Domestic duck#As pets and ornamentals

{{Subspeciesbox

| name = Domestic mallard

| fossil_range = Holocene 2,000BC-Present

| image = Khaki Campbell female.jpg

| image_caption = Khaki Campbell duck

| status = DOM

| genus = Anas

| species = platyrhynchos

| subspecies = domesticus

| authority = Linnaeus, 1758

}}

{{Subspeciesbox

| name = Domestic Muscovy

| fossil_range = Holocene – present

| image = MuscovyDuck.jpg

| image_caption =

| status = DOM

| genus = Cairina

| parent_authority = Fleming, 1822

| species = moschata

| subspecies = domestica

| authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)

}}

Domestic ducks (mainly mallards, Anas platyrhynchos domesticus, with some Muscovy ducks, Cairina moschata domestica) are ducks that have been domesticated and raised for meat and eggs. A few are kept for show, or for their ornamental value. Most varieties of domesticated ducks, apart from the Muscovy duck and hybrids, are descended from the mallard, which was domesticated in China around 2000 BC.

Duck farming is simplified by their reliable flocking behaviour, and their ability to forage effectively for themselves. Over 80% of global duck production is in China. Breeds such as White Pekin are raised for meat, while the prolific Indian Runner can produce over 300 eggs per year. In East and Southeast Asia, polycultures such as rice-duck farming are widely practised: the ducks assist the rice with manure and by eating small pest animals, so that the same land produces rice and ducks at once.

In culture, ducks feature in children's stories such as The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck, and in Sergei Prokofiev's musical composition Peter and the Wolf; they have appeared in art since the time of ancient Egypt, where they served as a fertility symbol.

Origins

= Domestication =

Domestic ducks appear from whole-genome sequencing to have originated from a single domestication event of mallards during the Neolithic, followed by rapid selection for lineages favouring meat or egg production. They were probably domesticated in Southern China around 2000 BC{{snd}} by the rice paddy-farming ancestors of modern Southeast Asians{{snd}} and spread outwards from that region. There are few archaeological records, so the date of domestication is unknown; the earliest written records are in Han Chinese writings from central China dating to about 500 BC. Duck farming for both meat and eggs is a widespread and ancient industry in Southeast Asia.{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zebin |last2=Jia |first2=Yaxiong |last3=Almeida |first3=Pedro |last4=Mank |first4=Judith E |author-link4=Judith Mank |last5=van Tuinen |first5=Marcel |last6=Wang |first6=Qiong |last7=Jiang |first7=Zhihua |last8=Chen |first8=Yu |last9=Zhan |first9=Kai |last10=Hou |first10=Shuisheng |last11=Zhou |first11=Zhengkui |last12=Li |first12=Huifang |last13=Yang |first13=Fangxi |last14=He |first14=Yong |last15=Ning |first15=Zhonghua |last16=Yang |first16=Ning |last17=Qu |first17=Lujiang |display-authors=6 |date=1 April 2018 |title=Whole-genome resequencing reveals signatures of selection and timing of duck domestication |journal=GigaScience |volume=7 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/gigascience/giy027 |pmid=29635409 |pmc=6007426 |doi-access=free }}

Wild ducks were hunted extensively in Egypt and other parts of the world in ancient times, but were not domesticated. Ducks are documented in Ancient Rome from the second century BC, but descriptions – such as by Columella – suggest that ducks in Roman agriculture were captured in the wild, not domesticated; there was no duck breeding in Roman times, so eggs from wild ducks were needed to start duck farms.{{cite book |first1=Umberto |last1=Albarella |editor1-first=Grupe |chapter=Alternate fortunes? The role of domestic ducks and geese from Roman to Medieval times in Britain |editor1-last=G. |editor2-first=Peters |editor2-last=J. |title=Feathers, Grit and Symbolism: Birds and Humans in the Ancient Old and New Worlds |publisher=Verlag Marie Leidorf |series=Documenta Archaeobiologiae III |year=2005 |pages=249–258 |isbn=9783896466181 |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.57540!/file/Albarella-2005-duck-goose-domestication.pdf}}

