Disaster#Transportation

{{short description|Event resulting in major damage, destruction or death}}

File:Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg, one of the worst disasters in the history of the United States|300x300px]]A disaster is an event that causes serious harm to people, buildings, economies, or the environment, and the affected community cannot handle it alone.{{bsn|reason=brochure type sources are not the best available|date=December 2024}} Natural disasters like avalanches, floods, earthquakes, and wildfires are caused by natural hazards.{{Cite web |title=Natural Hazards {{!}} National Risk Index |url=https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/natural-hazards |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=hazards.fema.gov}} Human-made disasters like oil spills, terrorist attacks and power outages are caused by people. Nowadays, it is hard to separate natural and human-made disasters because human actions can make natural disasters worse.{{cite web |date=2020-11-26 |title=Why natural disasters aren't all that natural |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-that-natural/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129131113/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-that-natural/ |archive-date=2020-11-29 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=openDemocracy}}{{cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=Kevin A. |last2=Garcia |first2=M. Magdalena |last3=Remes |first3=Jacob A.C. |date=1 December 2016 |title=Beyond 'natural-disasters-are-not-natural': the work of state and nature after the 2010 earthquake in Chile |journal=Journal of Political Ecology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=93 |doi=10.2458/v23i1.20181 |doi-access=free}}{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Neil |date=2006-06-11 |title=There's No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster |url=https://items.ssrc.org/understanding-katrina/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-natural-disaster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122104324/https://items.ssrc.org/understanding-katrina/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-natural-disaster/ |archive-date=2021-01-22 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Items}} Climate change also affects how often disasters due to extreme weather hazards happen.

Disasters usually hit people in developing countries harder than people in wealthy countries. Over 95% of deaths from disasters happen in low-income countries, and those countries lose a lot more money compared to richer countries. For example, the damage from natural disasters is 20 times greater in developing countries than in industrialized countries. This is because low-income countries often do not have well-built buildings or good plans to handle emergencies.

To reduce the damage from disasters, it is important to be prepared and have fit for purpose infrastructure. Disaster risk reduction (DRR) aims to make communities stronger and better prepared to handle disasters. It focuses on actions to reduce risk before a disaster occurs, rather than on response and recovery after the event. DRR and climate change adaptation measures are similar in that they aim to reduce vulnerability of people and places to natural hazards.

When a disaster happens, the response includes actions like warning and evacuating people, rescuing those in danger, and quickly providing food, shelter, and medical care. The goal is to save lives and help people recover as quickly as possible. In some cases, national or international help may be needed to support recovery. This can happen, for example, through the work of humanitarian organizations.

Definitions

File:Turun palo 1827.jpg and the Academy building after the Great Fire of Turku, by Gustaf Wilhelm Finnberg, 1827]]

The UN defines a disaster as "a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale".UNGA (2016). [https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/report-open-ended-intergovernmental-expert-working-group-indicators-and-terminology Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology for disaster risk reduction]. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).{{rp|13}} It results from hazards in places where people live in exposed or vulnerable conditions. Some human failures make communities vulnerable to climate hazards. These are poor planning or development, or a lack of preparation.{{Cite web |date=14 September 2017 |title=Why natural disasters aren't all that natural |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-natural |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.preventionweb.net |language=en}}

Disasters are events that have an effect on people. A hazard that overwhelms or injures a community is considered a disaster.Zibulewsky, Joseph (April 14, 2001). "Defining disaster: the emergency department perspective". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved October 21, 2023. The international disaster database EM-DAT defines a disaster as “a situation or event that overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request for external assistance at the national or international level; it is an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering.”CRED. 2023 Disasters in Numbers: Climate in Action. (2024). https://files.emdat.be/reports/2023_EMDAT_report.pdf The effects of a disaster include all human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts.{{rp|13}}

