2-first=Iḥsān |title=The conquest of Arabia |date=1993 |type=Arabian Peninsula -- History, History / Middle East / General, Islam -- History, Islamic Empire -- History, Religion / General, Riddah Wars, World history -- Early works to 1800, World history; Early works to 1800. |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=United States of America |isbn=9780791410714 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VA5Uke7IpHkC |access-date=23 January 2022 |language=en |format=hardcover |chapter=Remainder of the story of Musaylimah the liar and his tribe the people of Yamamah}}

{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Khalid ibn Walid}}

Dhiraar participated in the first Muslim conquest of Persia under Khalid ibn al-Walid, which immediately occurred after Ridda wars. Dhiraar played pivotal role in the battle of Walaja as he was assigned as one of two cavalry commanders that tasked to lead detachments of Rashidun cavalries to struck the advancing Sassanid army from the rear and trap themin double envelopment maneuver strategy designed by Khalid.{{cite book |last1=al-Afani |first1=Sayyid Hussain |title=صلاح الأمة في علو الهمة |trans-title=The nation's righteousness is in high spirits vol. 3 |date=1997 |publisher=Al-Resala Foundation - Dar Al-Afani |page=577 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhFCwAAQBAJ |access-date=28 January 2022 |language=ar |quote=Product Code: bnw7602}}

File:Mohammad adil rais--B.PNG|Khalid led main army to engage and bait the Sassanid while cavalry of Dhiraar and Suwaid ibn Muqrin hiding behind the hill

File:Mohammad adil rais--C.PNG|Sassanids launched counter-attack, on Khalid's instructions the Muslim withdrawing their position to lure the Sassanid advance.

File:Mohammad adil rais--D.PNG|Dhiraar and Suwaid ibn Muqrin cavalry launching envelopment attack.

File:Mohammad adil rais--E.PNG|Muslim cavalry and infantry complete the encirclement of the Persian army.

In the year of 12 Hijr during the battle of Hira, Dhiraar and Ayas ibn Qubaisah were tasked to subdue the fortress of al-Qasr al-Abyad where he asked the fortress to surrender.{{cite encyclopedia |title=Battle of Hira |encyclopedia=Marefa |quote=Al-Tabari, Abi Jaafar, Muhammad bin Jarir, (The History of Nations and Kings), Volume Two, Izz Al-Din Foundation, Beirut, Lebanon, 1985 AD; Al-Hamawi, Yaqut, Abu Abdullah, (Dictionary of countries), Dar Al- Kutub Al-Ilmia, Beirut, Lebanon, Volume I Sam 1990 AD; Al-Najjar, Abd al-Wahhab, (The Rightly Guided Caliphs), The Islamic Office, Beirut, 2002 AD; Muhammad, Reda, (The History of the Caliphs), Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, Beirut, Lebanon, Volume One, 1977 AD; Shaker, Mahmoud, (Islamic history), The Islamic Office, Beirut, 1985 AD; Muhammad, Reda, (Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq) (the first of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs), the Islamic Office, Beirut, 1985 AD. complete in history; Dr.: Razi, Abdullah, (The Complete History of Iran) From the Founding of the Mad Kings Series, to the Qajar Kings Series, Published in the year 1363 Shamsiya (Persian)|url=https://www.marefa.org/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9 |access-date= }} However, the fortress garrison resisting and throwing the Rashidun soldiers under Dhiraar with "cylindrical ceramic rollers".{{#tag:ref|Blankinship did not really sure about the exact meaning about the materials used by the city defenders to defend against Dhiraar, except relying on solely the original translation interpretation.|group="Notes"}} Dhiraar in response ordering his soldiers to showering the fortress wall with arrows, and continued to storming the peoples outside the fortress, before they breach inside and captured the houses and monasteries inside al-Qasr al-Abyad. This caused the residents to immediately surrender to Dhiraar.

Later, Dhiraar were recorded along with Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab, Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha, and Dhiraar ibn al-Muqarrin to be appointed as quarter commanders of Rashidun garrison in al-Sib. Dhiraar and the others mounted raids that penetrated into area that reached the bank of Tigris river.

{{Campaignbox Byzantine-Arab Wars}}

The Rashidun army left the capital Medina probably in the autumn of 633 or at the beginning of 634. They first engaged and defeated the Byzantines at Dathin on February 4; after that, Emperor Heraclius, then stationed in Emesa (now Homs, Syria), had reinforcements sent south to protect Caesarea Maritima. As a possible reaction, commander Khalid ibn al-Walid was ordered to aid Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah in Syria.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} At sometime before the Siege of Emesa city, a Byzantine commander from Baalbek named Harbees collided with patrolling troops of Rashidun which led by Dhiraar, Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib, Abdul Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, Rabia ibn Amr, Malik Al-Ashtar.{{cite book |last1=Ahmad Bashamil |first1=Muhammad |type=military history |title=حروب الاسلام في الشام |date=1980 |publisher=Dar al Fikr |page=351 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pRXAAAAMAAJ |access-date=14 January 2022 |language=ar |format=ebook}} The forces of Harbees swiftly demolished by the Rashidun troops of Amr, which caused the city of Emesa captured in no time as there are no more adequate defense left.{{cite book |last1=Asali |first1=Bassam |title=فن الحرب في عهود الخلفاء الراشدين والامويين عمليات الجتهات الشمالية والشرقية والبحرية|trans-title=The Art of War in the Era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and the Umayyads : Operations of the Northern, Eastern, and Naval Forces |date=1974 |publisher=Dar al Fikr |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVYdAQAAMAAJ |access-date=9 January 2022 |language=ar}} Dhiraar and Amr then continues by leading more than 5,000 cavalry troops joining Maysarah ibn Masruq to besiege Homs.{{cite book |author1=مهند نايف مصطفى الدعجة |title=حمص منذ الفتح العربى الإسلامى حتى نهاية العصر الأموى|trans-title=Homs from the Arab-Islamic conquest until the end of the Umayyad era |type=history, city |publisher=ktab INC. |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7O6xDwAAQBAJ |access-date=17 January 2022 |language=ar}}