Mallards were domesticated in Eurasia.{{cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=Z.-C. |last2=Yang |first2=F.-X. |last3=Qu |first3=L.-J. |last4=Zheng |first4=J.-X. |last5=Brun |first5=J.-M. |last6=Basso |first6=B. |last7=Pitel |first7=F. |last8=Yang |first8=N. |last9=Xu |first9=G.-Y. |title=Genetic structure of Eurasian and North American mallard ducks based on mtDNA data |journal=Animal Genetics |publisher=Wiley |volume=43 |issue=3 |date=23 September 2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02248.x |pages=352–355|pmid=22486512 }} The Muscovy duck was domesticated in Mexico and South America.{{cite book |last=Stahl |first=Peter W. |chapter=Animal Domestication in South America |editor1-last=Silverman |editor1-first=Helaine |editor2-last=Isbell |editor2-first=William |title=Handbook of South American Archaeology |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |publication-place=New York |date=2008-04-06 |isbn=978-0-387-74907-5 |pages=121–130 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226307839}}

= Origins of breeds =

Most breeds and varieties of domestic duck derive from the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos; a few derive from Cairina moschata, the Muscovy duck, or are mulards, hybrids of these with A. platyrhynchos stock.{{cite book |title=Poultry Behaviour and Welfare |last1=Appleby |first1=Michael C. |last2=Mench |first2=Joy A. |last3=Hughes |first3=Barry O. |date=2004 |publisher=Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hW6BCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |isbn=978-0-851-99667-7 |page=9}} Domestication has greatly altered their characteristics. Domestic ducks are mostly promiscuous, where wild mallards are monogamous. Domestic ducks have lost the mallard's territorial behaviour, and are less aggressive than mallards.{{Cite book |last1=Piggott |first1=Stuart |last2=Thirsk |first2=Joan |title=The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Volume 1, Part 1, Prehistory |date=February 1981 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQ89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA407 |isbn=978-0-521-08741-4}}{{cite web |url=http://digimorph.org/specimens/anas_platyrhynchos/skull/ |title=Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck |author=DigiMorph Staff |date=2004 |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127010859/http://digimorph.org/specimens/anas_platyrhynchos/skull/ |archive-date=27 November 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-12-23 |df=dmy-all }} Despite these differences, domestic ducks frequently mate with wild mallard, producing fully fertile hybrid offspring.{{cite book |last=Wood-Gush |first=D. |title=Elements of Ethology: A textbook for agricultural and veterinary students |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xtEGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT212 |page=PT212 |isbn=978-9-400-95931-6}} A wild mallard weighs some {{cvt|1.1|kg|lb|}}, but large breeds like the Aylesbury may weigh {{cvt|4.6|kg|lb}} (and hybrids even more), while small breeds like the Appleyard may be only {{cvt|0.7|kg|lb}}. Those breeds are raised for meat and eggs, while other breeds are purely ornamental, having been selected for their crests, tufts, or striking plumage, for exhibition in competitions.{{cite news |title=The best ducks to keep in your garden: in pictures |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/9139166/The-best-ducks-to-keep-in-your-garden-in-pictures.html |access-date=28 June 2017 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}

A phylogenomic analysis found that Indian breeds of ducks formed a cluster that was sister to the White Pekin duck (a breed derived from ducks domesticated in China), while Muscovy ducks are from another genus.{{cite journal |last1=Veeramani |first1=P. |last2=Prabakaran |first2=R. |last3=Sivaselvam |first3=S. N. |last4=Sivakumar |first4=T. |last5=Selvan |first5=S. T. |last6=Karthickeyan |first6=S. M. K. |title=Phylogenetic analysis of six duck populations |journal=Indian Journal of Animal Research |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=626–628 |date=2016-03-01 |issn=0976-0555 |doi=10.18805/ijar.9301 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Veeramani-P-3/publication/342522466_Phylogenetic_analysis_of_six_duck_populations/links/5ef9baea92851c52d606a774/Phylogenetic-analysis-of-six-duck-populations.pdf |doi-access=free }}

