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Disa (plant)

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants belonging to the orchid family}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Disa cardinalis 250603.jpg

| image_caption = Disa cardinalis

| image2 = Disa tenuis 197444465.jpg

| image2_caption = Disa tenuis

| display_parents = 3

| taxon = Disa

| authority = P.J.Bergius 1767

| type_species = Disa uniflora

| type_species_authority = P.J.Bergius

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = See text

| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=List

|Repandra Lindl.

|Penthea Lindl.

|Forficaria Lindl.

|Gamaria Raf.

|Herschelia Lindl.

|Monadenia Lindl.

|Schizodium Lindl.

|Orthopenthea Rolfe in W.H.Harvey

|Amphigena Rolfe in W.H.Harvey

|Herschelianthe Rauschert

|× Herscheliodisa H.P.Linder

}}

}}

Disa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. It comprises about 182 species.{{cite journal |author1=Mark W. Chase |author2=Kenneth M. Cameron |author3=John V. Freudenstein |author4=Alec M. Pridgeon |author5=Gerardo A. Salazar |author6=Cássio van den Berg |author7=André Schuiteman |date=2015 |title=An updated classification of Orchidaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=177 |issue=2 |pages=151–174 |doi=10.1111/boj.12234|doi-access=free }}[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=62691 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families] Most of the species are indigenous to tropical and southern Africa, with a few more in the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, and Réunion.Hans Peter Linder and Hubert Kurzweil. 1999. Orchids of Southern Africa. 504 pages. A. A. Balkema. {{ISBN|978-90-5410-445-2}}. Disa bracteata is naturalised in Western Australia, where the local name is "African weed-orchid."[http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=®ion=all&card=H67 Weeds Australia, Weed Identification, African weed-orchid, Disa bracteata] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517232731/http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=®ion=all&card=H67 |date=May 17, 2014 }}

The genus Disa was named by P.J. Bergius in 1767.{{cite web |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=EE934D639925E2BA29360B0F5CF251DE?find_family=&find_genus=Disa+&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch |title=Disa Query Results |website=International Plant Names Index}}Peter Jonas Bergius. 1767. Descriptiones Plantarum ex Capite Bonae Spei: 348. (See External links below). It was named after Disa, the heroine of a Swedish legend.Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-8493-2676-9}} (vol. II). (see External links below).

Description

The plants grow from a fleshy tuberous root which is a source of maltodextrins which are used as a sugar substitute. Some species attain a height of 90 cm.

The flowers are solitary or arranged in racemes. The petals and the lip are small. The flowers consist essentially of the sepals. The flowers range in color from very light to dark red.

Pollination

Disa exhibits a variety of pollination syndromes. Each species of Disa usually has a single species as pollinator and nearly every available pollinating insect is employed by some species of Disa. Species that adapted to the same pollinator often independently evolved a similar floral morphology which confounded the infrageneric classification of Disa until cladistic analysis was applied to DNA sequences from this genus.{{cite journal | author = Waterman, Richard J. | author2 = Pauw, Anton | author3 = Barraclough, Timothy G. | author4 = Savolainen, Vincent | year = 2009 | title = Pollinators underestimated: A molecular phylogeny reveals widespread floral convergence in oil-secreting orchids (sub-tribe Coryciinae) of the Cape of South Africa | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 51 | issue = 1| pages = 100–110 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.020 | pmid = 18586527 }}

Examples of convergent evolution in Disa pollination include the following:

  • flowers pollinated by butterflies have evolved twice, for example the pollination of Disa uniflora and Disa ferruginea by the Table Mountain Pride butterfly (Aeropetes tulbaghia) (Satyrinae){{cite journal |author1=Johnson, S.D. |author2=Linder, H.P. |author3=Steiner, K.E. |date=1998 |title=Phylogeny and radiation of pollination systems in Disa (Orchidaceae) |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=402–411 |doi=10.2307/2446333|jstor=2446333 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=S |date=September 1994 |title=Evidence for Batesian mimicry in a butterfly-pollinated orchid |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/doi/10.1006/bijl.1994.1062 |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=91–104 |doi=10.1006/bijl.1994.1062|url-access=subscription }}
  • flowers with conspicuous deception, pollinated by carpenter bees, have evolved twice.
  • long-spurred flowers, pollinated by long-tongued flies, have evolved four times.
  • night-scented flowers, pollinated by moths, have evolved three times.

