Dora Cole Norman

{{Infobox person

| name = Dora Cole Norman

| birth_name = Dora Cole

| birth_date = 1888

| birth_place = Georgia, U.S.

| death_date = 1939

| children = 1

| relatives = Bob Cole (brother)

}}

Dora Cole Norman (1888 – 1939) was an African-American educator, dancer, theater producer, playwright and sportswoman. As a young woman she played basketball for one of the first African-American women's basketball teams, the New York Girls. She taught for the New York Public School System and was the founder-director of the Colored Players Guild at the Harlem YWCA.{{cite web | title=Dora Cole Norman | url=https://www.womenandthevotenys.com/1suffragists-vetted/Dora-Cole-Norman | website=Women and the Vote NYS | access-date=June 14, 2023}} She collaborated with W. E. B. Dubois on the 1913 production of his historical pageant The Star of Ethiopia, and gave Paul Robeson his first acting roles in the early 1920s.

Life

Dora Cole was the daughter of Robert Allen Cole Sr., a carpenter, and Isabella Thomas Weldon, an African-American couple who had settled in Athens, Georgia after emancipation and later moved to Atlanta. Her eldest brother was Bob Cole, the leading figure in black musical theatre, and all the family were given some musical education.{{cite book | author=Thomas L. Riis | title='Bob' Cole: His Life and His Legacy to Black Musical Theater | year=1985 }} She attended Wadleigh High School for Girls.{{cite web | title=Wednesday Open Thread: Early African American Basketball II | date=January 13, 2016 | url=https://pragmaticobotsunite2018.com/wednesday-open-thread-early-african-american-basketball-ii/ }} By 1904 she had befriended W. E. B. DuBois, who inscribed a copy of The Souls of Black Folk to her.{{cite web | title= Printed & Manuscript African Americana: Sale 2308 - Lot 298 | date=March 21, 2013 | url=https://catalogue.swanngalleries.com/Lots/auction-lot/DU-BOIS-WEB-The-Souls-of-Black-Folks?saleno=2308&lotNo=298&refNo=671866 }}

Together with her sister Carrie, Dora Cole played basketball for the New York Girls in Harlem. The club was founded in 1909 as the female auxiliary of the Alpha Physical Culture Club, America's first all-black athletic club.{{cite web | title=Obscure Stars | website=blackfives.org | date=12 October 2022 | url=https://www.blackfives.org/museum/early-black-womens-teams/obscure-stars/ }} In its first two seasons, 1909–10 and 1910–11, the New York Girls team won all its games in the New York-New Jersey championship, including its match against rival Spartan Girls. Dora played center, and her sister Carrie was one of the forwards. In February 1910 the team played the Jersey Girls, in the first ever recorded game between two independently organized all-Black women's basketball teams. Cole captained the side, and newspaper accounts praised her teamwork.{{cite book | author=Claude Johnson | title=The Black Fives: The Epic Story of Basketball's Forgotten Era | publisher=Abrams | year=2022 | isbn=9781683359081 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sMdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT240 }} She later married Conrad Norman (1883–1986), one of the Alpha Club's Jamaican-born founders, who acted as New York Girls head coach. Later in life she also played tennis at a high level, reaching number 6 in the 1921 American Tennis Association rankings.{{cite web | title=National and Sectional Rankings | date=19 December 2012 | url=https://www.tennisforum.com/threads/national-and-sectional-rankings.786026/page-6 | access-date=June 14, 2023 }}

Cole worked as a reader and theatrical agent in New York.{{cite book | author=Anne Key Simpson | title=Hard Trials: The Life and Music of Harry T. Burleigh | year=1990 | page=290 | url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%22*+the+latter+became+mrs+Dora+Cole+Norman%22&tbm=bks }} In 1913 she was Director of Dancing for DuBois's historical pageant The Star of Ethiopia.{{cite journal | editor=Dubois, W.E.B. | title=The Star of Ethiopia | journal=The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races | volume=10 | issue=6 | year=1915 | page=312 | url=https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/civil-rights/crisis/1000-crisis-v10n06-w060.pdf }}{{cite journal | editor=DuBois, W.E.B. | title=The Drama Among Black Folk | journal=The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races | volume=12 | issue=4 | year=1916 | pages=169–173 | url=https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/civil-rights/crisis/0800-crisis-v12n04-w070.pdf }} Directed by Charles Burroughs, with Daisy Tapley helping with the music, the pageant involved a cast of over 300 performers.{{cite book | author=Mabel O. Wilson | title=Negro Building: Black Americans in the World of Fairs and Museums | date=28 May 2012 | page=156 | publisher=Univ of California Press | isbn=9780520268425 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ys4kDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT173 }} In 1919 DuBois asked if she might help reprise the pageant in Columbus, Ohio.{{cite web | author=W. E. B. DuBois | title=Letter from W. E. B. Du Bois to Dora Cole Norman | date=April 17, 1919 | url=https://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b014-i403 | access-date=June 14, 2023 }}

As Mrs. Dora Cole Norman, she taught dancing at the Music School Settlement for Colored People in Harlem, founded in 1911 by Polish-American violinist David Mannes as the Harlem equivalent of the Third Street Music School Settlement. Norman's 1914 lectures at the Music School Settlement were advertised in the New York Age.{{cite news | title=Music School Settlement Notes | newspaper=New York Age | date=December 3, 1914 }} Cited in {{cite thesis | author=Katie Callam | title="To Look After and Preserve": Curating the American Musical Past, 1905-1945 | publisher=HArvard University | year=2020}}