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"

|+ Phylogeny of some breeds of duck

{{clade| style=font-size:95%;line-height:110%;

|label1=part of Anatidae

|1={{clade

|1=Muscovy duck

|sublabel1=Cairina moschata

|label2=Mallard

|sublabel2=Anas platyrhynchos

|2={{clade

|1=Other breeds

|2={{clade

|1=White Pekin

|2={{clade

|1=Assam duck

|2=Other Indian breeds (Kuttanad, Keeri, Sanyasi)

}}

File:Amerikanische Pekingenten 2013 01c.jpg|White Pekins are raised for meat.

File:Canards de Barbarie.jpg|Muscovy ducks produce a richly-flavoured meat, and are kept as pets.

File:Runner-ducks.jpg|Indian Runner ducks stand upright, do not fly, and may produce over 300 eggs per year.{{cite web |title=Indian Runner Duck: Anas platyrhynchos domesticus |url=https://www.zoo-berlin.de/en/animals/indian-runner-duck |publisher=Zoo Berlin |access-date=7 May 2024}}

Farming

= Husbandry =

Ducks have been farmed for thousands of years. They are reared principally for meat, but also for duck eggs.{{r|alan|p=258}} Duck husbandry is simplified by aspects of their behaviour, including reliable flocking and the ability to forage effectively for themselves in wetlands and water bodies.

Most breeds of duck may lay some 200 eggs per year,{{r|alan|p=258}} though the Indian Runner may produce over 300 eggs annually. The females of many breeds of domestic duck are unreliable at sitting their eggs and raising their young. Exceptions include the Rouen duck and especially the Muscovy duck. It has been a custom on farms for centuries to put duck eggs under broody hens for hatching; nowadays this role is often played by an incubator. However, young ducklings rely on their mothers for a supply of preen oil to make them waterproof; a chicken does not make as much preen oil as a duck, and an incubator makes none. Once the duckling grows its own feathers, it produces preen oil from the sebaceous gland near the base of its tail.{{cite web |url=http://www.zooenc.eu/en/ducks/ |title=Ducks |website=Poultry Breeds Encyclopedia}}

File:Vista Del Rio De Patero by Jose Honorato Lozano (1821).jpg|Painting by José Honorato Lozano of duck farms along the Pasig River in the Philippines, 1821

File:Fotothek df roe-neg 0006249 005 Wenden von Enteneiern vor Brutschränken.jpg|Turning duck eggs in front of incubators, Germany, 1952

File:Duck Raising.JPG|Duck farm in the Philippines, 2014

File:Mr. Thien inspects egg at his duck hatchery in Can Tho (14056482898).jpg|Inspecting duck eggs at a hatchery, Vietnam, 2014

= Systems =

File:Ducks (6337601928).jpg in Bali, Indonesia provide additional income and manure the fields, reducing the need for fertilizer.]]

In East and Southeast Asia, rice-duck farming is widely practised. This polyculture yields both rice and ducks from the same land; the ducks eat small pest animals in the crop; they stir the water, limiting weeds, and manure the rice. Other rice polycultures in the region include rice-fish-duck and rice-fish-duck-azolla systems, where fish further manure the rice and help to control pests.{{cite web |last=Bezemer |first=Marjolein |date=23 October 2022 |title=Mixed farming increases rice yield |url=https://www.renature.co/articles/mixed-farming-increase-rice-yield/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011124422/https://renaturefoundation.nl/2018/12/12/mixed-farming-increase-rice-yield/ |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=reNature Foundation}}{{cite conference |last=Furuno |first=Takao |title=Traditional and modern matters on rice cultivation associated with duck |date=2009 |conference=6th International Rice–Duck Conference |location=Cebu, The Philippines |pages=23–27}}

= Pests and diseases =

File:IMGP7610-Hyalella azteca with acanthocephalan in body cavity!.jpg with an acanthocephalan (orange) in its body cavity. Ducks eat the shrimps and become infected with the parasites.]]

