Don Jail

File:DonJail1860s.jpg

The 'Don Gaol' was built between 1858 and 1864, with a new wing being built in the 1950s. Designed by architect William Thomas in 1852,Hauch, Valerie. "If these limestone walls could talk". Toronto Star, June 28, 2015. it was constructed with a distinctive facade in the Italianate style, with a pedimented central pavilion and vermiculated columns flanking the main entrance portico. It is one of the oldest pre-Confederation structures that remains intact in Toronto.

The Don Jail is the only jail to have been officially designated the Toronto Jail, yet has rarely been referred to as such outside official circles, with the facility more commonly known as the Don Jail or 'The Don'. The first King Street Gaol, the second King Street Gaol and the Toronto Central Prison were all colloquially known as the Toronto Jail, and the Don Jail likely earned its unofficial name to distinguish it from these other facilities.

In 1952, the jail was the subject of the first ever television news report on the CBC Television English-language network when the Boyd Gang, a notorious group of bank robbers, broke out of the facility for the second time. The news anchor was future Bonanza star Lorne Greene.{{Cite web |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-543-2729/life_society/boyd_gang/clip4 |title=Gang's second jailbreak becomes CBC's first TV news story - Television - CBC Archives |access-date=2004-03-05 |archive-date=2004-03-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20040305004312/http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-543-2729/life_society/boyd_gang/clip4 |url-status=live }} In 1974, James J. Benko was the youngest bank robber to escape from the Don Jail at age 16.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

File:New Don Jail.jpg

An adjoining, modernist east wing was built in 1958. When the original Don Jail building ceased to be used for housing offenders in 1977, the east wing remained in operation as the Toronto Jail (retaining the Don Jail moniker).[http://www.bridgepointhealth.ca/uploads/Foundation/PDFs/LifeChanges%20Don%20Jail.pdf Transforming the Historic Don Jail]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Bridgepoint Health The east wing continued to serve as a jail until December 31, 2013, when a new facility, the Toronto South Detention Centre, was completed on the site of the former Mimico Correctional Centre.Infrastructure Ontario Media Release [http://www.infrastructureontario.ca/en/news/io_news/2008/sept0908/Toronto%20South%20DC%20-%20Pre-qualified%20bidders%20News%20Release.pdf Detention Centre Project Attracts Industry Interest] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123173121/http://www.infrastructureontario.ca/en/news/io_news/2008/sept0908/Toronto%20South%20DC%20-%20Pre-qualified%20bidders%20News%20Release.pdf |date=November 23, 2010 }}, September 9, 2008

Originally designed as a reform prison, and once dubbed the "Palace for Prisoners" because of its progressive approach to the wellness and living conditions of inmates, the reputation of the Don Jail soured over the years due to overcrowding and other factors. The jail's bad reputation contributed to the closure of the historic jail building in 1977.

The east wing was constructed to house 276 prisoners, but at the end of its service its "rated capacity" was 550, and its average prisoner load was about 620. In addition, as a "short-term" jail, it was not designed with adequate visitor facilities, exercise areas, telephones, lawyer meeting rooms, showers, or even laundry facilities. However, the average stay was 30–90 days, and many prisoners were kept there for months. It was often overburdened by a large number of arrested persons awaiting arraignment.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Courts took judicial notice of the deplorable conditions at the Don Jail. In R. v. Smith [2003] O.J. No. 1782, Justice Richard Schneider set a precedent in this regard by crediting persons serving time in the facility awaiting trial with three days against their sentence for every day spent in the facility, as opposed to the "2-for-1" pre-trial custody credit typically given during criminal sentencing in Canada at the time. In R. v. Permesar [2003] O.J. No. 5420, the same judge noted that the prison failed to meet the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners set by the United Nations.As reviewed by Justice Paul H. Reinhardt in [https://archive.today/20120728123605/http://www.canlii.org/en/on/oncj/doc/2006/2006oncj349/2006oncj349.html R. v. Prince, 2006 ONCJ 349 (CanLII)] These conditions were also brought to light by a controversial article"Stink of vomit, urine and grimy mould fills dingy 21st-century anachronism", Toronto Star, 7 May 2003, p. A01. appearing in the Toronto Star after journalist Linda Diebel was smuggled into the prison by Dave Levac, a sympathetic Ontario MPP. Mr. Levac faced censure by the Integrity Commissioner for bringing in the reporter, whom he led Jail officials to believe was a member of his staff, as part of his entourage.The Hon. Coulter A. Osborne, [http://integrity.oico.on.ca/oic/OICweb2.nsf/(CommReports)/12/$FILE/report.pdf?OpenElement "Report Re: Mr. David Levac, Member for Brant, with respect to his attendance at the Toronto Don Jail"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530204609/http://integrity.oico.on.ca/oic/OICweb2.nsf/(CommReports)/12/$FILE/report.pdf?OpenElement |date=May 30, 2009 }}, 23 July 2003."MPP censured over Star reporter's Don jail visit", Toronto Star, 25 July 2003, p. A06.