During the First World War she helped lead the Circle For Negro War Relief, which supported the psychological welfare of African American soldiers and provided aid to them and their families. In 1915 her daughter Doretta was born.{{cite web | title=Eugenia Doretta Cole Norman | website=Ancestry.com | url=https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/eugenia-doretta-cole-norman-24-x1ptyy | access-date=June 14, 2023 }}

After the war Dora Cole Norman founded the Colored Players Guild of New York, to produce original plays.{{cite book | author=Maud Cuney-Hare | title=Negro Musicians and their Music | year=1936 | publisher=The Associated Publishers, Inc. | url=https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/cuney-hare/musicians/musicians.html | access-date=June 14, 2023 }}

Dora Cole Norman was a friend of Paul Robeson, then an aspiring law student,{{cite book | author=Scott Allen Nollen | title=Paul Robeson: Film Pioneer | publisher=McFarland | year=2014 | pages=9–10 | isbn=9780786457472 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgy4V_kZr84C&pg=PA9 }} and in 1920 persuaded him to act in her all-Black troupe, the Amateur Players.{{cite book | editor=Gerard D. Jaynes | title=Encyclopedia of African American Society | date=February 2005 | page=713 | publisher=SAGE Publications | isbn=9781452265414 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZx2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT763 }} Robeson played the lead role in Ridgely Torrence's play Simon the Cyrenian at the Harlem YMCA. That year she also contributed a game to the inaugural volume of The Brownies Book, a magazine for children published by DuBois and A. G. Dill.{{cite journal | author=Dora Cole Norman | title=Playtime: "All in the Family." A Game | journal=The Brownies Book | volume=1 | issue=1 | year=1920 | pages=90–91 | url=http://childlit.unl.edu/brownies.192003.html }}

Together with DuBois and NAACP James Weldon Johnson, she served on the executive committee of America's Making, a New York exposition held in October–November 1921 to celebrate the immigrant contribution to American society.{{cite book | author=Mabel O. Wilson | title=Negro Building: Black Americans in the World of Fairs and Museums | date=9 February 2021 | page=175 | publisher=Univ of California Press | isbn=9780520383074 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk8MEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT192 }}

In March 1921 she performed in support of Hampton University day school's annual gymnastic exhibition. She performed "passionate and powerful" interpretative dance to Melville Charlton's Poem Erotique, and a dance "as exquisite as capricious" to the first number of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor's Scenes from an Imaginary Ballet.{{cite journal | author=R. Nathaniel Dett | title=Fourth Annual Gymnasium Demonstration | journal=The Hampton Student | volume=11 | issue=3 | date=April 15, 1921 | pages=12–13 | url=https://transcription.si.edu/view/8738/NMAAHC-2010_54_1_006 }}

In March 1922 she convinced a reluctant Robeson to return to the stage as a Broadway lead, playing a wandering minstrel in Mary Hoyt Wiborg's debut Taboo, set on a Louisiana plantation. Though the cast was coached by Charles Gilpin, and included the English actress Margaret Wycherly, the play was weak and closed after a short run.{{cite book | author=Arnold H. Lubasch | title=Robeson: An American Ballad | year=2012 | publisher=Scarecrow Press | pages=26–27 | isbn=9780810885233 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeK-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 }} In 1924 Norman (as Hattie) played alongside Robeson (as Jim Harris) in the opening production of Eugene O'Neill's play All God's Chillun Got Wings.{{cite journal | author=Theophilus Lewis | title=Theatre | journal=The Messenger | page=223 | url=https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/messenger/v6n07-jul-1924-Messenger-riaz-toon.pdf }}

In 1926 she took a year's leave of absence from the New York Public School System to work as dramatic specialist with the Playground and Recreational Association of America.{{cite news | title=Sesquicentenial Features | newspaper=Southern Workman | volume=55 | issue=1 | date=August 1926 | page=384 | url=https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=SWM19260801.1.50&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------- }} She wrote and directed Loyalty's Gift, a historical pageant play with acting and music.{{cite book | author=Dora Cole Norman | title=Loyalty's Gift: A Negro Pageant in Five Acts and Eight Scenes | year=1926 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbjlZwEACAAJ }} On 12 July 1926 an all-Black cast, including a chorus of 800 singers, performed Loyalty's Gift to a mixed-race audience of over 8,000 people as part of the Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia. She also served on the executive committee of the Fourth Pan-African Congress, held in New York City in 1927.{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=DOCUMENT: Resolutions Passed by the Fourth Pan-African Congress, New York City, 1927 |url=http://blackagendareport.com/document-resolutions-passed-fourth-pan-african-congress-new-york-city-1927 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Black Agenda Report |language=en}} Norman was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated.

Cole's daughter Doretta died in June 1938.{{cite web | author=Dora Cole Norman | title=Funeral notice for Doretta Cole Norman | url=https://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b086-i212 | access-date=June 14, 2023 }}{{cite web | author=W. E. B. DuBois | title=Letter from W. E. B. Du Bois to Dora Cole Norman | date=October 13, 1938 | url=https://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b086-i213 | access-date=June 14, 2023 }} Cole herself died a year later, in 1939.