Doctrine#Political usage

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Examples of religious doctrines include:

• Christian theology:
• Doctrines such as the Trinity, the virgin birth and atonement
• The Salvation Army Handbook of Doctrine{{cite book|url=https://www.salvationarmy.org/doctrine/handbookdoctrine|author=Salvation Army International Theological Council|title=Handbook of Doctrine|location=London|publisher=Salvation Books|year=2010|isbn=978-0-85412-822-8}}
• Transubstantiation and Marian teachings in Roman Catholic theology. The department of the Roman Curia which deals with questions of doctrine is called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/167462/Congregation-for-the-Doctrine-of-the-Faith |title=Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (Roman Catholic Church) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=2013-03-07}}{{cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/curia/cdfboff.htm |title=Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith |publisher=Ewtn.com |access-date=2013-03-07}}
• The distinctive Calvinist doctrine of "double" predestination
• The Methodist Church of Great Britain refers to the "doctrines to which the preachers of the Methodist Church are pledged" as doctrinal standards [https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-church/doctrine-of-the-methodist-church/ Doctrine of the Methodist Church], accessed 25 May 2018
• Yuga in Hinduism
• Postulation or Syādvāda in Jainism
• The Four Noble Truths in Buddhism

Roman Catholic and Orthodox doctrine generally comes from the writings of the Church Fathers, which has been clarified in various Ecumenical councils. Short versions can be found in brief statements of Christian doctrine, in prayer books.{{cite book|chapter=Brief Statement Of Christian Doctrine|title=Blessed be God; a complete Catholic prayer book|year=1925|publisher=P. J. Kenedy & Sons|first=Very Rev. Charles J.|last=Callan}} Longer versions take the form of catechisms. Protestants generally reject Christian tradition and instead derive their doctrine solely from the Bible.{{cite book |author-last=Wisse |author-first=Maarten |year=2017 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yk_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |chapter=PART I: Systematic Perspectives – Contra et Pro Sola Scriptura |editor1-last=Burger |editor1-first=Hans |editor2-last=Huijgen |editor2-first=Arnold |editor3-last=Peels |editor3-first=Eric |title=Sola Scriptura: Biblical and Theological Perspectives on Scripture, Authority, and Hermeneutics |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |series=Studies in Reformed Theology |volume=32 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.1163/9789004356436_003 |isbn=978-90-04-35643-6 |issn=1571-4799}}

• Epicurus' 40 Principal Doctrines, the first four of which make up the Tetrapharmakos{{Cn|date=September 2021}}

According to sociologist Mervin Verbit, doctrine may be understood as one of the key components of religiosity. He divides doctrine into four categories: content, frequency (degree to which it may occupy the person's mind), intensity and centrality. Each of these may vary from one religion to the next, within that religious tradition.Verbit, M. F. (1970). The components and dimensions of religious behavior: Toward a reconceptualization of religiosity. American mosaic, 24, 39.Küçükcan, T. (2010). Multidimensional Approach to Religion: a way of looking at religious phenomena. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 4(10), 60–70.{{cite web|url=https://www.eskieserler.com/dosyalar/mpdf%20(1135).pdf |title=Microsoft Word - M-26.doc |access-date=2018-09-24}}

In this sense, doctrine is similar to Charles Glock's "belief" dimension of religiosity.{{cite book |author1=Glock, Charles Y. |editor1-last=Faulkner |editor1-first=Joseph E. |title=Religion's Influence in Contemporary Society: Readings in the Sociology of Religion |date=1972-06-01 |publisher=Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co. |location=Ohio |isbn=978-0675091053 |page=39 (of 38–56) |chapter=On the Study of Religious Commitment}}{{cite web |last1=Glock |first1=Charles Y. |title=Religious Education: On the Study of Religious Commitment |url=https://www5.galib.uga.edu/reserves/docs/scanner%20pc%20shelter/ill%20scans/michael/glock_on_the_study_of_religious_commitment.pdf |website=University of Georgia Libraries |archive-url=https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/results?vid=4&sid=92f06a21-a9ff-4455-bac2-cb635992e3de%40sessionmgr4007&bquery=glock+%22study+of+religious+commitment%22&bdata=JnR5cGU9MCZzZWFyY2hNb2RlPUFuZCZzaXRlPWVkcy1saXZl |archive-date=2020-09-27 |location=Survey Research Center, University of California, Berkeley |pages=98–110 (Volume 57, Issue 4) |date=July 1962}}

The term also applies to the concept of an established procedure to execute an operation in warfare. The typical example is tactical doctrine in which a standard set of maneuvers, kinds of troops and weapons are employed as a default approach to a kind of attack.