Domestic ducks have the advantage over other poultry of being strongly resistant to many bird diseases, including such serious conditions as duck plague (viral enteritis).{{cite book |last1=Churchil |first1=R. Richard |last2=Jalaludeen |first2=A. |title=Duck Production and Management Strategies |chapter=Duck Farming: Opportunities, Constraints and Policy Recommendations |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |publication-place=Singapore |date=2022 |isbn=978-981-16-6099-3 |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-6100-6_16 |pages=617–657}} They are however susceptible to the dangerous H5N1 strain of avian influenza.{{Cite journal |last1=Songserm |first1=Thaweesak |last2=Jam-on |first2=Rungroj |last3=Sae-Heng |first3=Numdee |last4=Meemak |first4=Noppadol |last5=Hulse-Post |first5=Diane J. |last6=Sturm-Ramirez |first6=Katharine M. |last7=Webster |first7=Robert G. |date=April 2006 |title=Domestic Ducks and H5N1 Influenza Epidemic, Thailand |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=575–581 |doi=10.3201/eid1204.051614 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=3294714 |pmid=16704804}} Ducks are subject to ectoparasites such as lice and endoparasites such as trematodes, cestodes,{{cite journal |last1=Musa |first1=Sharmin |last2=Rahman |first2=Tania |last3=Khanum |first3=Hamida |title=Prevalence and intensity of parasites in domestic ducks |journal=Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=197–199 |doi=10.3329/dujbs.v21i2.11518 |url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJBS/article/view/11518|doi-access=free }} and acanthocephalans. A high parasitic load can result in a substantial reduction in the ducks' growth rate.{{cite journal |last1=Anisuzzaman |last2=Alim |first2=M. A. |last3=Rahman |first3=M. H. |last4=Mondal |first4=M. M. H. |last5=Anisuzzaman |last6=Alim |first6=M. A. |last7=Rahman |first7=M. H. |last8=Mondal |first8=M. M. H. |display-authors=6 |title=Helminth parasites in indigenous ducks: Seasonal dynamics and effects on production performance |journal=Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University |date=2005 |doi=10.22004/AG.ECON.276489}}

= Production =

In 2021 approximately 4.3 billion ducks were slaughtered for meat worldwide, for a total yield of about 6.2 million tonnes;{{r|faostat}} over 80% of this production was in China, where more than 3.6 billion ducks were killed, yielding some 4.9 million tonnes of meat.{{r|faostat2}} Worldwide production of duck meat was substantially lower than that of chicken – 73.8 billion birds slaughtered, 121.6 million tonnes – but considerably greater than that of goose – about 750 million birds killed for 4.4 million tonnes of meat.{{r|faostat}} Feathers are a by-product of duck farming.{{r|usda}}

As food

= Meat =

Since ancient times, the duck has been eaten as food.{{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Dalby |title=Food in the Ancient World from A to Z |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdR4jRJCxEsC&pg=PA124 |page=124 |isbn=978-1-135-95422-2}} Usually only the breast and thigh meat is eaten.{{cite book |chapter=Duck |title=The Visual Food Encyclopedia |date=1996 |publisher=Québec Amerique |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOG-ItIHp_kC&pg=PA584 |isbn=978-2-764-40898-8 |page=584}} It does not need to be hung before preparation, and is often braised or roasted, sometimes flavoured with bitter orange or with port.{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ-1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1722 |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-191-01825-1 |page=472}} Peking duck is a dish of roast duck from Beijing, China, that has been prepared since medieval times. It is today traditionally served with spring pancakes, spring onions and sweet bean sauce.{{cite news |title=The Evolution of Peking Duck |work=CBS |date=24 September 2006 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-evolution-of-peking-duck/ |archive-date=3 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503015443/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/09/24/sunday/main2036347.shtml |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://www.pilotguides.com/destination_guide/asia/china/peking_duck.php |title=A Cultural Classic: Peking Duck |publisher=Globe Trekker |access-date=26 June 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517023541/http://www.pilotguides.com/destination_guide/asia/china/peking_duck.php |url-status=dead}}

