Donald Fraser (missionary)

{{Infobox clergy

| honorific_prefix = The Reverend

| name = Donald Fraser

| image = File:Rev Donald Fraser (1870-1933) (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS4-1-001).jpg

| caption = Fraser, circa 1910

| birth_date = 1 June 1870

| birth_place = Lochgilphead, Argyll, Scotland

| death_date = {{death date and age|1933|8|20|1870|6|1|df=yes}}

| death_place = Glasgow, Scotland

| residence =

| nationality = Scottish

| known_for =

}}

Donald Fraser (1 June 1870 – 20 August 1933) was a Free Church of Scotland missionary in Africa and author of six non-fiction books about his almost three decades of work there.[https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ8BFk9K0ToC&q=donald+fraser+%281870-1933%29], Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions

Biography

Born in the town of Lochgilphead, Argyll, in western Scotland, Fraser was the fourth of eight children born to The Reverend William Fraser (1824–1892), minister of the Free Church of Scotland in Lochgilphead,[https://books.google.com/books?id=cx8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR18], Proceedings and Debates of the General Assembly of The Free Church of Scotland, 1867, page xviii[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCgOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA223], The Western Supplement to Oliver and Boyd's new Edinburgh Almanac, 1886, page 223{{Cite book |last=McNicol |first=Rev. Duncan |title=The Free Church of Scotland Monthly |date=February 1893 |work=Obituary |location=Dunoon |page=43}} and Violet Ferguson (1835–1888). His older brother was the architect William Fraser.{{Cite web |date=2022-10-24 |title=Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (October 24, 2022, 7:59 am) |url=https://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201159 |access-date=2025-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024075911/https://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201159 |archive-date=24 October 2022 }}

In 1886, at age 16, Fraser began studies at the University of Glasgow but in 1891, before completing his degree, he entered the Free Church College in Glasgow (now Trinity College, Glasgow) to study for the ministry and was ordained in 1896.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200722123912/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1994-01/1994-01-032-thompson.pdf]}}, "The Legacy of Donald Fraser" by Jack Thompson, International Bulletin Of Missionary Research

During the first half of the 1890s, Fraser played an instrumental role in the founding of the Great Britain branch of the Student Volunteer Movement (SVM), with which he served as traveling secretary, and the World Student Christian Federation.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200722123912/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1994-01/1994-01-032-thompson.pdf]}}, "The Legacy of Donald Fraser" by Jack Thompson, International Bulletin Of Missionary Research

He began his missionary work in Africa in 1896 when he was assigned to the Free Church of Scotland mission in Livingstonia, Malawi to work with the Ngoni people.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200722123912/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1994-01/1994-01-032-thompson.pdf]}}, "The Legacy of Donald Fraser" by Jack Thompson, International Bulletin Of Missionary Research[https://dacb.org/stories/malawi/fraser-donald2/], Dictionary of African Christian Biography

File:Rev Donald Fraser (1870-1933) and Mrs Agnes R. Fraser, Malawi, ca.1910 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS4-1-030).jpg

Due to the merger of the Free Church of Scotland with the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, from 1900 Fraser served the United Free Church of Scotland.

In 1901, Fraser married Dr. Agnes Renton Robson (1874–1960) who held Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery degrees from the University of Glasgow and became a medical missionary working alongside Rev. Fraser.[https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH21719&type=P&o=&start=0&max=20&l=], "Agnes Renton Robson", The University of Glasgow Story

File:"Congregation at Loudon Convention, Livingstonia", Malawi, ca.1910 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS4-1-049).jpg

In 1902, when Malawi was suffering from a famine, the Ngoni invited Rev. Fraser and Dr. Fraser to move with them to Embangweni in northern Malawi,[http://embangweni.com/FraserNgoni.htm], Donald Fraser and the Ngoni Church: a Lecture delivered by Dr Jack Thompson, University of Edinburgh, on the Occasion of the Centenary of Loudon Station, November 2002 where the Frasers founded the Loudon Mission Station,[https://embangweni.com/loudon.htm], Loudon Station which included a church, a school and the Loudon Mission Hospital, which today is still operating under the name Embangweni Mission Hospital.[https://embangwenimh.org/about], Embangweni Mission Hospital

At Loudon Station, Rev. Fraser introduced many innovative practices and policies that were respectful of and responsive to the customs and traditions of the Ngoni people, including: week-long conventions that attracted thousands of Ngoni men, women and children; championing the creation of vernacular village schools; and encouraging indigenous church music and local leadership in the church, including Ngoni women elders.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200722123912/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1994-01/1994-01-032-thompson.pdf]}}, "The Legacy of Donald Fraser" by Jack Thompson, International Bulletin Of Missionary Research Rev. Fraser's missionary work was the subject of extensive research and analysis by the late T. Jack Thompson, an Irish mission historian and scholar of African Christianity.