Examples of military doctrines include:

• Guerre de course
• Hit-and-run tactics
• Mahanian of late 19th up to mid-20th century
• Manhunting doctrine, or assured individual destruction
• Shock and awe
• Soviet deep battle of World War II
• Trench warfare of World War I

The Cold War saw the enunciation of several strategic doctrines designed to contain Soviet expansion.

Carter Doctrine was announced in 1980 by American President Jimmy Carter after the Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. It declared that any Soviet aggression towards the Persian Gulf would be considered a danger to the essential interests of the United States. This led to the creation of significant American military installations in the area and the formation of the Rapid Deployment Force. The proclamation reinforced the previous Truman Doctrine and Eisenhower Doctrine and to some extent it rejected the Nixon Doctrine. See also Reagan Doctrine. Melvyn P. Leffler, "From the Truman Doctrine to the Carter Doctrine: Lessons and Dilemmas of the Cold War." Diplomatic History 7.4 (1983): 245–266.

In modern peacekeeping operations, which involve both civilian and military operations, more comprehensive (not just military) doctrines are now emerging such as the 2008 United Nations peacekeeping operations' "Capstone Doctrine"{{cite web|url=https://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Library/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf|title=Peacekeeping Resource Hub|website=pbpu.unlb.org|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214105/https://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Library/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008|url-status=dead}} which speaks to integrated civilian and military operations.

By definition, political doctrine is "[a] policy, position or principle advocated, taught or put into effect concerning the acquisition and exercise of the power to govern or administrate in society."{{cite web|url=https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept?cp=6381&langcode=en&ns=1 |title=Political doctrine (definition) |publisher=Eionet.europa.eu |date=2012-07-20 |access-date=2013-03-07}} The term political doctrine is sometimes wrongly identified with political ideology. However, doctrine lacks the actional aspect of ideology. It is mainly a theoretical discourse, which "refers to a coherent sum of assertions regarding what a particular topic should be" (Bernard Crick). Political doctrine is based on a rationally elaborated set of values, which may precede the formation of a political identity per se. It is concerned with philosophical orientations on a meta-theoretical level.{{cite web | url=https://www.sferapoliticii.ro/sfera/169/art09-Sandru.php | title=Ideology, Between the Concept and the Political Reality | publisher=Sfera Politicii nr. 169 | work=The Knowledge Based Society Project | access-date=March 10, 2013 | author=Dr. Daniel Șandru | archive-date=April 24, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424020537/http://www.sferapoliticii.ro/sfera/169/art09-Sandru.php | url-status=dead }}

A legal doctrine is a body of interrelated rules (usually of common law and built over a long period of time) associated with a legal concept or principle. For example, the doctrine of frustration of purpose now has many tests and rules applicable with regards to each other and can be contained within a "bubble" of frustration. In a court session a defendant may refer to the doctrine of justification.{{Cn|date=September 2021}}

It can be seen that a branch of law contains various doctrines, which in turn contain various rules or tests. The test of non-occurrence of crucial event is part of the doctrine of frustration which is part of contract law. Doctrines can grow into a branch of law; restitution is now considered a branch of law separate to contract and tort.{{Cn|date=September 2021}}

The title of Doctor in fact means "one with the authority to establish doctrine in his or her respective field of study"; a doctorate is a terminal academic degree that legally confers said authority within its respective field. For more information, see Doctor (title).

• Betancourt Doctrine
• {{annotated link|Bush Doctrine}}
• {{annotated link|Carter Doctrine}}
• {{annotated link|Doxa}}
• {{annotated link|Dogma}}
• {{annotated link|Drago Doctrine}}
• {{annotated link|Eisenhower Doctrine}}
• {{annotated link|Giedroyc Doctrine}}
• {{annotated link|Hallstein Doctrine}}
• {{annotated link|Monroe Doctrine}}
• {{annotated link|Truman Doctrine}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Wiktionary-inline}}
• {{Wikiquote-inline}}

Category:Belief

Category:Dogma