File:National Museum of Crime and Punishmen - Hangman Rope from Don Jail 1915 (2869481808).jpg purportedly used in the Don Jail to hang Jan Ziolko in April 1915, as displayed at the National Museum of Crime & Punishment|alt=A hangman noose, displayed as a museum exhibit in the National Museum of Crime & Punishment, purportedly used in the Don Jail to hang Jan Ziolko in April 1915, with a card describing this exhibit]]

Before capital punishment was abolished in Canada, the Toronto Jail was the site of a number of hangings. Starting with the execution of John Boyd in January 1908, hangings at the jail took place in an indoor chamber, which was a converted washroom, at the northeast corner of the old building. Previously, condemned men had been hanged on an outdoor scaffold in the jail yard. The indoor facility was seen as an improvement because outdoor executions were quasi-public (at the hanging of Fred Lee Rice on July 18, 1902, crowds had lined surrounding rooftops to see something of the spectacle) and because the condemned didn't have to walk as far. {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

The best-known Canadian hangmen, such as John Radclive, Arthur Ellis and Camille Blanchard, hanged men at the Toronto Jail. The Toronto-based hangman Samuel Edwards, who worked during the Great Depression, carried out his first execution there in July 1931.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

Twenty-six men were hanged on the jail's indoor gallows. The jail saw three double hangings: Roy Hotrum and William McFadden in August 1921; Leonard Jackson and Steven Suchan in December 1952; Ronald Turpin and Arthur Lucas on 11 December 1962. Turpin and Lucas had each been convicted in separate murders, and their executions were Canada's last before capital punishment was abolished.{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/canada.html |title=Executions in Canada from 1860 to abolition |publisher=Capital Punishment U.K. |date=24 October 2016 }} {{Cite news|date=2012-12-10|title=The end of the rope: The story of Canada's last executions|language=en-CA|work=The Toronto Star|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2012/12/10/the_end_of_the_rope_the_story_of_canadas_last_executions.html|access-date=2022-01-07|issn=0319-0781}} {{Cite web|title=Capital punishment in Canada - CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/capital-punishment-in-canada-1.795391|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117092746/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/capital-punishment-in-canada-1.795391 |archive-date=2014-01-17 }}

In 2007, human remains were found on the jail's grounds during an archaeological assessment.[https://www.thestar.com/News/GTA/article/260592 Kopun, Francine. "Human remains found at Don Jail", Toronto Star, 25 September 2007.]

File:Bridgepoint Hospital and Don Jail.jpg

The Don Jail has long shared its site with a hospital. The original House of Refuge was built in 1860 on the same property as a home for "vagrants, the dissolute, and for idiots". The House of Refuge became the Riverdale Isolation Hospital in 1875 during a smallpox epidemic, and later evolved into a hospital for those with chronic ailments and/or needing rehabilitation.{{cite web|last=|first=|date=8 February 2013|title=History of the Don Jail|url=http://www.bridgepointhealth.ca/en/who-we-are/resources/The_History_of_the_Don_Jail.pdf|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819092055/http://www.bridgepointhealth.ca/en/who-we-are/resources/The_History_of_the_Don_Jail.pdf|archivedate=19 August 2014|accessdate=12 June 2014|website=|publisher=Bridgepoint Health}}

