Dolakha Newar language

{{Infobox language

|name=Dolakha Newar

| altname = Dolakhāe Newar
Dolakhā Newār

| nativename = {{lang|new|𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐮𑑂𑐏𑐵 𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑐮 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵}}, Dwālkhā Nepal Bhasa

|states=Nepal

|speakers=5,000–10,000{{cn|date=January 2023}}

|date=no date

|ref=

|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan

|fam2=Tibeto-Burman

|fam3=Mahakiranti

|fam4=Newaric

|fam5=Newar

|iso3=

|isoexception=dialect

|glotto=east2773

|glottorefname=Eastern Newari

}}

Dolakha Newar (endonym Dwālkhā Nepal Bhasa), or Eastern Newar, is a divergent dialect of the Newar language (Nepal Bhasa) spoken in Dolakha District, east of the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal, by 5,645 Newar people as of 1988. Some speakers of Dolakha Newar can be found in Kathmandu for education or work.{{cite book |first=Carol |last=Genetti |author-link=Carol Genetti |title=A Grammar of Dolakha Newar |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-11-019303-9|url=https://archive.org/details/AGrammarOfDolakhaNewarByCarolGenetti }}

Geographical region

Dolakha Newar is spoken in Dolakha town of Dolakha district, Tauthali, Listi, Jethal of Sindupalchowk district, Duti of Kavrepalchowk district.{{cite web |last1=Shrestha (PhD) |first1=Anita |title=द्वाल्खा नेपाल भाषा : आधारभूत तहमा मातृभाषा शिक्षा |url=https://bampijhyala.com/2020/08/27/807/ |website=Bampijhyala |date=27 August 2020 |access-date=11 November 2021}}

Phonology

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" \| !Labial !Dental/ Alveolar !Retroflex !(Alveolo-) palatal !Velar !Glottal
rowspan="4" \|Stop/ Affricate !voiceless \|{{IPA\|p}} \|{{IPA\|t}} \| {{IPA\|ʈ}} \|{{IPA\|tɕ}} \|{{IPA\|k}} \|
aspirated \|{{IPA\|pʰ}} \|{{IPA\|tʰ}} \| {{IPA\|ʈʰ}} \|{{IPA\|tɕʰ}} \|{{IPA\|kʰ}} \|
voiced \|{{IPA\|b}} \|{{IPA\|d}} \| {{IPA\|ɖ}} \|{{IPA\|dʑ}} \|{{IPA\|ɡ}} \|
murmured \|{{IPA\|bʱ}} \|{{IPA\|dʱ}} \| {{IPA\|ɖʱ}} \|{{IPA\|dʑʱ}} \|{{IPA\|ɡʱ}} \|
colspan="2" \|Fricative \| \|{{IPA\|s}} \| \| \| \|{{IPA\|h}}
rowspan="2" \|Nasal !voiced \|{{IPA\|m}} \|{{IPA\|n}} \| \| \|{{IPA\|ŋ}} \|
murmured \| \| \| \| \| \|
rowspan="2" \|Tap !voiced \| \| ({{IPA\|ɾ}}) \| {{IPA\|[ɽ]}} \| \| \|
murmured \| \| {{IPA\|[ɾʱ]}} \| {{IPA\|[ɽʱ]}} \| \| \|
rowspan="2" \|Lateral !voiced \| \|{{IPA\|l}} \| \| \| \|
murmured \| \| \| \| \| \|
rowspan="2" \|Approximant !voiced \|{{IPA\|w}} \| \| \|{{IPA\|j}} \| \|
murmured \| \| \| \| \| \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" |

!(Alveolo-)
palatal

rowspan="4" |Stop/
Affricate

!voiceless

|{{IPA|p}}

|{{IPA|t}}

| {{IPA|ʈ}}

|{{IPA|tɕ}}

|{{IPA|k}}

aspirated

|{{IPA|pʰ}}

|{{IPA|tʰ}}

| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}

|{{IPA|tɕʰ}}

|{{IPA|kʰ}}

voiced

|{{IPA|b}}

|{{IPA|d}}

| {{IPA|ɖ}}

|{{IPA|dʑ}}

|{{IPA|ɡ}}

murmured

|{{IPA|bʱ}}

|{{IPA|dʱ}}

| {{IPA|ɖʱ}}

|{{IPA|dʑʱ}}

|{{IPA|ɡʱ}}

colspan="2" |Fricative

|{{IPA|s}}

|{{IPA|h}}

rowspan="2" |Nasal

!voiced

|{{IPA|m}}

|{{IPA|n}}

|{{IPA|ŋ}}

murmured

rowspan="2" |Tap

!voiced

| ({{IPA|ɾ}})

| {{IPA|[ɽ]}}

murmured

| {{IPA|[ɾʱ]}}

| {{IPA|[ɽʱ]}}

rowspan="2" |Lateral

!voiced

|{{IPA|l}}

murmured

rowspan="2" |Approximant

!voiced

|{{IPA|w}}

|{{IPA|j}}

murmured

; Notes

Marginal phonemes are in parentheses.
Allophonic variants are in Square brackets.
Tap consonants mainly occur as word-medial alternates of /{{IPA|t}}/, /{{IPA|d}}/, /{{IPA|dʱ}}/ or /{{IPA|ɖ}}/ (in Dolakha only).
/{{IPA|s}}/ can be heard as [{{IPA|ɕ}}] when occurring before front vowels/glide /{{IPA|i, e, j}}/.
Affricates /{{IPA|tɕ, dʑ}}/ can also shift to retracted sounds [{{IPA|t̠s̠, d̠z̠}}] when occurring before back vowels.