Disa serves as an example of how speciation can be caused by changes in pollinator availability and evolution.

Some Disa species are pollinated by sunbirds and have pollinaria that stick to the feet of the sunbirds when they perch on the inflorescence.{{cite journal|title=Transfer of pollinaria on birds' feet: a new pollination system in orchids|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |year=2004|volume=244|issue=3|pages=181–188|doi=10.1007/s00606-003-0106-y|author1=Johnson, S. D. |author2=Brown, M.|s2cid=23288375 }}

Phylogeny

The first molecular phylogeny of the genus involved comparison of nuclear ribosomal ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 sequences, and showed that Herschelia and Monadenia were nested within a paraphyletic Disa.{{Cite journal|last1=Douzery|first1=Emmanuel J. P.|last2=Pridgeon|first2=Alec M.|last3=Kores|first3=Paul|last4=Linder|first4=H. P.|last5=Kurzweil|first5=Hubert|last6=Chase|first6=Mark W.|date=1999-06-01|title=Molecular phylogenetics of Diseae (Orchidaceae): a contribution from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=86|issue=6|pages=887–899|issn=0002-9122|pmid=10371730|doi=10.2307/2656709|jstor=2656709 }}

In Genera Orchidacearum volume 2, Disa and Schizodium compose the subtribe Disinae of the tribe Diseae.Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip J. Cribb, Mark W. Chase, and Finn N. Rasmussen. 1999-2014. Genera Orchidacearum Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-850513-6}} (volume 1), {{ISBN|978-0-19-850710-9}} (volume 2), {{ISBN|978-0-19-850711-6}} (volume 3), {{ISBN|978-0-19-850712-3}} (volume 4), {{ISBN|978-0-19-850713-0}} (volume 5), {{ISBN|978-0-19-964651-7}} (volume 6). After that volume was published in 2001, molecular phylogenetic studies showed that Schizodium is nested within Disa.{{cite journal | author = Bytebier, Benny | author2 = Bellstedt, Dirk U. | author3 = Linder, Hans Peter | year = 2007 | title = A molecular phylogeny for the large African orchid genus Disa | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 75–90 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.014 | pmid = 17081772 }}{{cite journal |author1=Benny Bytebier |author2=Dirk U. Bellstedt |author3=Hans Peter Linder |date=2008 |title=A New Phylogeny-Based Sectional Classification for the Large African Orchid Genus Disa |journal=Taxon |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=1233–1251 |doi=10.1002/tax.574015 |jstor=27756776}}. Schizodium comprises only six species, all endemic to South Africa.{{cite journal | author = Linder Hans Peter | year = 1981 | title = Taxonomic studies on the Disinae: 2. A revision of the genus Schizodium Lindl | journal = Journal of South African Botany | volume = 47 | pages = 339–371 }}

In a classification of orchids that was published in 2015, Chase et alii placed Schizodium in synonymy under Disa. They also defined the subtribe Disinae as consisting of Pachites, Disa and Huttonaea. This version of Disinae is probably not monophyletic, but was created as a holding classification, to avoid the unnecessary designation of subtribes before further studies can clarify the relationships of these three genera.

Seeds

The genus can be split into two groups based on the size of the seeds. Those with relatively large balloon-shaped seeds up to 1.5 mm long belong to the Disa uniflora group. The remaining species have seeds that are smaller than 0.7 mm. The Disa uniflora group comprises plants that grow along stream sides: Disa uniflora, Disa tripetaloides, Disa cardinalis, Disa caulescens and Disa aurata. They belong to the few species in Orchidaceae that do not rely on mycorrhizal fungi for germination, and are thought to be an adaptation to hydrochory.{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=David Ian |title=Conservation of select South African Disa Berg. Species (Orchidaceae) through in vitro seed germination |date=2003 |publisher=University of Natal}}{{cite journal |last1=Kurzweil |first1=H. |title=Seed morphology in Southern African Orchidoideae (Orchidaceae) |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=September 1993 |volume=185 |issue=3–4 |pages=229–247 |doi=10.1007/BF00937660|s2cid=41321812 }} This pattern was later extended to split the genus into summer rainfall species and non-summer rainfall species. Those in the second group added Disa cornuta to the list of Disa seeds that germinate readily.{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Dave I. |last2=Edwards |first2=Trevor J. |last3=Staden |first3=Johannes van |title=In Vitro Germination of Several South African Summer Rainfall Disa (Orchidaceae) Species: Is Seed Testa Structure a Function of Habitat and a Determinant of Germinability? |journal=Systematics and Geography of Plants |date=2001 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=597–606 |doi=10.2307/3668704|jstor=3668704 }}

