Draft:Nanoscribe

{{AfC submission|||ts=20250401152257|u=3DmicroPrintExpert|ns=118}}

{{AFC submission|d|adv|u=3DmicroPrintExpert|ns=118|decliner=Theroadislong|declinets=20241009110613|ts=20241009071914}}

{{AFC submission|d|reason|The article still reads like an advertisement for the company. It was apparently translated from :de:Nanoscribe, which was created by a user called "Nanoscribe", presumably an employee of the company. It seems suspicious that I've been asked on my talk page to push this article through AFC by the submitter, and the article does not sound like it was written by someone who just documenting the company rather than promoting it. Comparing against Wikipedia:Notability (organizations and companies), notability seems borderline. Most of the citations are to trivial references or material produced by the company. -- Beland (talk) 14:14, 7 June 2024 (UTC)|u=3DmicroPrintExpert|ns=118|decliner=Beland|declinets=20240607141455|small=yes|ts=20240408145525}}

{{AFC comment|1='Two-photon polymerization based 3D printing offers new possibilities for various research methods" seems very promotional to me. Theroadislong (talk) 11:09, 11 October 2024 (UTC)}}

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{{Infobox company

| type = Private

| industry = 3D printing, Bioprinting, Technology

| founded = 2007

| hq_location = Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,

Germany

| key_people = {{flatlist|

Martin Hermatschweiler (CEO)

Lars Tritschler (CFO)

Michael Thiel (CSO)

}}

| revenue = 15.8 million (2020)

| num_employees = 100+ (2024)

| website = {{URL|nanoscribe.com}}

}}

Nanoscribe has been described in scientific literature to be the first company to develop, manufacture, and market 3D printers based on two-photon polymerization on a professional basis. Founded in 2007, the company operates in the field of nano- and microscale 3D printing. Nanoscribe's printers enable high-resolution submicron-scale additive manufacturing. Two-photon polymerization based 3D printing is used in research and development in fields such as photonics, microoptics, medical, and communication technologies, where conventional fabrication methods may face limitations.{{Cite journal |last=Jui |first=Chia-Wei |last2=Trappey |first2=Amy J.C. |last3=Fu |first3=Chien-Chung |date=2018-12-01 |title=Discover Patent Landscape of Two-photon Polymerization Technology for the Production of 3D Nano-structure Using Claim-based Approach |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/nanotec/2018/00000012/00000003/art00008 |journal=Recent Patents on Nanotechnology |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=218–230 |doi=10.2174/1872210512666180817121454}}{{Cite web |title=Mit dem Mikroroboter unterwegs im Körper – DW – 01.06.2017 |trans-title=On the move in the body with a microrobot |url=https://www.dw.com/de/mit-dem-mikroroboter-unterwegs-im-k%C3%B6rper/a-39064881 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=dw.com |language=de}}

According to the company, more than 4,000 users from more than 30 countries are using Nanoscribe 3D printers for basic and applied research. Among them are several universities, including Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), California Institute of Technology, Imperial College London and ETH Zurich.{{Cite web |title=Nanoscribe 3D Lithography System at Havard University |url=https://cns1.rc.fas.harvard.edu/tool-details?id=2447 |access-date=2024-10-09}}{{Cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=Nanoscribe GT2 adds to MIT.nano fabrication capabilities |url=https://news.mit.edu/2021/nanoscribe-gt2-adds-mitnano-fabrication-capabilities-0903#:~:text=MIT.nano%20has%20added%20the%20Nanoscribe%20Photonic%20Professional%20GT2,%20a%20high-speed, |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=NanoScribe Professional GT {{!}} Research groups {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/hamlyn-centre/facilities/open-access-equipment--training/equipment-description/nanoscribe-professional-gt/#:~:text=The%20Photonic%20Professional%20GT%20is%20a%20compact%20laser%20lithography%20system |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.imperial.ac.uk}}{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Nanoscribe PPGT: Microscale 3D Printer |url=https://lab.kni.caltech.edu/Nanoscribe_PPGT:_Microscale_3D_Printer#:~:text=The%20Nanoscribe%20Photonic%20Professional%20GT%20(PPGT)%20is%20a%20high-precision%20microscale |access-date=2025-04-01}}{{Cite web |title=Fabrication |url=https://mesosys.mat.ethz.ch/instruments/instruments1.html#:~:text=Clean%C2%ADroom%20Labor%C2%ADat%C2%ADor%C2%ADies.%20We%20use%20the%20Clean%C2%ADroom%20Labor%C2%ADat%C2%ADor%C2%ADies%20at%20the%20Paul |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=ETH Zurich |language=en}}

