Draft:OComainDraft

The surname is rooted in both Connacht (sept: Ó Cuimín) and Munster (sept: Ó Comáin) traditions.

The prefix Ó or Mac before the name signifies "descendant". The surname appears in medieval Irish records in various forms such as Comman, Comain, Commáin, and was later phonetically transcribed by English-speaking officials into a wide range of anglicised variants, including:{{Cite book |last=MacLysaght |first=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/irishfamiliesthe00macl/mode/2up?view=theater&q=Comain |title=Irish families; their names, arms, and origins |date=1972 |publisher= New York, Crown Publishers|quote=is a Gaelic Irish surname... the number of variants in English is considerable... In one form or another the name appears in the roll of distinguished Irishmen from a very early date. In the sixth century, long before the introduction of surnames... St. Common founded Rosscomon}}

Comain(e), Coman, Comeens, Comin(s), Commane, Comman(s), Commin(s), Common(s), Commyn, Comyn(e), Cowman(s), Cummane, Cumings, Cummin(s), Cumming(s), Cumyn, Cummyn, Kimmons, MacSkimmins, McCowman

It is sometimes incorrectly mistranslated as Hurley due to the superficial resemblance between the unrelated Gaelic words Comán and Camán, the latter referring to a hurling stick.{{Cite book |last=MacLysaght |first=Edward |title=The Surnames of Ireland |publisher=Irish Academic Press |year=1985 |isbn=0716523663 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/surnamesofirelan0000macl_m7u6/page/52/mode/2up 52-53] |quote=(O) Commane, Commons 'Ó Comáin' (in Munster) and 'Ó Cuimín' (in Connacht). Usually called Commons in Co. Wexford and Cummins in Co. Cork. 'Ó Comáin' has become Hurley in some parts of Cos. Clare and Cork, due to the mistaken belief that it describes from 'camán', a hurley. Woulfe says it is from 'cam', crooked, which is equally unacceptable [..] Comyn The name of a Norman-Irish family which is also used in Co. Clare as the anglicized form of Ó Cuimín, see previous entry}}{{Cite book |last=MacLysaght |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiGyDgAAQBAJ&dq=commane%20%C3%93%20Com%C3%A1in&pg=PT60 |title=The Surnames of Ireland: 6th Edition |date=1988-12-01 |publisher=Irish Academic Press |isbn=978-1-911024-64-4 |language=en |quote=mistaken belief that comán derives from camán a hurley}}

The various spellings can largely be attributed to the lack of Standard Irish until 1948, and the historical practice of English-speaking officials transcribing Irish names phonetically, often based on how the names were pronounced. In many cases, English officials transcribed names they were already familiar with, for example writing down Comyn or Cummin well-known Scottish surnames of Norman origin, despite having no connection to the Irish name Ó Comáin.

File:Bluffs immediately southwest of Cahercommaun Cliff fort - geograph.org.uk - 853983.jpg Stone Fort situated in the Burren, excavation in 1934 led by Hugh O’Neill Hencken suggests that it dates back to the early 8-9th century.{{Cite book |last=Hencken |first=Hugh O'Neill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltl-AAAAIAAJ |title=Cahercommaun: A Stone Fort in County Clare |date=1938 |publisher=Royal society of antiquaries of Ireland |language=en}} D. Blair Gibson suggests Cahercommaun was the capital of an early medieval Chiefdom of Tulach Commáin.]]

Irish chiefdoms of old solidified their rule by dividing territories among aristocratic, multi-generational family groups known as ramages, under the leadership of a primary chiefly ramage. Each chiefdom had a central hub, including the chieftain’s residence, a church, and an inauguration mound for chieftains.Page 22 (xvii) of Tulach Commáin: A View of an Irish chiefdom - Gibson, David Blair, Ph.D 1990

The name Ó Comáin is territorially linked to the Chiefdom of Tulach Commáin, a small irish chiefdom in part of what is now County Clare. Its dynastic capital was Cahercommane, also known as Cahercommaun, a triple-walled ringfort overlooking the Burren.

This site was used for both residential and ceremonial purposes, including the burial and inauguration of chieftains in the 8th–9th centuries.{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Bettina |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Celtic_Chiefdom_Celtic_State/eVz2NDNoD3oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover&bsq=reconstructed%20eitgth |title=Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State: The Evolution of Complex Social Systems in Prehistoric Europe |last2=Gibson |first2=D. Blair |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-58579-8 |pages=121 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Bettina |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Celtic_Chiefdom_Celtic_State/eVz2NDNoD3oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA118&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauguration |title=Celtic Chiefdom, Celtic State: The Evolution of Complex Social Systems in Prehistoric Europe |last2=Gibson |first2=D. Blair |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-58579-8 |pages=117-118 |language=en}}

According to historian and anthropologist D. Blair Gibson, it coexisted with the larger and more ancient chiefdom of the Corcu Mruad.Tulach Commáin: A View of an Irish chiefdom - Gibson, David Blair, Ph.D 1990

Page 11 notes: "The Corcu Mruad, a people of the northwest of County Clare, were a chiefdom of some antiquity,"

Page 152 notes: Corcabhaiscinn and Corcomruad were political units within the Thomond confederacy during the 10th century. It likely functioned as either an independent Déisi-linked túath or a short-lived Eóganacht Uí Cormaic chiefdom, positioned near the Corcu Mruad territory.Page 87. Cotter, Claire (2012). The Western Stone Forts Project : excavations at Dún Aonghasa and Dún Eoghanachta/. [A Discovery Programme monograph]. Wordwell Ltd (for the Discovery Programme). ISBN 978-1-905569-69-4. The fort's layout and construction reflect the social and political hierarchies of early medieval Gaelic Ireland.Tulach Commáin: A View of an Irish chiefdom - Gibson, David Blair, Ph.D 1990

Page 24, it notes: "On the basis of the large size of the site relative to other similar caisel type homesteads in the area, Hencken determined that Cahercommaun was the center of a chieftain of northern Clare.