UNDRO (1984) defined a disaster in a more qualitative fashion as:Smith 1996 quoted in {{cite book |last=Kraas |first=Frauke |title=Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2008 |isbn=9780387734125 |editor1-last=Marzluff |editor-first=John |edition=illustrated |page=588 |chapter=Megacities as Global Risk Areas |access-date=23 August 2017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwyObkXjvk0C&q=an+event%2C+concentrated+in+time+and+space%2C+in+which+a+community+undergoes+severe+danger+and+incurs+such+losses+to+its+members+and+physical+appurtenance&pg=PA588}} "an event, concentrated in time and space, in which a community undergoes severe danger and incurs such losses to its members and physical appurtenances that the social structure is disrupted and the fulfilment of all or some of the essential functions of the society is prevented." Like other definitions this looks beyond the social aspects of the disaster impacts. It also focuses on losses. This raises the need for emergency response as an aspect of the disaster.{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Keith |title=Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster |date=1992 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415012171 |edition=first |series=Routledge Physical Environment Series}} It does not set out quantitative thresholds or scales for damage, death, or injury.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

A study in 1969 defined major disasters as conforming to the following criteria, based on the amount of deaths or damage:{{cite report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44480318 |title=A Pilot Survey of Global Natural Disasters the Past Twenty Years. |last1=Hewitt |first1=K. |last2=Sheehan |first2=L. |publisher=University of Toronto |location=Toronto |access-date=21 June 2017 |year=1969 |series=Natural Hazards Research Working Paper, No. 11}} At least 100 people dead, at least 100 people injured, or at least $1 million damage. This definition includes indirect losses of life caused after the initial onset of the disaster. These could be the effects of diseases such as cholera or dysentery arising from the disaster. This definition is still commonly used. However it is limited to the number of deaths, injuries, and damage in money terms.

Types

The scale of a disaster matters. Small-scale disasters only affect local communities but need help beyond the affected community. Large-scale disasters affect wider society and need national or international help.

It is usual to divide disasters into natural or human-made. Recently the divide between natural, man-made and man-accelerated disasters has become harder to draw.{{cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=Kevin A. |last2=Garcia |first2=M. Magdalena |last3=Remes |first3=Jacob A.C. |date=1 December 2016 |title=Beyond 'natural-disasters-are-not-natural': the work of state and nature after the 2010 earthquake in Chile |journal=Journal of Political Ecology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=93 |doi=10.2458/v23i1.20181 |doi-access=free}} Some manufactured disasters such as smog and acid rain have been wrongly attributed to nature.{{cite news |author=Didi Kirsten Tatlow |date=15 December 2016 |title=Don't Call It 'Smog' in Beijing, Call It a 'Meteorological Disaster |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/world/asia/beijing-smog-pollution.html |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/world/asia/beijing-smog-pollution.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |newspaper=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}

= Related to natural hazards =

Disasters with links to natural hazards are commonly called natural disasters. However experts have questioned this term for a long time.Cannon, Terry. (1994). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248360551_Vulnerability_Analysis_and_The_Explanation_Of_'Natural'_Disasters Vulnerability Analysis and The Explanation Of 'Natural' Disasters]. Disasters, Development and Environment.

class="wikitable" \|+ Disasters with links to natural hazards
bgcolor="#CCCCCC" ! style="width:8em" \| Example ! Profile
Avalanche	The sudden, drastic flow of snow down a slope, occurring when either natural triggers, such as loading from new snow or rain, or artificial triggers, such as explosives or backcountry skiers.
Blizzard	A severe snowstorm characterized by very strong winds and low temperatures
Earthquake	The shaking of the Earth's crust, caused by underground volcanic forces of breaking and shifting rock beneath the Earth's surface
Fire (wild)	Fires that originate in uninhabited areas and which pose the risk to spread to inhabited areas (see also Wildfire § Climate change effects)
Flood	Flash flooding: Small creeks, gullies, dry streambeds, ravines, culverts or even low-lying areas flood quickly (see also Effects of climate change)
Freezing rain	Rain occurring when outside surface temperature is below freezing
Heat wave	A prolonged period of excessively hot weather relative to the usual weather pattern of an area and relative to normal temperatures for the season (see also Effects of climate change § Heat waves and temperature extremes).
Landslide	Geological phenomenon which includes a range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows
Lightning strike	An electrical discharge caused by lightning, typically during thunderstorms
Limnic eruption	The sudden eruption of carbon dioxide from deep lake water
Tropical cyclone \|Rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls (see also Tropical cyclones and climate change)
Tsunami	A series of waves hitting shores strongly, mainly caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean or a large lake, usually caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water
Volcanic eruption	The release of hot magma, volcanic ash and/or gases from a volcano

= Unrelated to natural hazards =

File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeges and terrorist attacks are examples of man-made disasters: they kill and injure people, destroy and damage property, and cause pollution. The pictured example is the September 11 attacks in 2001 at the World Trade Center in New York City.]]