= Eggs and other products =

In France, ducks are used for the production of foie gras de canard.{{r|alan|p=311}} In some cultures the blood of ducks slaughtered for meat is used as food; it may be eaten seasoned and lightly cooked, as in Ireland,{{r|darina|p=392}} or be used as an ingredient, as in a number of regional types of blood soup, among them the czarnina of Poland{{r|mark|p=299}} and the tiết canh of Vietnam.{{r|usda}}

Duck eggs are eaten mainly in Asian countries such as China;{{r|alan|p=258}} in the Philippines, balut – a fertilised duck egg at about 17 days of development, boiled and eaten with salt – is considered a delicacy and is sold as street food.{{r|alan|p=53}}

File:Chicken Eggs and Duck Eggs in San Hui Market at Tuen Mun.jpg|Duck eggs (left), larger and greener than chicken eggs (right) at market, Hong Kong, 2022

File:Zhangcha Duck at Restaurant Zen, Qianmen (20211008185323).jpg|Sichuan-style tea-smoked zhangcha duck

File:Peking duck wrap.jpg|Peking duck with spring pancake

File:Duck Liver Pâté.jpg|Duck liver pâté

In culture

= For children =

File:Jemima1.jpg's illustrations for The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck, 1908]]

The domestic duck has appeared numerous times in children's stories. Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck was published by Frederick Warne & Co in 1908. One of Potter's best-known books, the tale was included in the Royal Ballet's The Tales of Beatrix Potter.{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/8203999/The-Tales-of-Beatrix-Potter-performed-by-The-Royal-Ballet.html |title=The Tales of Beatrix Potter performed by The Royal Ballet |last=Roberts |first=Laura |date=2010-12-16 |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=2017-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821213751/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/8203999/The-Tales-of-Beatrix-Potter-performed-by-The-Royal-Ballet.html |archive-date=2016-08-21}} It is the story of how Jemima, a domestic duck, is saved from a cunning fox who plans to kill her, when she tries to find a safe place for her eggs to hatch.{{cite book |last=Potter |first=Beatrix |author-link=Beatrix Potter |title=The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck |date=1993 |publisher=Frederick Warne |isbn=9781854713858 |url=https://archive.org/details/taleofjemimapudd00pott_0 |url-access=registration}}

The Story About Ping is a 1933 American children's book by Marjorie Flack, illustrated by Kurt Wiese, about a domestic duck lost on the Yangtze River.{{cite book | author1=Marjorie Flack | author2=Kurt Wiese | title=The Story About Ping | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAc_PgAACAAJ | year=1933 | publisher=Viking Press | isbn=978-0-670-67223-3}}

Make Way for Ducklings, a 1941 children's picture book by Robert McCloskey, tells the story of a pair of mallards who decide to raise their family on an island in the lagoon in Boston Public Garden. It won the 1942 Caldecott Medal for its illustrations.{{cite web |title=Randolph Caldecott Medal |date=2021 |url=https://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/caldecott |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=American Library Association}} The Disney cartoon character Donald Duck, one of the world's most recognizable pop culture icons, is a domestic duck of the American Pekin breed.{{cite web |title=Pekin Ducks |url=https://breeds.okstate.edu/poultry/ducks/pekin-ducks.html |access-date=27 June 2023 |website=Oklahoma State University Extension – Department of Food & Animal Sciences |date=20 July 2021 }}

