Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus

The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) receives its circadian information from the suprachiasmatic nucleus, both directly and via subparaventricular zone, and senses leptin and other feeding cues, but it is also possible that it contains its own feeding-entrained oscillator (FEO). This still has yet to be proven in vitro. The DMH sends information to the ventrolateral preoptic area, locus coeruleus, and orexinergic neurons in order to aid in the regulation of wakefulness. The DMH is also involved in the regulation of hypothalamic outflow to the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems.{{cite journal |last1=Mieda |first1=Michihiro |last2=Williams |first2=S. Clay |last3=Richardson |first3=James A. |last4=Tanaka |first4=Kohichi |last5=Yanagisawa |first5=Masashi |date=August 2006 |title=The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus as a putative food-entrainable circadian pacemaker |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=32 |pages=12150–5 |pmid=16880388 |pmc=1567710 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0604189103|doi-access=free }} Almost all major nuclei and areas of the hypothalamus feed information to the DMH.{{cite journal |author=Thompson RH, Swanson LW |date=July 1998 |title=Organization of inputs to the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a reexamination with Fluorogold and PHAL in the rat |journal=Brain Research Reviews |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=89–118 |pmid=9622601 |doi=10.1016/S0165-0173(98)00010-1|s2cid=28298757 }}

The DMH is also known as a stress center. The inhibition of neuronal activation using muscimol in the DMH inhibited 85% of heart rate response and 68% of blood pressure response to air stress. This displays that the DMH plays a role in the increase of heart rate and blood pressure as cardiovascular responses to stress.{{cite journal |last1=Stotz-Potter |first1=Elizabeth H. |last2=Willis |first2=Lynn R. |last3=DiMicco |first3=Joseph A. |title=Muscimol acts in dorsomedial but not paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus to suppress cardiovascular effects of stress |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=1173–9 | date=February 1996 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-03-01173.1996 |pmid=8558246 |pmc=6578823 |url=}} Such sympathetic responses to psychological stress, including elevation of body temperature, are driven by a descending neural pathway from the DMH to sympathetic premotor neurons in the rostral raphe pallidus nucleus (rRPa) of the medulla oblongata.{{Cite journal |last=Kataoka |first=Naoya |last2=Hioki |first2=Hiroyuki |last3=Kaneko |first3=Takeshi |last4=Nakamura |first4=Kazuhiro |date=2014-08-05 |title=Psychological Stress Activates a Dorsomedial Hypothalamus-Medullary Raphe Circuit Driving Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Hyperthermia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1550413114002265 |journal=Cell Metabolism |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=346–358 |doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2014.05.018|hdl=2433/194291 |hdl-access=free }} A study in 2020, discovered a psychosomatic neural pathway from the dorsal peduncular cortex (DP) in the medial prefrontal cortex to the DMH that drives a variety of physiological responses to psychological stress.{{Cite journal |last=Kataoka |first=Naoya |last2=Shima |first2=Yuta |last3=Nakajima |first3=Keisuke |last4=Nakamura |first4=Kazuhiro |date=2020-03-06 |title=A central master driver of psychosocial stress responses in the rat |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz4639 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6482 |pages=1105–1112 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz4639 |issn=0036-8075}} The DMH is also a part of the pathway corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) takes when it is secreted by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and it is involved in the flow from the sympathetic nervous system to the adrenal gland.{{cite journal |last1=Bernardis |first1=Lee L. |last2=Bellinger |first2=Larry L. |date=September 1998 |title=The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus revisited: 1998 update |journal=Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine |volume=218 |issue=4 |pages=284–306 |pmid=9714072 |doi=10.3181/00379727-218-44296|s2cid=42864935 }}

It was found in the study done by Gooley et al. that lesions in DMH neurons in rats prevented food entrainment of wakefulness, locomotor activity, and core body temperature. This further verifies its role in oscillation between feeding and circadian rhythm. Lesions in the DMH of rats also caused a weakened level of response to the feeding-stimulant insulin.

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Category:Hypothalamus