Human-made disasters are serious harmful events caused by human actions and social processes. Technological hazards also fall into this category. That is because they result in human-instigated disasters. Human-made hazards are sometimes called anthropogenic hazards.{{rp|18}} Examples include criminality, social unrest, crowd crushes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, power outages, oil spills, terrorist attacks, and nuclear explosions/nuclear radiation.{{Cite journal |last1=Cueto |first1=Lavinia Javier |last2=Agaton |first2=Casper Boongaling |year=2021 |title=Pandemic and Typhoon: Positive Impacts of a Double Disaster on Mental Health of Female Students in the Philippines |journal=Behavioral Sciences |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=64 |doi=10.3390/bs11050064 |pmc=8147095 |pmid=33946801 |doi-access=free}} Catastrophic climate change, nuclear war, and bioterrorism also fall into this category.

Climate change and environmental degradation are sometimes called socio-natural hazards. These are hazards involving a combination of both natural and human factors. {{rp|18}} All disasters can be regarded as human-made, because of failure to introduce the right emergency management measures.Blaikie, Piers, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis & Ben Wisner. At Risk – Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters, Wiltshire: Routledge, 2003, {{ISBN|0-415-25216-4}}

Famines may be caused locally by drought, flood, fire or pestilence. In modern times there is plenty of food globally. Long-lasting local shortages are generally due to government mismanagement, violent conflict, or an economic system that does not distribute food where needed.{{Cite web |title=Famine |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/famine |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}

class="wikitable" \|+Disasters without links to natural hazards \|Disaster \|Profile
Bioterrorism	The intentional release or dissemination of biological agents as a means of coercion
Civil unrest	A disturbance caused by a group of people that may include sit-ins and other forms of obstructions, riots, sabotage and other forms of crime, and which is intended to be a demonstration to the public and the government, but can escalate into general chaos
Fire (urban)	Even with strict building fire codes, people still perish in fires
Hazardous material spills	The escape of solids, liquids, or gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property or the environment, from their intended controlled environment such as a container.
\|Nuclear and radiation accidents	An event involving the significant release of radioactivity to the environment or a reactor core meltdown and which leads to major undesirable consequences to people, the environment, or the facility
Power failure	Caused by summer or winter storms, lightning or construction equipment digging in the wrong location

= Others =

Complex disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developing countries. A specific hazard may also spawn a secondary disaster that increases the impact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami. This results in coastal flooding, damaging a nuclear power plant on the coast. The Fukushima nuclear disaster is a case in point. Experts examine these cascading events to see how risks and impacts can amplify and spread. This is particularly important given the increase in climate risks.Ara Begum, R., R. Lempert, E. Ali, T.A. Benjaminsen, T. Bernauer, W. Cramer, X. Cui, K. Mach, G. Nagy, N.C. Stenseth, R. Sukumar, and P. Wester, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter01.pdf Chapter 1: Point of Departure and Key Concepts]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 121–196, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.003.{{rp|143–145}}

Some researchers distinguish between recurring events like seasonal flooding and unpredictable one-off events.{{Cite journal |author1=L. Bull-Kamanga |author2=K. Diagne |author3=A. Lavell |author4=E. Leon |author5=F. Lerise |author6=H. MacGregor |author7=A. Maskrey |author8=M. Meshack |author9=M. Pelling |date=1 April 2003 |title=From everyday hazards to disasters: the accumulation of risk in urban areas |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=193–204 |bibcode=2003EnUrb..15..193B |doi=10.1177/095624780301500109 |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=17439273}} Recurring events often carry an estimate of how often they occur. Experts call this the return period.