When the newly named Bridgepoint Health (now Hennick Bridgepoint Hospital) demolished the 1950s-era Riverdale Hospital building to replace it with a new 10-storey facility, the historic Don Jail building was extensively renovated to serve as the administrative wing for the hospital, a process which included the removal of "150 years worth of grime" from the exterior. About 20 per cent of the former jail's heritage interior was preserved, including the centre block's half-octagonal rotunda featuring clerestory windows, as well as original iron railings and balconies supported by griffin and serpent cast-iron brackets. The punishment and death row cells, and the former gallows tower (where an outline of the timber framing remains on the interior walls), were also preserved, to remain behind closed doors except for occasions such as Doors Open.{{cite news|last1=Kryhul|first1=Angela|title=Historic Don Jail buffed up, refitted for a new purpose|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/property-report/historic-don-jail-buffed-up-refitted-for-a-new-purpose/article5422710/#dashboard/follows/|accessdate=10 June 2014|work=The Globe and Mail|date=19 November 2012}}

In 2008, the City of Toronto's heritage preservation staff and some Councillors wanted Bridgepoint Health to retain the steel bars on all of the old jail's windows. Fearing that the barred windows were incompatible with the hospital's objectives of openness and well-being, Bridgepoint Health was able to convince City Council to only require that grilles be maintained on the windows not serving patient rooms or staff offices.{{cite web|title=Don Jail to lose bars in hospital conversion|url=http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=b494f679-ab6f-4227-a906-462678a84362&sponsor=|website=Canada.com|accessdate=10 June 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140610210319/http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=b494f679-ab6f-4227-a906-462678a84362&sponsor=|archivedate=10 June 2014|date=19 November 2008|url-status=dead}}

The east wing was formally decommissioned on January 6, 2014, at which point it too was transferred to Bridgepoint Health and demolished in March and April of that same year. The site of the former east wing will become landscaped open space and will potentially be used for a future expansion of the hospital facilities.{{cite web|last=|first=|date=15 January 2014|title=Last piece of $1.2 billion puzzle in place as Bridgepoint Health takes over Don Jail|url=http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/4316314-last-piece-of-1-2-billion-puzzle-in-place-as-bridgepoint-health-takes-over-don-jail/|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035702/http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/4316314-last-piece-of-1-2-billion-puzzle-in-place-as-bridgepoint-health-takes-over-don-jail/|archivedate=24 September 2015|accessdate=10 June 2014|website=Inside Toronto}}

The grounds of the former jail are being landscaped into a city park to be named Hubbard Park after William Peyton Hubbard.{{Cite web|url=http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/4731720-riverdale-park-to-be-named-after-toronto-s-first-black-elected-official/|title=Riverdale park to be named after Toronto's first black elected official|date=August 2014}} The former Don Jail Roadway has been extended and renamed Jack Layton Way after Jack Layton, the late leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada and former Member of Parliament for the area.{{cite web |url=http://torontoist.com/2013/02/jack-layton-way-opens/ |title = Jack Layton Way Opens|date = 25 February 2013}}

The prison and hospital also served as the location of the fictional Dyad institute in the Canadian TV show Orphan Black.{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2234222/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt |title = Orphan Black (TV Series 2013–2017) - Filming & Production - IMDb|website = IMDb}} The rotunda of the jail was also used as a set for The Cell Block bar in the movie Cocktail (1988).{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094889/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt |title = Cocktail (1988) - Filming & Production - IMDb|website = IMDb}}

• List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto
• List of correctional facilities in Ontario
• Capital punishment in Canada
• Hangman's Graveyard

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{{Commons category|Don Jail}}

• [https://archive.today/20130201004433/http://readingt.readingcities.com/index.php/toronto/search/the_don_jail_visit_with_era_architects/ Reading Toronto: photo gallery]
• [https://www.thestar.com/News/GTA/article/260592 "Human Remains found at Don Jail" - thestar.com]
• {{YouTube|rDb2xqHwJF0|History of Bridgepoint Active Healthcare Campus}}. Most of this video focuses on the Don Jail.

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Category:Defunct prisons in Ontario

Category:2014 disestablishments in Ontario

Category:Buildings and structures in Toronto

Category:William Thomas (architect) buildings

Category:Execution sites in Canada

Category:1864 establishments in Canada

Category:Italianate architecture in Canada