In 1922, Fraser received an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from the University of Glasgow,[https://books.google.com/books?id=0UULAQAAIAAJ&q=donald+fraser], Glasgow University Calendar 1928, page 821 and he was elected Moderator of the 1922–23 General Assembly of the United Free Church of Scotland.[https://dacb.org/stories/malawi/legacy-fraser/], Dictionary of African Christian Biography

Fraser returned to Scotland permanently in 1925, and from 1929 to 1933, he served as Chaplain-in-Ordinary in Scotland in the Ecclesiastical Household of George V, King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India.[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33550/page/7216], The London Gazette. 8 November 1929. p. 7216.[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33983/page/6351], The London Gazette. 3 October 1933. p. 6351.

Fraser died in Glasgow, Scotland on 20 August 1933 aged 63. His wife Dr. Fraser returned his ashes to Malawi for burial at Loudon Mission Station.[http://embangweni.com/FraserNgoni.htm], 'Donald Fraser and the Ngoni Church: a Lecture delivered by Dr Jack Thompson, University of Edinburgh, on the Occasion of the Centenary of Loudon Station, November 2002 The following year, she published her biography of Rev. Fraser and then served as a medical missionary at the Copperbelt Mission in Zambia.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200722123912/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1994-01/1994-01-032-thompson.pdf]}}, "The Legacy of Donald Fraser" by Jack Thompson, International Bulletin Of Missionary Research

Family

Rev. Fraser and Dr. Fraser had four children: Violet; George; Donald;[https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH25425&type=P&o=&start=0&max=20&l=], "Donald Fraser", The University of Glasgow Story and Catherine.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200722123912/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1994-01/1994-01-032-thompson.pdf]}}, "The Legacy of Donald Fraser" by Jack Thompson, International Bulletin Of Missionary Research One of their grandchildren, Peter Fraser, Baron Fraser of Carmyllie (1945–2013), was the son of George Robson Fraser, who followed in his father's footsteps and became a Church of Scotland minister and missionary in Zambia.[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/jun/24/lord-fraser-of-carmyllie], "Lord Fraser of Carmyllie obituary", The Guardian, 24 June 2013[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lord-fraser-of-carmyllie-lawyer-and-politician-who-led-the-lockerbie-bombing-inquiry-8675493.html], "Lord Fraser of Carmyllie: Lawyer and politician who led the Lockerbie bombing inquiry", The Independent, 26 June 2013

Works by Donald Fraser

The Future of Africa (1911) {{ISBN|978-1177904872|978-0837141138}}
Winning a Primitive People: Sixteen Years' Work Among the Warlike Tribe of the Ngoni and the Senga and Tumbuka Peoples of Central Africa (1914) {{ISBN|978-1279711040}}
Livingstonia: The Story of Our Mission (1915) https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/626419], Stanford Libraries, Stanford University
African Idylls (1923) {{ISBN|978-0837123547}}
The Autobiography of an African (1925) {{ISBN|978-0837156538}}
The New Africa (1927) {{ISBN|978-0837119144}}

Works about Donald Fraser

Donald Fraser of Livingstonia, Fraser, Agnes R. (1934) {{ASIN|B0008602CW}}
Christianity in Northern Malaŵi: Donald Fraser's Missionary Methods and Ngoni Culture, Thompson, T. Jack (1995) {{ISBN|978-9004102088}}

Historical images

File:"Mrs Agnes R. Fraser, M.B. Ch.B, Livingstonia" Malawi, ca.1910 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS4-1-025).jpg| Portrait circa 1910 of Dr. Agnes R. Fraser, medical missionary to Africa and wife of the Scottish missionary Rev. Donald Fraser. Centre for the Study of World Christianity, University of Edinburgh.

File:"Loudon Church, showing outside pulpit, Livingstonia", Malawi, ca.1910 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS4-1-038).jpg| Loudon Mission Church, Embangweni, Malawi, circa 1910. Centre for the Study of World Christianity, University of Edinburgh.

File:"Interior of Loudon Church, Livingstonia", Malawi, ca.1910 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS4-1-037).jpg| The interior of Loudon Mission Church, circa 1910. Centre for the Study of World Christianity, University of Edinburgh.

File:"Loudon Hospital, Livingstonia", Malawi, ca.1910 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS4-1-036).jpg| Loudon Hospital, Embangweni, Malawi, circa 1910. Centre for the Study of World Christianity, University of Edinburgh.

File:"Group of Ngoni Teachers, Livingstonia", Malawi, ca.1910 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS4-1-023).jpg| A group of African men, all Ngoni teachers, circa 1910. Centre for the Study of World Christianity, University of Edinburgh.

File:Rev Donald Fraser (1870-1933) Sir Donald MacAlister University of Glasgow 1922.jpg| Rev. Donald Fraser (left) with Sir Donald MacAlister, Principal, University of Glasgow on the occasion in 1922 of Rev. Fraser receiving an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from the university. Private Collection.

File:Rev Donald Fraser (1870-1933) Moderator of the United Free Church of Scotland 1922.jpg| The Very Reverend Dr. Donald Fraser, DD, wearing his robes of office as Moderator of the United Free Church of Scotland, 1922–23. Private Collection.