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" \| ! colspan="3" \|Front ! colspan="3" \|Central ! colspan="3" \|Back
short !long !nasal !short !long !nasal !short !long !nasal
align="center" !Close \|{{IPA\|i}} \|{{IPA\|iː}} \|{{IPA\|ĩ}} \| \| \| \|{{IPA\|u}} \|{{IPA\|uː}} \|{{IPA\|ũ}}
align="center" !Close-mid \|{{IPA\|e}} \|{{IPA\|eː}} \|{{IPA\|ẽ}} \| \| \| \|{{IPA\|o}} \|{{IPA\|oː}} \|{{IPA\|õ}}
Mid \| \| \| \|({{IPA\|ə}}) \|({{IPA\|əː}}) \|({{IPA\|ə̃}}) \| rowspan="3" \| {{IPA\|ɔ}}~{{IPA\|ɑ}} \| rowspan="3" \| {{IPA\|ɔː}}~{{IPA\|ɑː}} \| rowspan="3" \| {{IPA\|ɔ̃}}~{{IPA\|ɑ̃}}
Open-mid \| \| \| \| \| \|
align="center" !Open \| \| \| \|{{IPA\|a}} \|{{IPA\|aː}} \|{{IPA\|ã}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="3" |Front

! colspan="3" |Central

! colspan="3" |Back

short

!long

!nasal

!short

!long

!nasal

!short

!long

!nasal

align="center"

!Close

|{{IPA|i}}

|{{IPA|iː}}

|{{IPA|ĩ}}

|{{IPA|u}}

|{{IPA|uː}}

|{{IPA|ũ}}

align="center"

!Close-mid

|{{IPA|e}}

|{{IPA|eː}}

|{{IPA|ẽ}}

|{{IPA|o}}

|{{IPA|oː}}

|{{IPA|õ}}

Mid

|({{IPA|ə}})

|({{IPA|əː}})

|({{IPA|ə̃}})

| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɔ}}~{{IPA|ɑ}}

| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɔː}}~{{IPA|ɑː}}

| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɔ̃}}~{{IPA|ɑ̃}}

Open-mid

align="center"

!Open

|{{IPA|a}}

|{{IPA|aː}}

|{{IPA|ã}}

/{{IPA|o, oː}}/ and /{{IPA|u}}/ can also be heard as [{{IPA|ɔ, ɔː}}], and [{{IPA|ʊ}}].
In Dolakha Newar, the back vowel sound can be [{{IPA|ɑ}}], [{{IPA|ʌ}}], or [{{IPA|ə}}].{{Cite book|title=Dolakhā Newār|last=Genetti|first=Carol|publisher=London & New York: Routledge.|year=2003|location=The Sino-Tibetan Languages|pages=353–370}}{{Cite book|title=Kathmandu Newar (Nepāl Bhāśā)|last=Hargreaves|first=David|publisher=London & New York: Routledge.|year=2003|location=The Sino-Tibetan Languages|pages=371–384}}{{Cite book|title=Newār (Nepāl Bhāsā)|last1=Hale|first1=Austin|last2=Shrestha|first2=Kedar P.|publisher=München: LINCOM|year=2006|location=Languages of the World/Materials, 256|pages=1–22}}
The following nasal vowels can also be distinguished in vowel length as /{{IPA|ĩː ẽː ɔ̃ː ãː õː ũː}}/.

== Diphthongs ==

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" \| ! colspan="2" \|Front ! colspan="2" \|Central ! colspan="2" \|Back
oral !nasal !oral !nasal !oral !nasal
rowspan="3" \|Diphthong !Close \|{{IPA\|ui}} \|{{IPA\|uĩ}} \| \| \| \|
Mid \|{{IPA\|ei}} \|{{IPA\|eĩ}} \|{{IPA\|ɔi}} \|{{IPA\|ɔĩ}} \|{{IPA\|ɔu}} \|{{IPA\|ɔũ}}
Open \| \| \|{{IPA\|ai}} \|{{IPA\|aĩ}} \|{{IPA\|au}} \|{{IPA\|aũ}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |Front

! colspan="2" |Central

! colspan="2" |Back

oral

!nasal

!oral

!nasal

!oral

!nasal

rowspan="3" |Diphthong

!Close

|{{IPA|ui}}

|{{IPA|uĩ}}

Mid

|{{IPA|ei}}

|{{IPA|eĩ}}

|{{IPA|ɔi}}

|{{IPA|ɔĩ}}

|{{IPA|ɔu}}

|{{IPA|ɔũ}}

Open

|{{IPA|ai}}

|{{IPA|aĩ}}

|{{IPA|au}}

|{{IPA|aũ}}

Number

class="wikitable sortable" ! No. !! Dolakha Newar
1	thi
2	ní
3	sõ
4	pe
5	ŋā
6	khu
7	nas
8	cyā
9	gu
10	ji(m)

References

Category:Newar language