According to George Nafziger, Dhiraar accomplished several impressive feats during the Battle of Ajnadayn, where he reportedly slew multiple Byzantine champions including two provincial governors.{{cite book |author1=George F. Nafziger |author2=Mark W. Walton |author1-link=George F. Nafziger |title=Islam at War A History |date=2003 |type=History / Military / General, Islam -- History |publisher=Praeger |isbn=9780275981013 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7U0hY3wtXe4C |access-date=27 February 2022 |language=en |format=hardcover}} At one point, Dhiraar impetuously confronted Khalid and asked:

{{blockquote|"Why are we waiting when Allah, the Most High, is on our side? By Allah, our enemies will think that we are afraid of them. Order the attack, and we shall attack with you."Waqidi: p. 36 [http://www.justislam.co.uk/The%20Sword%20of%20Allah/29.05.html], Ch. 29 in, In Swords of Allah.{{#tag:ref|This dialogue recording was not generally accepted as it was only found in the records of Al-Waqidi who has been criticized by many scholars in terms of Hadith narration field.{{Cite web |url=http://www.islammemo.cc/zakera/aghalet-tarehkia/2003/01/12/1114.html |title=مفكرة الإسلام : أسطورة خولة بنت الأزور |access-date=2015-01-17 |archive-date=2017-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601034546/http://islammemo.cc/zakera/aghalet-tarehkia/2003/01/12/1114.html |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.letmeturnthetables.com/2012/01/muhammad-ibn-umar-waqidi-narrator.html|title=Muhammad Ibn 'Umar al-Waqidi as a Narrator|website=LET ME TURN THE TABLES!}}|group="Notes"}}}}

Waqidi recorded another event in which Dhiraar duels against Vahan. Dhiraar unfastened and discarded his armor and upper garments during the duel, thus continuing bare-chested. In a very fierce duel, Dhiraar eventually spears Vahan through the chest, killing him. He then continues on, charging through the Byzantine ranks and killing at least three dozen Byzantine soldiers alone, according to witnesses.{{cite book |last1=ibn Umar al-Waqidi |first1=Abu Abdullah |title=Futuh ul-Sham |date=2005 |isbn=2745111450 |pages=608 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2k9uDwAAQBAJ&q=معركة+أجنادين+ضرار+بن+الأزور |access-date=1 February 2020}} The deaths of the Byzantine commanders sowed disorder and loss of morale among the Byzantine ranks, which Khalid used to his strategic advantage.

After the defeat of the Byzantine-allied Ghassanids by April 24, Khalid's force was able to enter Bosra, Syria almost unopposed. Dhiraar once captured by Byzantine forces during the Battle of Eagle Pass, which occurred during the siege of Damascus.{{cite book |author1=Sami ibn Abdullah al-Maghluth |title=أطلس الخليفة عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه سلسلة أطلس تاريخ الخلفاء الراشدين 2|trans-title=Atlas of Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him: Atlas series of history |date=2010|type=Reference / Atlases, Gazetteers & Maps, Religion / Islam / General |publisher=al Obaikan |isbn=9789960544793 |page=349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hsc9DQAAQBAJ |access-date=27 February 2022 |language=ar |format=hardcover}} Shortly later, he was rescued by a team led by his sister, Khawlah ibnt al-Azwar.{{sfn|Muhammad al Dakruri|2020}}{{#tag:ref|Some commentaries criticize the authenticity of Khawlah's rescue because it was recorded without citations approved by the scholars of that era and only by al-Waqidi, who has been criticized by Ahmad ibn Hanbal, al-Shafi’i, al-Bukhari and others as unreliable.|group="Notes"}} Then as Dhiraar participated in the Siege of Damascus.{{cite web |last1=Ibn Umar al-Waqidi |first1=Muhammad |title=Conquest of Sham |url=http://www.islamilimleri.com/Kulliyat/Siyer/3Tarih/pg_009_0006.htm |website=Islamilimeri |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106094331/http://www.islamilimleri.com/Kulliyat/Siyer/3Tarih/pg_009_0006.htm |url-status=dead }} Later in the same year, Dhiraar were appointed by Khalid as cavalry commander during the battle of Fahl.{{cite web |last1=Shawdab |first1=Muhammad |title=Battle of Fahl |url=https://sotor.com/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%84 |website=SOTOR |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=ar |date=2019}}{{cite web |last1=Munir al-Janbaz |type=Doctor |first1=Muhammad |title=Battle of Fahl Baisan |url=https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/116608/ |website=Alukah |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=ar |date=2017}}

