Donal Cam O'Sullivan Beare#O'Sullivan's march

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Family name hatnote|O'Sullivan Beare|Beare}}{{Infobox royalty

| name = Donal Cam O'Sullivan Beare
Domhnall Cam Ó Súileabháin Bhéara

| title =

| image = File:DonalOSullivanBeare_HQ.png

| caption = Portrait of Donal O'Sullivan Beare, 1st Count of Berehaven in Spanish armour

| CoA =

| reign1= 1594–1618

| predecessor1 = Eóghan O'Sullivan Beare

| successor2 = Title dormant

| predecessor2=Title created

|succession1=Chief of the Name O'Sullivan Beare

|succession2=1st Count of Berehaven

| birth_date = 1561

| birth_place = Ireland

| death_date = 16 July 1618 (aged 56)

| death_place = Madrid, Habsburg Spain

}}

Donal Cam O'Sullivan Beare, Prince of Beare, 1st Count of Berehaven ({{langx|ga|Domhnall Cam Ó Súileabháin Bhéara}}; 1560 – 16 July 1618) was an Irish nobleman and soldier who was the last independent Chief of the Name of Clan O'Sullivan. He was thus the last O'Sullivan Beare, a title of the Gaelic nobility of Ireland, and Lord of the Beara Peninsula in the southwest of Ireland during the early seventeenth century, when the English Crown was attempting to secure their rule over the whole island.

Early life

Donal Cam O'Sullivan Beare was born in 1560. His father was killed in 1563, but he was considered too young to inherit and the clan's leadership passed to the chief's surviving brother Eoin, who was confirmed by Dublin Castle administration with the title Lord of Beare and Bantry. In order to consolidate his position, Eoin accepted the authority of Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted, thus becoming Sir Eoin. In 1587, Donal asserted his own claim to leadership of the clan, petitioning the Dublin Castle administration to put aside Sir Eoin's appointment with a claim derived from English laws based on absolute male primogeniture. These laws did not recognise age as relevant to inheritance rights. Keen to extend English legal authority over Ireland, the Dublin Castle administration accepted Donal's claim. He subsequently became The O'Sullivan Beare, head of the clan.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Nine Years War

By 1600, the province of Munster had been devastated by battle, and Irish Catholics had lost over half a million acres (4,000 km²) of land to Protestant settlers following the defeat of the Desmond Rebellions.{{Cite web|url=https://www.theirishstory.com/2015/09/30/the-desmond-rebellions-part-ii-the-second-rebellion-1579-83/|title=The Desmond Rebellions Part II, The Second Rebellion, 1579-83 – The Irish Story}}

In the lead up to the Nine Years' War O'Sullivan kept his distance from the rebel cause, but in time he joined a confederation of Gaelic chiefs led by Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, Ó Néill, and Red Hugh O'Donnell, Ó Domhnaill, of Ulster. Conflict had broken out in 1594, and Tyrone secured support from Philip II of Spain. The Spanish sent an Armada under the command of Don Juan D'Aquilla in 1601. O'Sullivan wrote to the Spanish king in submission to his authority, but the letter was intercepted by the English. In early 1602 the allied Irish and Spanish forces met an English force at the Battle of Kinsale and were defeated.

O'Sullivan resolved to continue the struggle by taking control of the castle of Dunboy. In June 1602 English forces attacked Dunboy and the castle fell after a brief siege. The entire company of defenders was killed in combat or hanged afterwards.{{Cite web|url= http://www.castletown.com/sullivan.htm |website=castletown.com | title = O'Sullivan Abu! | archiveurl = https://archive.today/19970223112643/http://www.castletown.com/sullivan.htm | archivedate = 23 February 1997 }}

O'Sullivan's march

Donal himself was absent from the siege of Dunboy, having travelled to Ulster for a conference with Tyrone. His letter to Philip II left him with little hope of a pardon from the English, and he continued the fight with guerilla tactics. He also maintained a stronghold on Dursey Island which was attacked by an English detachment under the command of George Carew. According to Philip O'Sullivan Beare, Carew's men killed all 300 occupants of the stronghold, including women and children who had taken shelter there, in what became known as the Dursey Island massacre.{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Timoth Daniel |author-link=Timothy Daniel Sullivan |title=Bantry, Berehaven and the O'Sullivan Sept |url=https://archive.org/details/bantryberehaven00sullgoog |year=1908 |place=Dublin |publisher=Sealy, Bryers & Walker}} After the fall of Dursey and Dunboy, O'Sullivan Beare, Lord of Beara and Bantry, gathered his remaining followers and set off northwards on a 500-kilometre march with 1,000 of his remaining people, starting on 31 December 1602. He hoped to meet Lord Tyrone on the shores of Lough Neagh.

He fought a long rearguard action northwards through Ireland, through Munster, Connacht and Ulster, during which the much larger English force and their Irish allies fought him all the way. The march was marked by the suffering of the fleeing and starving O'Sullivans as they sought food from an already decimated Irish countryside in winter. They faced equally desperate people in this, often resulting in hostility, such as from the Mac Egans at Redwood Castle in Tipperary and at Donohill in O'Dwyer's country, where they raided the food store of The 10th Earl of Ormond. O'Sullivan marched through Aughrim, where he raided villages for food and met local resistance.