History

= Foundation and expansion =

The company was founded in 2007 by Martin Hermatschweiler, Michael Thiel, Georg von Freymann and Martin Wegener as the first spin-off of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). The Carl ZEISS company acquired shares in the company in September 2008.{{Cite web |title=Carl Zeiss acquires shares in Nanoscribe - News |url=https://siliconsemiconductor.net/article-gen/71344 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Silicon Semiconductor |language=en}}

In 2018, Nanoscribe opened a subsidiary in Shanghai, China,{{Cite press release |last=Overton |first=Gail |date=2018-08-31 |title=Nanoscribe opens office in China to expand 3D nanoprinting business |url=https://www.laserfocusworld.com/lasers-sources/article/16571278/nanoscribe-opens-office-in-china-to-expand-3d-nanoprinting-business |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Laser Focus World}} and in 2019 a subsidiary in Boston, USA.{{Cite web |last=K |first=Yosra |date=2019-08-01 |title=Nanoscribe opens US offices today |url=https://3dadept.com/nanoscribe-opens-us-offices-today/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=3D ADEPT MEDIA |language=en-GB}} In January 2020, Nanoscribe moved into its headquarters at the ZEISS Innovation Hub @ KIT.{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Zeiss Innovation Hub: Wo Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft aufeinandertreffen |trans-title=Zeiss Innovation Hub: Where science and business meet |url=https://bnn.de/karlsruhe/karlsruher-norden/eggenstein-leopoldshafen/zeiss-innovation-hub-wo-wissenschaft-und-wirtschaft-aufeinandertreffen |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Badische Neueste Nachrichten |language=de}} Nanoscribe became part of Cellink, now BICO Group AB, in May 2021.{{Cite web |title=CELLINK Acquires Nanoscribe, Visikol |url=https://www.photonics.com/Articles/CELLINK_Acquires_Nanoscribe_Visikol/a67012 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=photonics.com}} In December 2024, Nanoscribe was sold to the German Holding Lab14 Group.{{Cite web |last=3Printr.com |date=2024-12-10 |title=BICO completes sale of Nanoscribe to LAB14 |url=https://www.3printr.com/bico-completes-sale-of-nanoscribe-to-lab14-0075901/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=3Printr.com |language=en-US}}

= Product development =

The first 3D laser lithography system was shipped in June 2008. In 2013, the company introduced the first commercial 3D printer for nano- and microfabrication to use a galvanometer mirror system, typically accelerating printing speed by a factor of 100.{{Cite magazine |last=Sterling |first=Bruce |title=Nanoscribe |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/03/nanoscribe/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}

In 2019, Nanoscribe introduced the new Quantum X product a two-photon grayscale lithography system.{{Cite web |last=Boissonneault |first=Tess |date=2019-06-24 |title=Quantum X: Nanoscribe launches first two-photon grayscale lithography system |url=https://www.voxelmatters.com/quantum-x-nanoscribe-two-photon-grayscale-lithography/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=VoxelMatters |language=en-US}} In December 2021, Nanoscribe and Cellink, a sister company within the BICO group, jointly introduced the new Quantum X bio, a 3D bioprinter with submicron resolution for printing biomaterials including, biocompatible materials and cell-encapsulated materials for live cell printing.{{Cite web |last=Sertoglu |first=Kubi |date=2021-12-15 |title=CELLINK and Nanoscribe announce new jointly-developed Quantum X bio 3D printer |url=https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/cellink-and-nanoscribe-announce-new-jointly-developed-quantum-x-bio-3d-printer-201214/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=3D Printing Industry |language=en-US}}

In January 2022, the company introduced the Quantum X align, a 3D printer with nanometer-scale automatic alignment capabilities on complex substrates such as optical fibers and photonic chips.{{Cite web |title=Nanoscribe launches Quantum X align {{!}} Electro Optics |url=https://www.electrooptics.com/article/nanoscribe-launches-quantum-x-align |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.electrooptics.com}}

Technology

The technologies developed by Nanoscribe are based on two-photon polymerization (2PP),also know under various different terms (Multiphoton Lithography, Direct Laser Writing, 3D Laser Printing etc.), which is physically based on two-photon absorption.{{Citation |last1=Sun |first1=Hong-Bo |title=Two-Photon Photopolymerization and 3D Lithographic Microfabrication |date=2004 |work=NMR • 3D Analysis • Photopolymerization |pages=169–273 |editor-last=Fatkullin |editor-first=N. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/b94405 |access-date=2024-04-04 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/b94405 |isbn=978-3-540-40000-4 |last2=Kawata |first2=Satoshi |editor2-last=Ikehara |editor2-first=T. |editor3-last=Jinnai |editor3-first=H. |editor4-last=Kawata |editor4-first=S.}}