During the siege of al-Rastan, it is recorded that the supreme commander of Rashidun, Abu Ubaydah, employing a certain plan that allowed Dhiraar and about 20 warriors which included al-Musayyab ibn Najaba, Dhu'l Kala al-Himyari, Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib al-Zubaydi, Hashim ibn Utba, Qays ibn Makshuh, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr al-Siddiq, Malik al-Ashtar, and others to enter the city, and causing riot inside which thrown the entire city to confusion, and opening the gate from inside to allow the Muslim forces waiting outside to overwhelm the defense,{{cite journal |author1=Jassim Muhammad Issa al-Juburi |title=عمرو بن معد يكرب الزبيدي ومشاركته في الفتوحات العربية الإسلامية |journal=College of Basic Education Researches Journal |trans-title= Amro Bin Maad Kerb Al-Zubaidi and his Participation in the Arab-Islamic Conquests |date=2019 |publisher=جامعة الموصل - كلية التربية الأساسية (Mosul University - College of Basic Education) |location=Iraq |access-date=22 January 2022 |language=ar, en |issn=1992-7452 |url=https://search.mandumah.com/Record/1068139 |pages=1665–1712 |quote=فهو من الصحابة الذين قابلوا الرسول صلى الله على وسلم وأعلن إسلامه أمامه. كان لعمرو الدور الكبير والمتميز في حروب التحرير العربية الإسلامية وعلى الجبهتين الشامية والعراقية، فعندما امتنعت قلعة الرستن على المسلمين في فتحها ألا بحيلة دبرها القائد أبو عبيدة على أمير القاعة نقيطاس طغت عليهم فكان أحد اللذين وضعهم القائد في صناديق كأمانة لحين رجوعهم من مقاتلة هرقل، وتم فتح القلعة بعون الله وهمة الرجال.}} thus allowing the city to be captured despite it has very strong fortification defense.{{cite book|first=Sir Richard Francis|last=Burton|title=Unexplored Syria: Visits to the Libanus, the Tulúl el Safá, the Anti-Libanus, the Northern Libanus, and the 'Aláh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYwrAQAAIAAJ&q=Khan+Rastan|publisher=Tinsley Brothers|date=1872|page=64|volume=1}}

File:Mohammad adeel-day-5.PNG

In the battle of Yarmouk, Dhiraar were placed on the left wing which commanded by Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, leading his personal squadron among other dozen squadrons of the left wing.{{cite book |last1=Tabari |first1=Ibn Jarir |last2=Yahya Blankinship |first2=Khalid |editor1-last=Yahya Blankinship |editor1-first=Khalid |editor1-link=Khalid Yahya Blankinship |title=History of Tabari The challenge to the empires |date=1993 |publisher=SUNY Press |location=America |isbn=9780791408513 |pages=92–93 |edition=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpcopeMcXq8C |access-date=4 January 2022 |language=en |format=hardcover}} Dhiraar serving largely during this battle in the unit of elite cavalry which called the Mobile Guards, which specifically tasked to plugging the gaps between Muslim ranks to avoid enemy penetration.{{cite book |author1=Maḥmūd Shākir |author1-link=Mahmud Shakir|title=Maydan màrakat al-Yarmuk |date=1983 |type=Islamic Empire -- History, Yarmūk river, Battle of, 639 |publisher=Dār al-Ḥarmīn |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azYzAAAAIAAJ |access-date=24 January 2022 |language=ar}} It is recorded that in one particular clash, as a rank of Muslims fell back at the Byzantine onslaught, Dhiraar then gathered together with Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, stood firm with 400 men holding the deserted line and successfully defending the Muslim position until the fleeing Muslim ranks returned to the battlefield and reinforced the position again.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZALAwAAQBAJ&q=dhirar+azwar&pg=PA376|title=Islamic Books by Ibn Taymiyyah Maqdisi and Abdullah Azzam|first=Ibn|last=Taymiyyah|publisher=Рипол Классик|via=Google Books|isbn=9785872420279}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVMwAAAAYAAJ&q=azwar|title=Ḥayātuṣ-ṣaḥābah: The Lives of the Sahabah|first=Muḥammad Yūsuf ibn Muḥammad Ilyās Kāndihlawī|last=al-Dihlawī|date=February 13, 1991|publisher=Darul Ishaat|isbn=9788171010981|via=Google Books}} The circumstances were expounded on in Tabari's comprehensive history wherein Ikrimah is recorded as saying:

{{blockquote|"Would I fight the Messenger of God in every place, yet flee from you today?! Who will take an oath (to fight) to the death?!"{{cite book |last1=Tabari |first1=Ibn Jarir |author2=Ibn Jarir Tabari |translator=Khalid Yahya Blankinship |author3=Khalid Yahya Blankinship |author1-link=Tabari |author2-link=Khalid Yahya Blankinship |editor1-last=Yahya Blankinship |editor1-first=Khalid |title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 11: The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635/A.H. 12-13 |date=1993 |type=History › Middle East › General History / Middle East / General History / World Religion / General |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791408513 |pages=29, 36, 43, 98–99, 103 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47PEMS6emv0C |access-date=23 January 2022 |language=ar}}}}

Al-Harith ibn Hisham and Diraar ibn Al-Azwar both swore an oath along with 400 of notable men and knights. They fought in front of Khalid's command tent until all of them were disabled by wounds. Many of them died after the clash due to heavy wounds including Ikrimah, Although some like Dhiraar were able to recover.

In the final day of the battle, Dhiraar played a prominent role when Khalid assigned him to capture a bridge at Ayn al-Dhakar to safely cross the deep gorges of the ravines of Wadi-ur-Ruqqad with 500 soldiers at the night of the fifth day. He was then ordered by Khalid to set an ambush there to eliminate the Byzantine armies who had been routed and who intended to use this bridge as a way to withdraw.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggK29Dcp4AwC&q=zaraar+azwar+yarmouk|title=The Sword of Allah: Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns|first=A. I.|last=Akram|date=February 13, 2009|publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors|via=Google Books|isbn=9788174355218}} The next day, Dhiraar moved with 500 mounted troops around the northern flank of the Byzantines and captured the bridge. The plan was successful as the Byzantines retreated onto this path, where Dhiraar had been waiting for them in Wadi ar-Raqqad Bridge.{{Harvnb|Nicolle|1994|p=76}} The Byzantines were surrounded from all sides now. Some fell into the deep ravines off the steep slopes, others tried to escape in the waters, only to be smashed on the rocks below and again others were killed in their flight.{{Harvnb|Kaegi|1995|p=138}}

