Draft:Afghanistani

Afghanistan has never been a nation-state or dawlat-e milli.{{Cite book |last=Entezar |first=Ehsan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdTJgCSPsGwC&pg=PA99 |title=Afghanistan 101: Understanding Afghan Culture |date=2008-01-04 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4535-0152-8 |language=en}}{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FH-mfZtOvYYC&pg=PA9 |title=A Different Kind of War: The United States Army in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM, October 2001 - September 2005 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-086914-3 |language=en}} Due to its tumultuous history, it has often defined as failed-state.{{Cite book |last1=Ghani |first1=Ashraf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIc4YG59dB8C&q=failed+state+afghanistan |title=Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World |last2=Lockhart |first2=Clare |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539861-8 |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Modrzejewska-Leśniewska |first=Joanna |date=2020-02-06 |title=Afghanistan Ordinary state, failed state, or something else? |url=https://www.jomswsge.com/Afghanistan-nOrdinary-state-failed-state-or-something-else-,117976,0,2.html |journal=Journal of Modern Science |language=english |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.13166/jms/117976 |s2cid=212960582 |issn=1734-2031}} The most recent efforts for nation-building was failed after the fall of the Afghanistan's republic.{{Cite journal |last=Nunan |first=Timothy |date=2021-08-24 |title=The End Of Nation-Building |url=https://www.noemamag.com/the-end-of-nation-building |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Gareth |first=Price |date=10 September 2021 |title=Why Afghan nation-building was always destined to fail |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/09/why-afghan-nation-building-was-always-destined-fail}} "The Taliban’s exclusionary Pashtun-centered rule has turned highly repressive toward all forms of opposition. At the national level, it provides few job opportunities, let alone decision-making roles, for minorities and those associated with the fallen Afghan Republic."{{Cite web |last=Felbab-Brown |first=Vanda |date=2023-02-03 |title=Afghanistan in 2023: Taliban internal power struggles and militancy |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2023/02/03/afghanistan-in-2023-taliban-internal-power-struggles-and-militancy/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}} The local groups and communities across Afghanistan have rather strong local and regional identification as a tribes or ethnic groups (Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek or others). For the past two centuries, Afghanistan rulers have tried to create a state that is represent Pashtuns.{{Cite journal |last=Barfield |first=Thomas J. |date=2004-06-01 |title=Problems in establishing legitimacy in Afghanistan |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0021086042000268100 |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=263–293 |doi=10.1080/0021086042000268100 |s2cid=159753726 |issn=0021-0862}} Early efforts were made to create a strong centralized government based on a national identity of "Afghan," which privileged Pashtuns beyond their ethnic boundaries at state level as a whole.{{Cite journal |last=Bearden |first=Bill |date=June 2000 |title=Washington awards contracts for Federal ID cards |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-2590(00)06002-3 |journal=Card Technology Today |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=2 |doi=10.1016/s0965-2590(00)06002-3 |issn=0965-2590}}{{Cite web |date=2018-02-21 |title=Afghanistan's identity crisis erupts on social media |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/afghanistan-s-identity-crisis-erupts-on-social-media-1.706857 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The National |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Modrzejewska-Leśniewska |first=Joanna |date=2020-02-06 |title=Afghanistan Ordinary state, failed state, or something else? |url=https://www.jomswsge.com/Afghanistan-nOrdinary-state-failed-state-or-something-else-,117976,0,2.html |journal=Journal of Modern Science |language=english |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.13166/jms/117976 |s2cid=212960582 |issn=1734-2031}} In multiethnic Afghanistan, the term "Afghan" has traditionally been associated with Pashtun people. However, in the modern Afghanistan's constitution of 2004, it states that the word "Afghan" will be applied to all inhabitants of the country. Article 4 states, " The word Afghan shall apply to every citizen of Afghanistan."{{Cite web |date=2011-05-31 |title= |url=http://www.supremecourt.gov.af/PDFiles/constitution2004_english.pdf |access-date=2023-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531153703/http://www.supremecourt.gov.af/PDFiles/constitution2004_english.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-31 }}