Horticulture

The species Disa uniflora is well known as an ornamental. It is a spectacular red orchid known as "The Pride of Table Mountain."[http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/disauniflora.htm PlantZAfrica.com, Disa uniflora Bergius] Other commonly cultivated species include Disa aurata, Disa cardinalis, Disa crassicornis, Disa racemosa, Disa sagittalis, and Disa tripetaloides.Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set). Some of the species are grown only in African gardens.Eric Harley, Sid Cywes, and H. Peter Linder. 2013. A Disa Companion: The Art and Science of Disa Cultivation. Author House. 123 pages. {{ISBN|978-1-48179-767-2}}.

Once very rare in cultivation, Disa uniflora is gaining in popularity as a cut flower. However, they are difficult to grow, because of the needed mineral composition of the potting soil. Also, if exposed to excessive moisture, they can be easily killed by rot.

= Hybrids =

File:RedDisa.jpg flowers.]]

The following species have been used to create more than 400 hybrids : Disa cardinalis, Disa caulescens, Disa racemosa, Disa tripetaloides, Disa uniflora, Disa aurata and Disa venosa.

  • Disa × brendae (D. caulescens × D. uniflora) (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
  • Disa × maculomarronina (D. hircicornis × D. versicolor) (S. Africa)..
  • Disa × nuwebergensis (D. caulescens × D. tripetaloides) (South Africa, Cape Prov.).
  • Disa × paludicola (D. chrysostachya × D. rhodantha) (South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal).{{Multiple image

| image1 = Disa Kewensis - Flickr 003.jpg

| image2 = Disa x watsonii -英格蘭 Wisley Gardens, England- (9156016099).jpg

| total_width = 550

| caption1 = Disa Kewensis (D. uniflora × D. tripetaloides)

| caption2 = Disa Watsonii (D. uniflora × D. Kewensis)

| direction = horizontal

| align = center

}}

Species

File:Disa atricapilla 338555196.jpg]]

File:Disa atrorubens 435082705.jpg]]

File:Disa aurata 2084.jpg]]

File:Disa baurii 436641926.jpg]]

File:Disa bivalvata 340179494.jpg]]

File:Disa caffra 109483465 (cropped).jpg]]

File:Disa chrysostachya 2016 01 02 4349.jpg]]

File:Disa comosa (2).jpg]]

File:Disa ferruginea 354748896.jpg]]

File:Disa Graminifolia.jpg]]

File:Disa longicornu02.jpg]]

File:Disa polygonoides 251920844 (cropped).jpg]]

File:Disa purpuracens.jpeg]]

Species currently (May 2014) recognized:

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • {{Commons-inline|italic=1}}
  • [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5028&Pagina=383 page 348] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212614/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5028&Pagina=383 |date=2015-12-10 }} {{color|green|At:}} [http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5028 View Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203023/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=5028 |date=2016-03-04 }} {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75231#/summary Descriptiones plantarum ex Capite Bonae Spei] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/95050#/titles Bergius, Peter Jonas] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
  • [http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326769 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: D-L] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF02A Botany & Plant Science] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF Life Science] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ CRC Press]
  • {{AfricanPlants|Disa}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q599025}}

Category:Orchideae genera

Category:Orchids of Africa

Category:Flora of Yemen

Category:Flora of Western Australia

Category:Orchids of Madagascar

Category:Orchids of Réunion

Category:Taxa named by Peter Jonas Bergius