{{Main|Military conquests of Umar's era|Umar}}

{{Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar}}

Later, Caliph Umar instructed a portion of the Rashidun troops from Yarmouk to be transferred to Iraq as reinforcements to assist Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas in the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah against the Sassanid Empire and Dhiraar was counted among them. At this stage, Ya'qubi has recorded, that, along with Dhiraar bin Al-Azwar, Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib, Tulayha, and Kurt ibn Jammah al-Abdi has discovered the corpse of Rostam farrokhzad, the highest commander of Sassanid army during this battle.[https://books.google.com/books?id=GQrVBQAAQBAJ&q=dirar&pg=PA110 The Origins of the Islamic State quoting Yalubi volume II p. 165]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{cite book | last = Khuri Hitti | first = Phillip | year=2005 |title = The Origins of the Islamic State quoting Ya'kubi vol II pp. 165, 2002 |page = 415}} The death of Rostam shocked the entire Sassanid, which prompted Sa'd to instruct general assault to all the Muslim soldiers.{{cite book |last1=Ibn Abdurrahman Al-Obaisi |first1=Sa'd |title=Reading in the history of al-Tabari about the battle of al-Qadisiyah and the conquest of al-Mada'in |date=2011 |publisher=Alukah |url=https://www.alukah.net/social/0/79806 |access-date=2 December 2021}}

File:فتوح مصر والنوبة.jpg

Later, According to Waqidi, during the Muslim conquest of Egypt, Dhiraar participated the campaign under Miqdad ibn Aswad and pacified several areas in al-Gharbia region, started from Kafr Tanah (area in modern day Dakahlia Governorate), and Tennis.{{cite book |last1=Ibrahim Hasan |first1=Hasan |title=تاريخ عمرو بن العاص |trans-title=The history o Amr ibn al-Aas |date=1926 |publisher=يطلب من ملتزم طبعه ونشره نجيب متري |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouVtAAAAMAAJ}} Then Miqdad continued his march leading forty horsemen which included Dhiraar.{{cite book |last1=Qasrawi |first1=Abdullah |title=معجم المختصر الشديد في مفيد المعارك الاسلامية Volume 1 |date=1997 |publisher=p. a. Kasraoui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCBIAAAAMAAJ |access-date=29 December 2021 |language=Arabic}} Then as they reached Damietta, Miqdad found the city was fortified by a man named al-Hammuk, an uncle of Al-Muqawqis. Al-Hammuk fortified the city and closed the gates, as Miqdad besieged the city.{{cite book |last1=Hafiz Abdul Fattah |first1=Safaa |title=الموانئ والثغور المصرية من الفتح الإسلامي وحتى نهاية العصر الفاطمي|trans-title=Egyptian Ports and Outposts : From the Islamic Conquest to the End of the Fatimid Era |date=1986 |publisher=Dar al Fikr al Arabiya |isbn=9771002392 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5u8bctATzx8C |access-date=29 December 2021 |language=Arabic |format=Digitized}} As Damietta subdued, Miqdad were appointed to govern the city.{{cite book |last1=ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān al-Sakhāwi |first1=Muḥammad |author1-link=Al-Sakhawi |title=الفتاوى الحديثية |trans-title=fatwa and Hadith |date=1995 |publisher=دار المأمون للتراث |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9izYAAAAMAAJ |editor=Alī Riḍā ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn ʻAlī Riḍā |access-date=22 December 2021}}

Later, Dhiraar were mentioned again involved in the Muslim campaign to Bahnasa.{{harvnb|H. Blumell |2012 |pp=295–300}} Amr ibn al-Aas sent Dhiraar and Muslim army under his command to meet with mustered Sudanese christian auxiliaries of Beja.{{#tag:ref|The compilation records about the conquest of Sudan and southern egypt were compilled in Futuhat Bahnasa and records of al-Maqrizi{{sfn|Norris|1986|p=81}}{{sfn|Hendrickx|2012|p=109-110}}|group="Notes"}} Before the battle, the Rashidun army camped in a place which called Dashur.{{sfn|Norris|1986|p=76-78}} Benjamin Hendrickx reported that the African christians has mustered around 20,000 Sudanese symmachoi corps,{{#tag:ref|Symmachos were a successor of Foederati auxiliary troops in Roman empire that existed around 400-650 AD.{{cite thesis |last1=McMahon |first1=Lucas |title=The Foederati, the Phoideratoi, and the Symmachoi of the Late Antique East (ca. A.D. 400-650) |journal=Theses 2011 |date=2014 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31772 |access-date=24 January 2022 |publisher=Morisset Hall 65 University |location=Ottawa |doi=10.20381/ruor-6303 |hdl=10393/31772 |type=Thesis |language=en}} In this case, they consisted of native black Sudanese auxiliary units of Byzantine.{{sfn|Hendrickx|2012|p=109-110}}

|group="Notes"}} 1,300 elephants mounted archers, and anti cavalry units named al-Quwwad which armed with iron sticks,{{sfn|Hendrickx|2012|p=109-110}} which led by a Patrician named Batlus. Meanwhile, al-Maqqari even stated 50,000 christian army of Byzantine Sudanese christian alliance in the "Battle of Darishkur".{{sfn|Norris|1986|p=81}}{{sfn|Hendrickx|2012|p=109-110}} the record of al-Maqrizi stated in this conflict, Dhiraar along with Miqdad ibn Aswad, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, and Uqba ibn Amir each commanding muslims cavalry facing the Elephant corps led by Byzantine exarchate commander named Batlus.{{sfn|Norris|1986|p=81}} The Rashidun cavalry armed with spears ignited in flames that tip soaked in Santonin plants and Sulphur which were used drive the elephants flee in terror, scared with the flaming spears.{{sfn|Norris|1986|p=76-78}} while the elephant riders were toppled from the elephant's back and crushed underfoot on the ground.{{sfn|Norris|1986|p=76-78}} Meanwhile, the al-Quwwad warriors who used iron staffs were routed by the Rashidun cavalry soldiers who used a seized chain weapons to disarm the staff weapons of the al-Quwwad corps of Byzantine.{{sfn|Norris|1986|p=76-78}}