Impacts

The effects of a disaster include all human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts.{{rp|13}}

The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) records statistics about disasters related to natural hazards. For 2023, EM-DAT recorded 399 disasters, which was higher than the 20-year average of 369.

= Economic losses =

Between 2016 and 2020 the total reported economic losses amounted to $293 billion. This figure is likely to be an underestimation. It is very challenging to measure the costs of disasters accurately, and many countries lack the resources and technical capacity to do so.UNDRR (2023). [https://www.undrr.org/publication/report-midterm-review-implementation-sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030 The Report of the Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.] UNDRR: Geneva, Switzerland.{{rp|50}} Over the 40-year period from 1980 to 2020 losses were estimated at $5.2 trillion.

= Human impacts =

In 2023, natural hazard-related disasters resulted in 86,473 fatalities and affected 93.1 million people. Whilst the number of deaths was much higher than the 20-year average of 64,148, the number affected was much lower than the 20-year average of 175.5 million.

According to a UN report, 91% of deaths from hazards from 1970 to 2019 occurred in developing countries.{{cite web |year=2023 |title=Concept Note: International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction 2023. |url=https://www.undrr.org/quick/79692 |accessdate=October 17, 2023 |publisher=United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction}} These countries already have higher vulnerability and lower resilience to these events, which exacerbates the effects of the hazards.

= Effects of climate change =

Hazards such as droughts, floods, and cyclones are naturally occurring phenomena.Ara Begum, R., R. Lempert, E. Ali, T.A. Benjaminsen, T. Bernauer, W. Cramer, X. Cui, K. Mach, G. Nagy, N.C. Stenseth, R. Sukumar, and P. Wester, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter01.pdf Chapter 1: Point of Departure and Key Concepts]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 121–196, {{doi|10.1017/9781009325844.003}} However, climate change has caused these hazards to become more unreliable, frequent and severe. They thus contribute to disaster risks. Countries contributing most to climate change are often at the lowest risk of feeling the consequences.IPCC, 2023: Sections. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/ Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 35-115, doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647 As of 2019, countries with the highest vulnerability per capita release the lowest amount of emissions per capita, and yet still experience the most heightened droughts and extreme precipitation.

Prevention and response

=Disaster risk reduction=

File:Disaster-risk-reduction-progress.png

=Disaster response=

Etymology

The word disaster is derived from Middle French {{Lang|frm|désastre}} which comes from Old Italian {{lang|it|disastro}}. This in turn comes from the Ancient Greek pejorative prefix {{Lang|grc|δυσ|italic=no}}- ({{Transliteration|grc|dus}}-) "bad"{{cite web |title=Dus, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328613}} and {{Lang|grc|ἀστήρ|italic=no}} ({{Transliteration|grc|aster}}), "star".{{cite web |title=Aster, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316528}} So the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the position of planets.[http://etymonline.com/?term=disaster "Disaster"] in Etymology online

References

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite web |website=www.ifrc.org

|title=What is a disaster?

|url=http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disasters/what-is-a-disaster

|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

|access-date=21 June 2017}}

{{Cite web |date=March 2002 |title=Disasters & Emergencies: Definitions |url=http://apps.who.int/disasters/repo/7656.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106004804/http://apps.who.int/disasters/repo/7656.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-06 |url-status=live |language=en-GB-oxendict|location=Addis Ababa|publisher=Emergency Humanitarian Action |access-date=26 November 2017 |via=World Health Organization International}}

{{cite web|url= http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOPMENT/EXTDISMGMT/0,,menuPK:341021~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:341015,00.html|title= World Bank: Disaster Risk Management}}

Luis Flores Ballesteros. [http://54pesos.org/2008/10/04/who%e2%80%99s-getting-the-worst-of-natural-disasters/ "Who's getting the worst of natural disasters?"] 54Pesos.org, 4 October 2008 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903043315/http://54pesos.org/2008/10/04/who%E2%80%99s-getting-the-worst-of-natural-disasters |date=3 September 2017 }}

}}

External links

ReliefWeb of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs –[https://reliefweb.int/ ReliefWeb]
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction – [https://www.undrr.org/ UNDRR]
Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System – a joint initiative of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the European Commission