Afghanistan's early efforts to create a sort of national identity began in 1919, after receiving its independence from the Great Britain.{{Cite book |last=Hyman |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAGxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=Afghanistan Under Soviet Domination, 1964-83 |date=1984-06-01 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-17443-0 |language=en}} This was the time when Afghanistan completely regain control over its sovereignty.{{Cite book |last1=Gullette |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGtQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=Everyday Energy Politics in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Citizens' Needs, Entitlements and Struggles for Access |last2=Croix |first2=Jeanne Féaux de la |date=2017-10-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-30253-7 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last1=Silverstein |first1=Jordana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tf8aEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |title=Refugee Journeys: Histories of Resettlement, Representation and Resistance |last2=Stevens |first2=Rachel |date=2021-02-04 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-76046-419-6 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Nile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6swDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 |title=Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban |date=2017 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-29413-4 |language=en}} After the fall of monarchy in 1973,{{Cite journal |last=Kakar |first=Hasan |date=1978 |title=The Fall of the Afghan Monarchy in 1973 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/162372 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=195–214 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800000064 |jstor=162372 |s2cid=130975353 |issn=0020-7438}} Mohammed Daoud Khan, a staunch partisan of Pashtunistan,{{Cite book |last=Breuilly |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pI25h1bHPIC&pg=PA510 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism |date=2013-03-07 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-920919-4 |language=en}} who saw the country not as Afghanistan but a Pashtunistan, a land uniting Pashtuns from NWFP and FATA with Afghanistan.{{Cite book |last=Lieven |first=Anatol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exBKSo-Pf6cC&pg=PT424 |title=Pakistan: A Hard Country |date=2012-03-06 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-1-61039-162-7 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last1=Dutt |first1=Sagarika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTQ48I6UvkcC&pg=PA125 |title=South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses |last2=Bansal |first2=Alok |date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-61767-6 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Breuilly |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pI25h1bHPIC&pg=PA510 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism |date=2013-03-07 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-920919-4 |language=en}} Despite implementing some social and educational progress,{{Cite web |date=2021-08-30 |title=Mohammad Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953-63 |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/king%20zahir-1.htm |access-date=2022-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830040436/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/king%20zahir-1.htm |archive-date=2021-08-30 }}{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Daud Khan {{!}} prime minister of Afghanistan {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammad-Daud-Khan |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} he failed to create a national identity.{{Cite journal |last=Kakar |first=Hasan |date=1978 |title=The Fall of the Afghan Monarchy in 1973 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/162372 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=195–214 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800000064 |jstor=162372 |s2cid=130975353 |issn=0020-7438}} After the Saur Revolution, the central governments tried to advocate for a broader Afghan identity through the use of modern education, but their efforts met with limited success.{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_acku_lc910_a3_k37_2007 |title=An Afghan dilemma : education, gender and globalization in an Islamic context / Pia Karlsson & Amir Mansory. |date=2007 |publisher=University of Arizona Libraries|doi=10.2458/azu_acku_lc910_a3_k37_2007 }} One of the most common hurdles for fostering a common national identity was the fact they ethnic groups such as Hazara, Uzbeks, or Tajiks could not identify with elements of an identity that had strong base in Pashtun ethnicity that ruled the country.{{Cite journal |last=Modrzejewska-Leśniewska |first=Joanna |date=2020-02-06 |title=Afghanistan Ordinary state, failed state, or something else? |url=https://www.jomswsge.com/Afghanistan-nOrdinary-state-failed-state-or-something-else-,117976,0,2.html |journal=Journal of Modern Science |language=english |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.13166/jms/117976 |s2cid=212960582 |issn=1734-2031}}{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_acku_pamphlet_la1081_s36_2001 |title=Education and Afghan society in the twentieth century / Saif R. Samady. |date=2001 |publisher=University of Arizona Libraries|doi=10.2458/azu_acku_pamphlet_la1081_s36_2001 }}{{Cite journal |title=Events of 1288/March 1871–March 1872 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004256064_hao_com_000209 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=History of Afghanistan|doi=10.1163/9789004256064_hao_com_000209 }}

{{Reflist}}

[https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/events/opa-afghanistan-international-afghanistani-poets-outside-afghanistan-2 Afghanistan-International: Afghanistani Poets Outside Afghanistan]

:Category:Afghanistan

:Category:National identity cards

:Category:Nationalism in Afghanistan