After the victory in Darishkur, the Byzantine Sudanese forces flee to Bahnasa town and locked the gates, which then followed by the Muslims besiege the town, as the enemy were reinforced by an arrival of 50,000 according to the report of al-Maqqari.{{sfn|Norris|1986|p=81}}{{sfn|Hendrickx|2012|p=109-110}} The siege dragged for months, until Khalid ibn al Walid commanded Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar and other commanders to intensify the siege and assign them to lead around 10,000 Companions of the Prophet, with 70 among them were veterans of battle of Badr. They besiege the city for 4 months as Dhiraar leading 200 horsemen, while Zubayr ibn Al-Awwam lead 300 horsemen, while the other commanders such as Miqdad, Abdullah ibn Umar and Uqba ibn Amir al-Juhani leading similar number with Dhiraar with each command 200 horsemen.{{cite news |title=دفن بها 5 آلاف صحابي.. البهنسا قبلة الزائرين من كل حدب وصوب |url=http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1245842 |access-date=22 December 2021 |agency=Gulf News |publisher=Gulf News |date=2021}} the Byzantines and their Copt allies showering the Rashidun army with arrows and stones, until the Rashidun overcame the defenders, as Dhiraar, the first emerge, came out from the battle with his entire body stained in blood, while confessed he personally killed around 160 Byzantine soldiers during the battle. Muslim army managed to breach the gate and storming the city and forcing surrender to the inhabitant.{{#tag:ref|The first version narrated the siege of Bahnasa were led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, who also brought an ex Sassanid Marzban and his 2,000 Persian convert soldiers in this campaign. The Persian Marzban suggested to Khalid to form a suicide squad who will carry a wooden box filled with mixture of sulphur and oil and placing it at the gates, ignited it and blasting the gates(or melting the iron gate, according to the original translation), allowing the Muslim army to enter the city.{{cite web |last1=Waqidi |first1=Muhammad ibn Umar |title=Futuh Sham, complete second version |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/12045/599 |website=modern comprehensive library |access-date=15 November 2021}}{{cite book |last1=Waqidi |first1=Muhammad ibn Umar |title=فتوح الشام (نسخة منقحة) |date=2008 |page=48 |edition=Revised |url=http://www.al-eman.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%20%28%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AD%D8%A9%29/i833&n49&p1 |access-date=15 November 2021 |ref=Al-Masudi, Abu Jaafar Al-Tabarani, Al-Waqidi, Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Hisham, the companions of the biographies and the people of interpretation such as Saeed bin Jubayr, Saeed Ibn Al-Musayyab and Ibn Abbas}}|group="Notes"}}{{#tag:ref|The second version were the Muslim army led by Qays ibn Harith without much details of how the Muslims managed to subdue the city. However, this source mention that Qays ibn Harith name were used temporarily to rename Oxyrhynchus for while to honor his deeds in this campaign, before being renamed to be al-Bahnasa.{{cite news |last1=Al Shinnawy |first1=Mohammed |title=مدينة الشهداء خارج حساب محافظ المنيا |trans-title=The city of martyrs is outside the account of the governor of Minya |url=https://www.sada-elarab.com/141143 |access-date=15 November 2021 |agency=Shada al-'Arab |publisher=Shada al-'Arab |date=2019}}|group="Notes"}} According to chronicles, the siege of Bahnasa were so fierce that in this battle alone, 5,000 Companions of the prophet (Sahabah) were perished during this battle, as the thousands of their tombs were still can be seen in the modern day.

It is widely accepted by the consensus of historians that Dhiraar died in Syria from the Plague of Emmaus, the plague that killed many other Companions of Muhammad, including Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah. The year of his death is believed to be 18 AH/640 AD{{Cite web|url=https://atlastours.net/jordan/|title=Jordan Travel Guide|date=4 June 2022 }} and his final resting place is in Syria.Book "Futooh ush Sham" written by Allama Waqidi The tomb shrine believed belong to Dhiraar were located in the town of Deir Alla in the Central Jordan Valley, northwest of Jordan. It is a modern mosque, a wide courtyard, and a garden decorated with trees.{{cite web |author1=Nida Awwad |title=مقامات الصحابة» في الأردن شاهدة على الفتوحات الإسلامية|trans-title=The shrines of the Companions in Jordan who witnessed to the Islamic conquests |url=https://www.addustour.com/articles/812795-%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9%C2%BB-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9 |website=al Dustur Magazine |publisher=al Dustur |access-date=27 February 2022 |language=ar |date=2009}}

Yet, other accounts of Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar's death exist. For instance, Ibn 'Abd al-Barr said he fell at the Battle of Ajnadayn. This is contrary to al-Waqidi's report which said he fell at the Battle of Yamama.https://books.google.com/books?id=DrtLsKXt1osC&dq=dirar+azwar&pg=PA149 {{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}http://islamstory.com/ar/ضرار_بن_الأزور {{cite book | last = Khuri Hitti | first = Phillip | year=2005 |title = The Origins of the Islamic State quoting Ya'kubi vol II page 165,2002 |page = 149 }} Also, it was reported by Ibn Hajjar that after Dhiraar murdered Malik ibn Nuwayrah and committed adultery with a female slave taken from the campaign, General Khalid was ordered by Caliph Umar to execute him due to his crimes. However, before Khalid received the order to execute Dhiraar, he was already dead.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqHvlJYjgRUC&q=dirar+azwar&pg=PA43|title=Is Jihād a Just War?: War, Peace, and Human Rights Under Islamic and Public International Law|first=Ḥilmī|last=Zawātī|date=February 13, 2001|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780773473041}} There is some controversy regarding the textual translations, which make it difficult to discern if Dhiraar died at that time or not (regardless of the cause),{{Cite web|url=http://kingoflinks.net/Mkhalfoon/10Khalid/6Dhrar.htm|title=( الصحابي ضرار بن الأزور قاتل مالك كان زانيا وسكيرا)|website=kingoflinks.net}} as it is recorded by Bayhaqi.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqHvlJYjgRUC&q=azwar&pg=PA43|title=Is Jihād a Just War?: War, Peace, and Human Rights Under Islamic and Public International Law|first=Ḥilmī|last=Zawātī|date=February 13, 2001|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|isbn=9780773473041|via=Google Books}} On the other hand, al-Tabari explained in his book regarding the conflicted report where there are two version of his death. the first was Dhiraar was said killed in battle of Ajnadayn, while the other saying he has been fallen in the battle of Yamama that Dhiraar appeared at the battle of Yarmouk.the history of nations and the apostles and kings, Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, c 2, p. 336. رابط الموضوع: http://www.alukah.net/culture/0/54093/#ixzz3RD0InZQZ Ya'qubi even wrote that he lived long enough to witness the Battle of Qadisiyah and that together with Tulayha, Amru ibn Ma'adi Yakrib and Kurt ibn Jammah al-Abdi, he discovered the corpse of Rostam Farrokhzād. Having said that, the chronicle of Ya'qubi was plagued with skepticism due to his excessive Shi'i sympathies.{{#tag:ref|Skepticism regarding Ya'qubi's works existed because he was accused of Shi'ite bias.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Yaqubi|title=Al-Yaʿqūbī | Arab historian and geographer|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=16 April 2024 }}|group="Notes"}}

Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani recorded in his work Fath al-Bari about Muhammad al-Bukhari commentary that the weakness in the narrative chain of the death of Dhiraar in Yamamah.{{cite book |last1=Yahya bin Abdullah Al Bakri |first1=Shahri |last2=ibn Maṭar Zahrānī |first2=Muḥammad |last3=ibn ʻAbd allāh Ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir |first3=Muwaffaq |type=hadith science, literary criticism |title=زوائد رجال صحيح ابن حبان Volume 3 |date=2001 |publisher=مكتبة الرشد |page=1241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-DXAAAAMAAJ |access-date=16 January 2022 |language=ar |format=ebook}} Ibn Hajar further surmised that there were two different persons called Dhiraar. The first was Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar from the Asad tribe and the other named Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab. Thus, some chroniclers like Abd al-Barr made the mistake of identifying those two different persons as one.{{cite web |last1=Abd al Barr |first1=Ibn |title=Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr (d. 1071 CE) - al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥāba Ibn Abd al- Barr - Understanding the Companions |url=http://hadithtransmitters.hawramani.com/ضرار-بن-الازور/ |website=Hawramani Hadith transmitter encyclopedia |publisher=Ibn Abd al Barr |access-date=2 February 2020}} Although the confusion was evident here, the older chroniclers such as Abu Ismail al-Azdi and Sayf ibn Umar were conscious of the existence of two different Dhiraars but they also recorded that both Dhiraar al-Azwar and Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab were present in the Syrian campaign, particularly at the Battle of Yarmouk, thus dismissing al-Barr and al-Waqidi's claims.{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP09AAAAcAAJ&q=dhirar+azwar&pg=PA74|title=The Conquest of Syria commonly ascribed to Muḥammad b. 'Umar al- Wāqidī: Ed. with notes by W. Nassau Lees|first=Muḥammad b 'Umar al-|last=Wāqidī|date=February 13, 1854|via=Google Books}} {{ill|Mashhoor bin Hassan Al Salman|ar|مشهور بن حسن آل سلمان}}, Jordanian Hadith expert and pupil of Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, has warned in his book against the tradition which authored from Waqidi regarding the death of Dhiraar in the battle of Yamama as inauthentic narration.{{cite book |author1=Mashhour bin Hassan Al Salman |title=كتب حذر منها العلماء (المجموعة الأولى) |date=1995 |type=Hadith study, History critic |publisher=Dar Al-Osaimi |page=288 |url=https://waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=65 |access-date=24 January 2022 |language=ar |quote=... بصدد دراسة عن الصحابي البطل ضرار بن الأزور؛ فقادتنا لهذه الدراسة إلى شيع خطير جدير بالتسجيل فيما يتعلق بتحديد تاريخ وفاة فذا الصحابي الجليل، وليس هلا التاريخ هوما يعنينا هنا، ولكن للذي لفتني نظرنا هوس يقرره الواقدي في هلا الشأن ولعل ...}} Meanwhile, Mahmud Shakir also recorded both Dhiraar ibn al Azwar and Dhiraar ibn al Khattab had lived long enough passing battle of Yamama and attended the battle of Qadisiyyah.{{cite book |author1=Maḥmūd Shākir |title=al-Khulafāʼ al-Rāshidūn |date=1980 |type=Islamic Empire -- History -- 622-661 |publisher=al-Maktab al-Islāmī |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bx5IAAAAMAAJ |access-date=20 January 2022 |language=ar |quote=... الجيش إذ كانت الخيول تنفر منها الأمر الذي جعل الصحابة يوجهون اهتمامهم اليها حتى قتلوها مع من عليها، وقد أبلى جرير بن عبد الله البجلي، والقعقاع بن عمرو، وطليحة الأسدي، وعمرو بن معد يكرب، وخالد بن عرفطة، وضرار بن الخطاب بلاء كبيراً، إذ كانوا يقلعون عيون الفيلة فتشرد بمن عليها ثم تقتل ويقتل أصحابها، فلما كان الزوال من ذلك الذي عرف بالقادسية وهو الاثنين الرابع عشر من شهر محرم من السنة الرابعة عشرة هبت ريح شديدة على الفرس...}}

{{Islam}}

As Sahabi, Dhiraar narrated traditions from Muhammad were accepted as Hadith. A certain Hadith regarding the milking are transmitted by Dhirrar from the authority of {{ill|Hanad as-Sirri|ar|هناد بن السري}}, student of Sulaiman al-Aʽmash.{{cite web |title=Kitab az-Zuhd by Hanad as-Sirri: Hadith number: 795 |url=http://hadith.islam-db.com/single-book/127/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A/63049/795 |website=Encyclopedia of Hadith |publisher=Fikra Company |access-date=25 January 2022 |date=857}} Dhiraar also narrated a hadith straightly from Muhammad regarding wealth and possessions in view of Islam, which recorded in Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn written by Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri.

Dirar ibn al-Azwar Mosque was built in his commemoration which located to the northern part of the Jordan Valley adjacent the mausoleum of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, in an area which witnessed the first battles between the Muslims and the Byzantine Empire.{{cite news |last1=al-Rumayhi |first1=Maryam |title=" ضرار بن الأزور".. لقب بـ"قاتل الملوك" وحارب في معارك الردة |url=https://heritage.weladelbalad.com/مدد-ضرار-بن-الأزور-لقب-بـقاتل-المل/ |access-date=1 February 2020 |agency=Wilad il Balad |date=13 June 2018}}

The sword supposedly belonging to Dhiraar were now preserved in the Topkapı Palace Museum, Turkey.{{sfn|Müzesi|Dairesi|Aydın|Uğurluel|2004|p=335}}

Al-Zarrar MBT used by the Pakistan Army is named in his honour.

Pakistan Air Force's No. 27 Tactical Attack Sqn also has adopted Al-Zarrar as their Call Sign, and his warrior sketch outline as their Squadron insignia.

There is records regarding the modern era historiography study of the conquest of al-Bahnasa, as Sudan history researchers said the old chronicles from traditional History of Bahnasa conquest, supported al-Maqrizi narration of the background for this Arabic invasions to Sudan.{{sfn|Norris|1986|p=81}}{{#tag:ref|Wallis Budge, author of The English Sudan, its History and Monuments, Quoted Burckhardt that the narrations of the Bedja troops arrival of 50,000 were attested by well authenticated train of chain narrators from the traditional accounts themselves.{{sfn|Norris|1986|p=76-81}}|group="Notes"}}, though MacMichaels doubt it.{{#tag:ref|MacMichaels, author of History of the Arabs in Sudan, doubted this major conflict happened as he argued the first contact between the Sudanese with Arab Muslims are unlikely came this early, before Abdullah ibn Sa'd contacted with the Sudanese in 641, after the capture of Aswan{{sfn|Norris|1986|p=81}} However, Hendricxk mentioned that J. Jarry, and Vasilios Christides favored the Futuh of Bahnasa and argued it has strong factual standing, although the other correlated source mixed some historical facts with some myths from Ode of Antarah ibn Shaddad.{{sfn|Hendrickx|2012|p=109-110}}|group="Notes"}} Nevertheless, al Dukhayli mentioned there are several battle poetries regarding the battle of Darishkur that allegedly recited by several Muslim leaders during the battle, such as Dhiraar, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi, and others.{{sfn|al-Dukhaylī|2011 |p=157}} Meanwhile, modern era excavation and archaeological research teams from Egyptian ministry also put interests to the tombs of the Muslims fallen during the battle, and alleged encampment of the Rashidun army during the campaign, where Dhiraar has participated.{{cite news |last1=Omar |first1=Samir |last2=Muslim |first2=Mahmoud |title=باحث أثري يكشف سر إقامة 10 آلاف صحابي ومعركة خالد بن الوليد في البهنسا |trans-title= An archaeological researcher reveals the secret of the residence of 10 thousand companions and the battle of Khalid ibn al-Walid in Bahnasa |url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/4654607 |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=Mahmoud Muslim |agency=El-Wattan |publisher=El-Wattan News |date=2020}} Dhiraar was fluently accomplished poet who attributed many of his poetic narration to fuel up his expression towards Jihad and Islamic stance.{{cite journal |author1=Sandus Qasim Abdullah |title=Means of narrative construction in the poetry of Dirar bin Azwar |journal=Wasit University Journal of the Faculty of Education |date=2020 |volume=2 |issue=38 |url=https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/179890 |access-date=23 January 2022 |publisher=Iraqi Academic scientific journal; Al-Farakim University of Education; Academic and Salah al-Din University / College of Education |location=Wasit |language=ar, en}} It was studied as the historical heritage of Iraq.

The Dharri clan or also known as the Zarari were Arabian tribe in modern day Iraq who are allegedly traced their ancestry as descendant of Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar.{{cite book |last1=al-Azzawi |first1=Abbas |type=genealogy, encyclopedia, geography |title=موسوعة عشائر العراق - الجزء4|trans-title=Encyclopedia of the clans of Iraq - Part 4 |date=2005 |publisher=الدار العربية للموسوعات |page=[https://books.rafed.net/view.php?type=c_fbook&b_id=3085&page=177 177] |url=http://www.masaha.org/book/4100-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82 |access-date=17 January 2022 |language=ar |chapter=13}}

Several 20th-century films made about Muslim conquests included Dhiraar as one of the cast:

• Syrian actor Ahmed Slan played the role of Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar in the first season of the series Khalid ibn al-Walid, directed by the Jordanian Mohammed Azizia.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
• Egyptian actor Abdullah Ghaith played the role in the series Under the Shade of Swords,:ar:تحت ظلال السيوف{{Better source needed|date=January 2017|reason=WP:CIRCULAR}} by the Egyptian director Saeed Al-Rashidi.