Nanoscribe was the first company to commercially offer systems based on two-photon polymerization, introducing its first product in 2008. The availability of commercial systems contributed to broader use of two-photon polymerization in research and development.{{Cite journal |last1=Bunea |first1=Ada-Ioana |last2=del Castillo Iniesta |first2=Nuria |last3=Droumpali |first3=Ariadni |last4=Wetzel |first4=Alexandre Emmanuel |last5=Engay |first5=Einstom |last6=Taboryski |first6=Rafael |date=2021-09-25 |title=Micro 3D Printing by Two-Photon Polymerization: Configurations and Parameters for the Nanoscribe System |journal=Micro |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=164–180 |doi=10.3390/micro1020013 |doi-access=free |issn=2673-8023 }}{{Cite web |title=Nanoscribe {{!}} www.gruendungsradar.de |url=https://www.gruendungsradar.de/schwerpunkt/fallbeispiele/nanoscribe |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.gruendungsradar.de}}{{Cite web |title=IMS - Biocleanroom - Nanoscribe 3D LithographyNanoScribe 3D Lithography |url=https://www.sums.gatech.edu/articles/nanoscribe12 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.sums.gatech.edu}}

= Two-photon grayscale lithography =

Nanoscribe's developed Two-Photon Grayscale Lithography (2GL®) combines the exposure dose variation of one-photon grayscale lithography with the submicron resolution and design freedom of two-photon polymerization. With 2GL, the exposure dose can be modulated during the laser scanning process, allowing the size of each voxel to be varied during the printing process. This helps to reduce the number of laser scanning passes required and thus the printing time.{{Cite web |title=Optica Publishing Group |url=https://opg.optica.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-29-24-39511&html=true |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=opg.optica.org}}

Application areas

A Google Scholar search yields approximately >2,600 publications related to Nanoscribe systems.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=Google scholar |url=https://scholar.google.de/scholar?hl=de&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2008&as_yhi=2023&q=Nanoscribe+Photonic+professional&btnG= |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=google scholar Photonic Professional}}{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=Google Scholar Quantum X |url=https://scholar.google.de/scholar?hl=de&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_ylo=2008&as_yhi=2023&q=Nanoscribe+%22Quantum+X%22&btnG= |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Google Scholar Quantum X}}

= Science and research =

Some specific application examples from research:

Model system for microscale autonomous motion: The 3D-printed microswimmers are used to study self-propulsion and behavior in active matter systems, supporting research in areas such as targeted therapeutics, microscale robotics, and smart sensing technologies.{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=Tom Knowles, Technology |date=2020-10-28 |title=3D printer creates worlds smallest boat to follow bacteria |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/be64577e-187f-11eb-a714-6e13d8ca860f |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}
Cell scaffolds: Glioblastoma cell cultures can be studied on 3D printed cell scaffolds under proton radiation.{{Cite journal |last1=Akolawala |first1=Qais |last2=Rovituso |first2=Marta |last3=Versteeg |first3=Henri H. |last4=Rondon |first4=Araci M. R. |last5=Accardo |first5=Angelo |date=2022-05-11 |title=Evaluation of Proton-Induced DNA Damage in 3D-Engineered Glioblastoma Microenvironments |journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces |language=en |volume=14 |issue=18 |pages=20778–20789 |doi=10.1021/acsami.2c03706 |issn=1944-8244 |pmc=9100514 |pmid=35442634}}
Cochlear implants: A cochlear implant with a 3D-printed steroid reservoir is being developed to reduce further damage to residual hearing.{{Cite journal |last1=Jang |first1=Jongmoon |last2=Kim |first2=Jin-young |last3=Kim |first3=Yeong Cheol |last4=Kim |first4=Sangwon |last5=Chou |first5=Namsun |last6=Lee |first6=Seungmin |last7=Choung |first7=Yun-Hoon |last8=Kim |first8=Sohee |last9=Brugger |first9=Juergen |last10=Choi |first10=Hongsoo |last11=Jang |first11=Jeong Hun |date=October 2019 |title=A 3D Microscaffold Cochlear Electrode Array for Steroid Elution |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adhm.201900379 |journal=Advanced Healthcare Materials |language=en |volume=8 |issue=20 |pages=e1900379 |doi=10.1002/adhm.201900379 |pmid=31532887 |issn=2192-2640}}
Responsive microstents: Scientists fabricate the world's smallest microstent from soft and reactive components.{{Cite journal |last1=de Marco |first1=Carmela |last2=Alcântara |first2=Carlos C. J. |last3=Kim |first3=Sangwon |last4=Briatico |first4=Francesco |last5=Kadioglu |first5=Ahmet |last6=de Bernardis |first6=Gaston |last7=Chen |first7=Xiangzhong |last8=Marano |first8=Claudia |last9=Nelson |first9=Bradley J. |last10=Pané |first10=Salvador |date=September 2019 |title=Indirect 3D and 4D Printing of Soft Robotic Microstructures |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/admt.201900332 |journal=Advanced Materials Technologies |language=en |volume=4 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/admt.201900332 |hdl=20.500.11850/359536 |issn=2365-709X}}
Microfluidic mixers: A miniaturized 3D mixer for producing drug-loaded nanoparticles is printed directly onto a microfluidic chip.{{Cite journal |last1=Oellers |first1=Martin |last2=Lucklum |first2=Frieder |last3=Vellekoop |first3=Michael J. |date=2019-12-06 |title=On-chip mixing of liquids with swap structures written by two-photon polymerization |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-019-2309-8 |journal=Microfluidics and Nanofluidics |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=4 |doi=10.1007/s10404-019-2309-8 |issn=1613-4990}}

= Industrial mastering =

In industrial mastering, Nanoscribe's Two-Photon Grayscale Lithography (2GL) has been utilized for prototyping and mastering micro- and nanostructured 2.5D topographies. These structures can be replicated in larger quantities using this technology in combination with techniques such as nanoimprint lithography (NIL), depending on the application and precision requirements.

Microoptics: High-precision, moldable microoptics are needed in large quantities for applications such as directional lighting, microscopy (e.g., phase plates), miniaturized sensing, or in headsets for virtual or augmented reality.{{Cite book |last1=Kneidinger |first1=A. |last2=Schuster |first2=P. |last3=Thanner |first3=C. |last4=Eibelhuber |first4=M. |chapter=Advanced manufacturing techniques for wafer-level freeform micro optics with high refractive index |editor-first1=Georg |editor-first2=Alois M. |editor-first3=Manuel |editor-last1=von Freymann |editor-last2=Herkommer |editor-last3=Flury |date=2022-05-20 |title=3D Printed Optics and Additive Photonic Manufacturing III |chapter-url=https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/12135/1213509/Advanced-manufacturing-techniques-for-wafer-level-freeform-micro-optics-with/10.1117/12.2632072.full |publisher=SPIE |volume=12135 |pages=61–67 |doi=10.1117/12.2632072|bibcode=2022SPIE12135E..09K |isbn=978-1-5106-5146-3 }}

= Industrial manufacturing =

Exemplary applications are:

Microoptical components for Free Space Microoptical Coupling: Free-form microoptics fabricated directly on the optical interfaces of photonic chips or optical fibers provide tailored beam shaping and mode field matching for photonic integrated circuits.{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Driving industrial innovation in photonic packaging market |url=https://www.wileyindustrynews.com/en/news/driving-industrial-innovation-photonic-packaging-market |work=Wiley Industry News |access-date=2024-04-04}}

Fiber-based miniature optics: Free-form microoptics can be printed directly onto optical fibers with submicron accuracy for endoscopic imaging or sensing applications.{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiawen |last2=Thiele |first2=Simon |last3=Quirk |first3=Bryden C. |last4=Kirk |first4=Rodney W. |last5=Verjans |first5=Johan W. |last6=Akers |first6=Emma |last7=Bursill |first7=Christina A. |last8=Nicholls |first8=Stephen J. |last9=Herkommer |first9=Alois M. |last10=Giessen |first10=Harald |last11=McLaughlin |first11=Robert A. |date=2020-07-20 |title=Ultrathin monolithic 3D printed optical coherence tomography endoscopy for preclinical and clinical use |journal=Light: Science & Applications |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=124 |doi=10.1038/s41377-020-00365-w |pmid=32704357 |pmc=7371638 |bibcode=2020LSA.....9..124L |issn=2047-7538}}

References

External links

[https://www.nanoscribe.com/en/ Official website]

{{Draft categories|

:Category:3D printer companies

:Category:Photonics companies

:Category:Companies based in Baden-Württemberg

:Category:Technology companies of Germany

}}

de:Nanoscribe