The domestic duck features in the musical composition Peter and the Wolf, written by the Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev in 1936.{{cite web |last1=Nicholas |first1=Jeremy |title=Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf | A Complete Guide To The Best Recordings |url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/prokofiev-s-peter-and-the-wolf-a-complete-guide-to-the-best-recordings |publisher=Gramophone |access-date=2 July 2024 |date=25 May 2021 |quote=Peter is a Soviet boy who takes care of his pet animals, including a bird, a duck, and a cat. When a wolf invades his domestic zoo, Peter organises a hunt, rounds up the predator and takes him to the zoo. |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803064706/https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/prokofiev-s-peter-and-the-wolf-a-complete-guide-to-the-best-recordings |url-status=live}} The orchestra illustrates the children's story while the narrator tells it.{{cite book |last=De Rijke |title=Duck |first=Victoria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWTf_WPHkxQC&pg=PT24 |date=2008 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-861-89489-2 |page=PT24}} In this, a domestic duck and a little bird argue on each other's flight capabilities. The duck is represented by the oboe. The story ends with the wolf eating the duck alive, its quack heard from inside the wolf's belly.{{cite book |last=Prokofiev |first=Sergei |author-link=Sergei Prokofiev |title=Peter and the Wolf |date=1999 |publisher=North-South Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ITOQAAACAAJ |isbn=978-0-735-81189-8 |pages=1–28}}

The duck theme in Peter and the Wolf: Oboe
class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
\relative c' { \clef treble \time 3/4 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"oboe" \tempo "L'istesso tempo"4=92 \key aes \major \slashedGrace fes8( ees2.\mf->) \| \slashedGrace ees8( d[ des c des] \slashedGrace d g[ f)] \| \slashedGrace fes( ees2.->) }

= In art and folk culture =

Domestic ducks are featured in a range of ancient artefacts, which revealed that they were a fertility symbol.{{cite book |last1=Chadd |first1=Rachel Warren |last2=Taylor |first2=Marianne |chapter=Anatidae: Duck |title=Birds: Myth, Lore and Legend |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgOGDAAAQBAJ |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-472-92287-8 |pages=12–15 }}

File:WMID-4241F2, Middle Early Medieval, Pendant (FindID 523861) (front).jpg|Pendant with duck's head,
England, c. 650 AD

File:Munch - Jensen with Slaughtered Duck, 1912, MM.M.00538 (cropped).jpg|Edvard Munch's painting Jensen with Slaughtered Duck, 1912

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het bewerken van de sawa TMnr 3525-23.jpg|Balinese traditional painting depicting paddy fields with ducks foraging for food, 1940

File:Big Duck 2018 05.jpg|'The Big Duck', Long Island, New York: built on a duck farm, 1931

References

{{reflist|refs=

Davidson, Alan (1999). "Duck". The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{isbn|9780192115799}}.

Allen, Darina (2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oLdyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT392 Irish Traditional Cooking]. London: Kyle Books. {{isbn|9780857836960}}.

[https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_All_Area_Groups.zip Production Crops Livestock E All Area Groups NOFLAG] (large download). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. Accessed June 2023. Lines 323–330.

[https://fenixservices.fao.org/faostat/static/bulkdownloads/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_All_Data.zip Production Crops Livestock E All Data NOFLAG] (large download). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. Accessed June 2023. Lines 10405–10406.

McLagan, Jennifer (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=n80MEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT299 Blood, Not So Simple]. In: McWilliams, Mark (ed.) (2017). Offal: Rejected and Reclaimed Food: Proceedings of the 2016 Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery. London: Prospect Books. {{isbn|9781909248557}}.

[https://web.archive.org/web/20130920052228/https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/poultry-preparation/duck-and-goosefrom-farm-to-table/ct_index Duck and Goose from Farm to Table]. Washington, DC: Food Safety and Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. Archived 20 September 2013.

}}

External links

Domestic duck

Category:Domesticated birds

Category:Ducks

Category:Poultry

Category:Birds described in 1758

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus