Dongfanghong program
{{Short description|Satellite program of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Redirect|Dong Fang Hong}}
Dongfanghong ({{zh|s=东方红|p=Dōngfāng Hóng|l=The East is Red}}) was a satellite program of the People's Republic of China. The program started in August 1965 as Project 651—a less ambitious successor to the earlier Project 581—with the goal of launching a satellite heavier than both Sputnik 1 and Explorer 1 into space, and developing all the necessary technologies to do so.{{cite news | url=http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/25509/55912/185601/186989/11367584.html | title="东方红一号"中国第一颗人造卫星诞生内幕 | work=People.cn | date=14 April 2010 | accessdate=25 February 2014 | editor-first=Zhuqing | editor-last=Zhao | trans-title=Dongfanghong-1: The inside story of China's first satellite | archive-date=29 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729200117/http://www.people.cn/404/error.html | url-status=dead }}
History
{{See also|Long March 1|Dong Fang Hong 1}}
In 1958, the Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed Project 581 which included a plan to launch a satellite into space before 1 October 1959. The project was troubled due to the country's lack of expertise in the field of rocketry. On 21 January 1959, Zhang Jingfu, who was in charge in the satellite research program, postponed the project to allow effort to be put into developing more basic technologies, such as sounding rocketry. In December 1964, during the 3rd National People's Congress, Zhao Jiuzhang suggested that the work on satellites be resumed. In August 1968, the Central Special Committee approved Chinese Academy of Sciences' plan, which later became Project 651.
In June 1965, the Central Special Committee made the decision to pursue development of a launch vehicle. As per the request of Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND), the vehicle's first stage and second stage would be based on a DF-4 long range missile. A solid-fueled third stage was added to the design.{{cite news | title=长征一号的研制历程 | work=People.cn | date=9 November 2007 | first1=Guangyuan | last1=Xie | editor-first=Wenjun | editor-last=Zhang |trans-title=The development of Long March-1}}
On 24 April 1970, Dong Fang Hong 1 was launched. After reaching orbit, it transmitted a tone-generator rendition of the Chinese song "The East is Red" for 28 days.
=Effect on the name of the Soviet Salyut programme=
According to Boris Chertok's memoirs, when the first Soviet space station, Salyut 1, was under construction, its designated name was "Zarya" (which means "Dawn", in Russian). When the Soviets realized that the Chinese had a space program with a similar name ("Dongfanghong" was also rendered as Zarya into Russian), they renamed their space station to "Salyut" ("Firework"), to avoid confusion.Boris Chertok, Rockets and People, Volume 4: The Moon Race. [http://militera.lib.ru/explo/chertok_be/33.html Chapter 14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421111647/http://militera.lib.ru/explo/chertok_be/33.html |date=21 April 2021 }} in the Russian edition.
Later iterations
Dongfanghong satellite program later developed satellite bus to use the base platform and structure for other Chinese satellites and spacecraft.
=DFH-2=
{{main|Dong Fang Hong 2}}
DFH-2 is the first-generation, spin-stabilized large satellite bus from China, developed in the late 1970s. The first launch was in 1984.{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/d/dfh-2.html |title=DFH-2 |website=astronautix |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813215951/http://astronautix.com/d/dfh-2.html |url-status=live }}
=DFH-3=
DFH-3 is the second-generation 3-axis stabilized, large satellite bus from China, developed in 1987. It could be used for geosynchronous communications and navigation satellites, and deep space exploration.{{cite book |title=The Passing of remoteness? : information revolution in the Asia-Pacific |publisher=Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre |isbn=978-9971988357}}
=DFH-4=
DFH-4 is the third-generation, 3-axis stabilized, large satellite bus developed by China.{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/10/apstar-9-chinas-long-march-3b/ |title=APSTAR-9 rides uphill on China's Long March 3B |accessdate=2015-10-19 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016141646/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/10/apstar-9-chinas-long-march-3b/ }} The satellite bus was designed and developed from 1999 to 2005.{{Cite web |url=http://tech.china.com/zh_cn/news/tech/154/20011228/10180820.html |title=通信卫星"东方红四号"要上天 预计四年完成 |accessdate=2010-11-18 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132611/http://tech.china.com/zh_cn/news/tech/154/20011228/10180820.html }} The maiden flight was launched on 29 October 2006.{{Cite web |url=http://news.163.com/06/1209/09/31T2AMSQ00011SM9.html |title=鑫诺二号事故:中国将损失1000亿？ |access-date=2010-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104083627/http://news.163.com/06/1209/09/31T2AMSQ00011SM9.html |archive-date=2007-01-04 }} The satellite bus had first international customer in 2007.{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-01/11/content_10641155.htm |title=中国向委内瑞拉在轨交付“委星1号”通信卫星 |accessdate=2010-11-18 |archive-date=2011-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714094354/http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-01/11/content_10641155.htm }}
=DFH-5=
DFH-5 is the fourth-generation, 3-axis stabilized, satellite bus developed by China. First satellite was operational in 2017.{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/d/dfh-5.html |title=DFH-5 |website=astronautix |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627024630/http://www.astronautix.com/d/dfh-5.html |url-status=live }}
See also
References
{{reflist}}
{{CNSA space program}}
{{Chinese satellites}}