Dolichousnea longissima
{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Methuselah's beard lichen
| image = Lichen Dolichousnea longissima IMG 4844.JPG
| genus = Dolichousnea
| species = longissima
| authority = (Ach.) Articus (2004)
| synonyms = *Parmelia coralloidea var. longissima {{small|(Ach.) Spreng. (1827)}}
- Parmelia longissima {{small|(Ach.) Spreng. (1827)}}
- Usnea barbata var. longissima {{small|(Ach.) Schaer. (1850)}}
- Usnea longissima {{small|Ach. (1810)}}
}}
File:Lichen Dolichousnea longissima IMG 4843R.JPG, showing the leaf-like side-branches and pendent "stems", some of them several metres long]]
Dolichousnea longissima (syn. Usnea longissima),Articus, K. (2004) Neuropogon and the phylogeny of Usnea s.l. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycetes). Taxon 53(4): 925–934.Esslinger, TL. (2018) A Cumulative Checklist for the Lichen-Forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada, Version 22. Opuscula Philolichenum 17: 6-268. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/op/biblio_details.php?irn=480859 commonly known by the names old man's beard or Methuselah's beard lichen, is a fruticose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.
Description
This lichen is fruticose, with very long stems and short, even side branches. It is considered the longest lichen in the world.{{cite web |title=Usnea longissima |url=https://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Ulongissima.html |website=lichen.com |publisher=Lichens of North America |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503045319/https://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Ulongissima.html |archive-date=3 May 2012}} The stems are usually 15 to 30 cm in length but are sometimes much longer.{{cite book | last = Walewski | first = Joe | title = Lichens of the North Woods | publisher = Kollath-Stensaas | location = Duluth, MN| year = 2007 | isbn = 0-9792006-0-1 }} It is pale green to silvery-yellow. It has a distinct central cord, which is white.{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet for Usnea longissima |url=https://www.blm.gov/or/plans/surveyandmanage/files/sfs-li-usnea-longissima-2006.pdf |website=blm.gov |publisher=Bureau of Land Management |access-date=10 July 2022}}
D. longissima may grow to be 20 feet in length. It predominantly reproduces asexually through fragmentation. Spore-producing structures are rarely observed. It can double its length each year.
Distribution
Dolichousnea longissima is found in boreal forests and coastal woodland in Europe, Asia, and North America."Fact Sheet: Usnea longissima in Norway." Nov 08, 1996.http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/bot-mus/lav/factshts/usnelong.htm {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330085914/http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/bot-mus/lav/factshts/usnelong.htm |date=March 30, 2007 }} (accessed Dec 19, 2008). In North America, it is primarily found on the Pacific Coast, and the largest populations are concentrated in the Pacific Northwest. It ranges from Upper Midwest into Canada, the Great Lakes region, and extends to the coast of the Atlantic ocean.{{cite web |last1=DeLay |first1=Chantelle |title=Bearded Lichen |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/usnea_longissima.shtml |website=www.fs.fed.us |access-date=10 July 2022}} It was historically circumboreal, but has been regionally extirpated from areas of Europe and Scandinavia. It has been placed on the Red List of
California Lichens, and is considered Endangered in the Norwegian Red List.{{cite journal |last1=Storaunet |first1=Ken Olaf |last2=Rolstad |first2=Jørund |last3=Rolstad |first3=Erlend |title=Effects of logging on the threatened epiphytic lichen Usnea longissima: an experimental approach |journal=Silva Fennica |date=2014 |volume=48 |issue=1 |doi=10.14214/sf.949 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260843079_Effects_of_logging_on_the_threatened_epiphytic_lichen_Usnea_longissima_An_experimental_approach |access-date=10 July 2022|doi-access=free }}
The species grows within the canopies of coniferous trees, primarily those found in old growth Douglas fir forests and near bodies of water. Air pollution heavily affects the metabolic functions of the species, and as a result, populations have declined. Industrial logging has also had detrimental impacts on population numbers.
Human use
The species is harvested for decoration. It has also been historically used as a bedding and filtering material. Medicinally, D. longissima is known as an anti-inflammatory due to the presence of the compound longissiminone.{{cite journal |last1=Choudhary |first1=Muhammad I. |last2=Jalil |first2=Saima |title=Bioactive phenolic compounds from a medicinal lichen, Usnea longissima |journal=Phytochemistry |date=October 2005 |volume=66 |issue=19 |pages=2346–2350 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.06.023 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16102789/ |access-date=10 July 2022}} It has been described in Chinese herbal medicine dating back to 500 A.D., where one of the names for the species translates to "pine gauze".
See also
References
{{Reflist|refs=
{{cite web |title=Synonymy. Current Name: Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) Articus, Taxon 53(4): 932 (2004) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=371241 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=22 September 2022}}
}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q1809933|from2=Q22111343}}
Category:Lichens described in 1810