{{Reflist|group="Notes"}}

• Mustadrak al-Hakim; Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri
• Futuh as-Sham; Abu Ismail al Azdi
• Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk; Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
• Futuh as-Sham; Waqidi
• Futuh al-Bahnasa; Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-'Abbās Aḥmad ibn 'Alī ibn 'Abd al-Qādir ibn Muḥammad al-Maqrīzī
• Sirah; Ibn Hisham
• Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah; Ali ibn al-Athir
• Kitāb al-futūh al-kabīr wa-l-ridda; Sayf ibn Umar
• Mu'jam al-Buldan; Yaqut al-Hamawi
• Sahih al-Bukhari; Muhammad al-Bukhari
• Al-Isti'ab fi ma'rifat al-ashab; Ibn 'Abd al-Barr

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

• {{cite web|url=http://www.islamtoday.net/english/show_detail_section.cfm?q_id=839&main_cat_id=11 |website=Islamtoday.Com |title=Al-Hakim's Mustadrak & al-Dhahabî's Talkhis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013102838/http://www.islamtoday.net/english/show_detail_section.cfm?q_id=839&main_cat_id=11 |archive-date=13 October 2008 }}

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• {{cite book |last1=al-Dukhaylī |first1=Ḥusayn ʻAlī ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn |title=البنية الفنية لشعر الفتوحات الإسلامية في عصر صدر الإسلام |trans-title= al-Bunyah al-fannīyah li-shiʻr al-futūḥāt al-Islāmīyah fī ʻaṣr ṣadr al-Islām/The artistic structure of the poetry of Islamic conquests in the era of early Islam |date=2011 |publisher=Dār al-Ḥāmid lil-Nashr wa-al-tawzīʻ |location=Amman |isbn=9796500008936 |page=157 |oclc=1184004713 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1184004713 |access-date=12 November 2021}}

• {{cite book |last1=H. Blumell |first1=Lincoln |title=Lettered Christians |type= Biblical Studies |chapter=Epilogue. The Demise of Christian Oxyrhynchus |date=2012 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004180987 |pages=295–300 |doi=10.1163/9789004180987_008 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004180987_008 |access-date=17 January 2022 |language=en | quote=Futuh al-Bahnasa al Gharra, 'the conquest of Bahnasa, the blessed', by Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Mu'izz}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Hendrickx |first1=Benjamin |title=THE BORDER TROOPS OF THE ROMAN-BYZANTINE SOUTHERN EGYPTIAN LIMES: PROBLEMS AND REMARKS ON THE ROLE OF THE AFRICAN AND 'BLACK' AFRICAN MILITARY UNITS |volume=94|journal=Ekklesiastikos Pharos|date=2012 |hdl=10520/EJC128657 |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC128657 |access-date=13 November 2021}}

• {{Citation|last=Kaegi|first=Walter Emil|author-link=Walter Kaegi|title=Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-521-48455-3}}

• {{cite web |author1=Muhammad al Dakruri |title=الدكرورى يكتب عن ضرار بن الأزور (الجزء الثانى) |trans-title=Al-Dakrouri writes about Dirar Ibn Al-Azwar (Part Two) |url=http://shbketmsr24.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%86-0 |website=Egypt 24 |access-date=27 February 2022 |date=2020}}
• {{cite book |last1=Mustafa |first1=Murrad |title=Kisah Hidup Abu Bakar AL-SHIDDIQ |date=2009 |publisher=Serambi ilmu semesta |isbn=9789790240681 |pages=314 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MtQLOTq6FUC&q=dhirar+azwar&pg=PA293 |access-date=1 February 2020}}
• {{cite book |last1=Müzesi |first1=Topkapı Sarayı |last2=Dairesi |first2=Hırka-i Saadet |last3=Aydın |first3=Hilmi |last4=Uğurluel |first4=Talha |title=The Sacred Trusts: Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul The Sacred Trusts: Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi |date=2004 |publisher=Tughra Books |location=Topkapi Museum Turkey |isbn=1932099727 |edition=illustrated, reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCXBKt7VzTcC&q=dhirar+azwar+egypt |access-date=14 November 2021}}

• {{Citation|last=Nicolle|first=David|author-link=David Nicolle|title=Yarmuk 636 A.D.: The Muslim Conquest of Syria|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1994|isbn=1-85532-414-8}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Norris |first1=H. T. |title=THE FUTŪḤ AL-BAHNASĀ: And its relation to pseudo-"Maġāzī" and "Futūḥ" literature, Arabic "Siyar" and Western Chanson de Geste in the Middle Ages |journal=Quaderni di Studi Arabi |date=1986 |volume=4 |pages=76–78 |jstor=25802579 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25802579 |access-date=8 November 2021}}

• {{cite book |last1=Zubaidi |first1=Ahmad ibn Ahmad |last2=Hashim |first2=Muhammad Salam |last3=Sharif |first3=Muhammad Mahdi |title=مختصر صحيح البخاري المسمى التجريد الصريح لاحكام الجامع الصحيح Concise volume of Al Bukhari correct tradition |date=2002 |publisher=دار الكتب العلمية، |isbn=9782745135131 |page=706 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pk9uDwAAQBAJ |access-date=23 October 2021}}
• {{cite book | last = Al-Zubayri | first = Abu 'Abdallah Mus'ab ibn 'Abdallah ibn Mus'ab | title = Kitab Nasab Quraysh | publisher = Dar al-Ma'arif | location = Cairo | language = ar | year = 1953 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=miBICwAAQBAJ }}
• {{cite journal |last=منان |first=عتاب |title= مقارنة الأداء المالي للمصارف الإسلامية والتقليدية في الأسواق الناشئة (بالغة الانجليزية|trans-title= Comparing the financial performance of Islamic and conventional banks in emerging markets (in English)|url=https://journals.ekb.eg/article_106078.html |language=Arabic |journal=مجلة الاسکندرية للبحوث المحاسبية (مجلة الاسکندرية للبحوث المحاسبية) |volume=4 |issue=2 |date=2020 |doi=10.21608/aljalexu.2020.106078|s2cid=225896422 |doi-access=free }}

{{refend}}

• [https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Maqam%20Dirar%20ben%20al%20Azwar%20(Jordan) Photos of Maqam Dirar ben al Azwar] at the American Center of Research

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Category:7th-century deaths from plague (disease)

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