He was barred entrance to Glinsk Castle and led his refugees further north. On their arrival at Brian Oge O'Rourke's castle in West Breifne on 14 January 1603, after a fortnight's hard marching and fighting, only 35 of the original 1,000 remained. Many had died in battles or from exposure and hunger, and others had taken shelter or fled along the route. O'Sullivan Beare had marched over 500 kilometres, crossed the River Shannon in the dark of a midwinter night (having taken just two days to make a boat of skin and hazel rods to carry 28 at a time the half-kilometre across the river), fought battles and constant skirmishes, and lost almost all of his people during the hardships of the journey.

In County Leitrim, O'Sullivan Beare sought to join with other northern chiefs to launch a campaign against the English Crown, and organised a force to this end, but resistance ended when Tyrone signed the Treaty of Mellifont. O'Sullivan, like other members of the Gaelic nobility of Ireland who fled, sought exile, making his escape to Spain by ship. The Beara-Breifne Way long-distance walking trail follows closely the line of the historical march.

Exile

When he left Ireland, Cornelius O'Driscoll and other Irish knights helped him and his clan. In Spain, O'Sullivan Beare was welcomed by Philip III. His princely status was reconfirmed, and he received a commission as an imperial general. His nephew, Philip O'Sullivan Beare, was important in this regard and his 1618 disquisition in Latin, A Briefe Relation of Ireland and the diversity of Irish in the same, was influential.{{cite web|url=http://www.ucc.ie/acad/classics/CNLS/lectures/Morgan_madrid.html | title = 'Un pueblo unido...': the politics of Philip O'Sullivan Beare | access-date=30 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050330160649/http://www.ucc.ie/acad/classics/CNLS/lectures/Morgan_madrid.html |archive-date=30 March 2005 }}

O'Sullivan Beare attended the 1616 funeral of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone.{{Cite web |last=Rafferty |first=Pat John |title=Reactions and reports on the death of the Great O'Neill |url=http://www.irishidentity.com/stories/greatoneill.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511132443/http://www.irishidentity.com/stories/greatoneill.htm |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Irish Identity}}

File:GeneralJohnSullivanByTenney.jpg

On 16 July 1618, The O'Sullivan Beare, Prince of Beare and 1st Count of Berehaven, was murdered just as he was leaving Mass in the Plaza de Santo Domingo in Madrid. He was 56.{{sfn|Richardson|1995|p=134}} The man who killed him was William Bathe,Micheline Kerney Walsh, 1996, Hugh O'Neill: Prince of Ulster, page 140 an Anglo-Irishman from Dublin who had been disfigured in a duel by the prince's nephew, on account of some arguments between Bathe and O'Sullivan;{{cite web|url = https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/commentanalysis/arid-30861955.html | publisher = Irish Examiner | website = irishexaminer.com | title =400 years ago this summer, the great leader O'Sullivan Beare had his throat cut in Spain | date = 14 August 2018 | accessdate = 27 May 2022 }} it was also claimed that the man was a spy on behalf the English Crown.

The O'Sullivan Beare had a reputation as "one of the most celebrated Irish soldiers",{{cite journal |last1=O'Byrne |first1=Emmett |author-link=Emmett O'Byrne |date=October 2009 |title=O'Sullivan Beare, Domhnall |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/osullivan-beare-domhnall-a7078 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.007078.v1 |accessdate=27 May 2022 |doi-access=free }} which helped to open doors for later soldiers from his line. About 165 years later, John Sullivan, regarded as a descendant of O'Sullivan Beare, served as a general in the American Revolution.

Portrait

A 17th century portrait of O'Sullivan Beare hangs at St Patrick’s College, Maynooth. It previously hanged at the Irish College at Salamanca, and was restored in 1999. Hiram Morgan doubts that O'Sullivan Beare was the model for the portrait. The portrait is dated 1613, but O'Sullivan Beare was not made a Knight of the Order of Santiago until 1617. It is possible the portrait was painted posthumously, on commission from the Irish College at Salamanca.{{Cite web |last=Vallig |first=Marc O'Sullivan |date=2021-08-16 |title=Cork In 50 Artworks, No 17: Portrait of Dónal Cam O’Sullivan Beare |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsandculture/arid-40358828.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Irish Examiner |language=en}} According to the Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society, the portrait was painted at Salamanca in 1613. O'Sullivan Beare's will is kept in the Archive at Maynooth.{{Cite journal |date=1986 |title=State Visit of Their Majesties the King and Queen of Spain to Saint Patrick's College, Maynooth, 2 July 1986 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29745234?read-now=1&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents |journal=Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=262–268 |issn=0488-0196}}

In popular culture

Donal Cam O'Sullivan Beare is mentioned in the early 20th-century Aisling poetry of Seán Gaelach Ó Súilleabháin (1882–1957).Edited by Natasha Sumner and Aidan Doyle (2020), North American Gaels: Speech, Song, and Story in the Diaspora, McGill-Queen's University Press. Pages 228–249. Other works, relating to O'Sullivan Beare, include:

The Last Prince of Ireland by Morgan Llywelyn
March into Oblivion by Michael J. Carroll
O'Sullivan's Odyssey by Rick Spier

References

Bibliography

{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Regina Whelan |title=Maynooth Library Treasures |chapter=The Salamanca Archives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226005304/https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/5689/1/salamanca_regina.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2025 |date=1995 |pages=112–147 |url=https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/5689/1/salamanca_regina.pdf |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |isbn=1 874045 24 0 |editor-first=Agnes |editor-last=Neligan}}