Page 22 discusses the typical layout of a chiefdom capital: "The chiefdom capital consisted of the chief residence of the chieftain, the church patronised by the chiefly ramage, and a mound which was the inauguration site of chieftains. It may have later joined Dál Cais and Thomond confederacies.Tulach Commáin: A View of an Irish chiefdom - Gibson, David Blair, Ph.D 1990

Page 11 notes: "The Dál Cais, originally the Déisi Tuisceart, annexed Clare to Munster, renaming it Thomond," and by the 10th century, they were crowning kings like Cennétig mac Lorcáin (died 951). Given Cahercommaun’s prominence in the 9th century (Page 24), it’s plausible that by the 10th century, it became part of the Dál Cais-led Thomond confederacy.

Archaeologist Claire Cotter, through her work with the Discovery Programme’s Western Stone Forts Project, suggests that the area was potentially named after an Uí Fidgenti sub-king named Commán; she notes annalistic evidence, such as the Annals of Ulster recording the 744 AD destruction of Corcu Mruad by the Déisi and aligns with Gibson, supporting their hypothesis of a short-lived Eóganacht chiefdom tied to the historical chief-king named Commán.{{Cite book |last=Cotter |first=Claire |url=https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000729541/TOC |title=The Western Stone Forts Project : excavations at Dún Aonghasa and Dún Eoghanachta/ |date=2012 |publisher=Wordwell Ltd (for the Discovery Programme) |isbn=978-1-905569-69-4 |series=[A Discovery Programme monograph] |pages=83–87–90}}

In the Gaelic nobility of Ireland, Tulach Commáin likely functioned as an autonomous túath or as part of a larger composite chiefdom. It is likely that in the 8th - 9th century Irish composite chiefdoms were more loosely organised than in later medieval periods, so that túatha within composite chiefdoms could have been largely autonomous.{{Cite book |last=Frost |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2QVAAAAMAAJ |title=The History and Topography of the County of Clare: From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the 18th Century |date=1893 |publisher=author |language=en}}Page 11-12 (xvii-xviiII) of Tulach Commáin: A View of an Irish chiefdom - Gibson, David Blair, Ph.D 1990

"More complex chiefdoms were shown to have had a composite structure, being composed of a cluster of simple chiefdoms. Polities of the largest scale were confederacies of chiefdoms."

The Dessi Genealogies, edited by Séamus Pender from manuscripts such as the Book of Lecan, Rawlinson B 502, and the Book of Leinster, record Suibne mac Comáin (d. 658) in the succession of kings of Déisi Muman (old Irish for Munster),Page 3 http://www.vikingage.mic.ul.ie/pdfs/lecture_brian-boru_and-the-rise-to-provincial-kingship.pdf a vassal-kingdom of the Eóganacht confederation, active in early medieval Ireland, including Clare.1. Séamus Pender, Déssi Genealogies. Available online: [http://www.irishmanuscripts.ie/digital/DessiGenealogies/Dessi%20Genealogies.pdf PDF of the book]. 2. [https://www.oocities.org/athens/aegean/2444/irish/deisi.htm Kings of the Déisi]

His son, Congal mac Suibne (d. 701), is mentioned in the Annals of Ulster (AU 682.1) as rí na nDéisi — king of the Déisi — slain by the Connachta, confirming the family's high rank and political authority in the 7th century.

The Déisi Munster were a Gaelic people who rose to prominence in early medieval Munster, settling in what is now County Waterford, Tipperary and Clare, often serving as vassals or allies to the Eóganacht kings during the 5th to 8th centuries.

The relationship between Déisi Munster and the Eóganacht dynasty is a subject of scholarly debate. Some scholars suggest that these two groups were closely intertwined, and perhaps inseparable, with overlapping identities and political affiliations.

Cotter and Gibson cite two individuals in the annals, both suggesting they’re brothers, whose names and associations reinforce the historical depth of the lineage:

1. Colmán mac Comáin, who died in 751 A.D. on one of the Aran Islands (Annals of Inisfallen), is identified by Gibson as a likely son or descendant of the chief of Tulach Commáin and by Cotter as one of the four sages of Ireland. In his PhD thesis (Tulach Commain: A View of an Irish Chiefdom) and his book (From Chiefdom to State in Early Ireland), Gibson raises the possibility that the Aran Islands may have been part of this chiefdom’s territory at certain points in its early history, suggesting a wider sphere of influence than previously assumed.Gibson - Tulach Commáin: A View of an Irish Chiefdom - page 370

"One is tempted by several disparate facts to entertain the hypothesis that there might have been some short-lived Eóganacht chiefdom centered at Cahercommaun"

1. Célechair mac Commáin is named in several early Irish annals as having died during the battle of Corcu Modruad in the year 705. This conflict formed part of a wider pattern of regional clashes in north Clare during the 8th century. His death is noted in the Annals of Ulster, Annals of Tigernach, and Annals of the Four Masters.(Cotter, 87; Mac Airt and Mac Niocaill 1983; Stokes 1896; O’Donovan 1848–51) A later annalistic entry from 751 mentions the passing of Colmán mac Commáin on the Aran Islands, and although separated by decades, scholars such as Cotter have proposed that the two may have been brothers.

• Ferchess mac Commán – (3th century, in 9th century sagas) mytho-historical figure a poet, serving King Ailill in Munster
• Saint Commán of Roscommon (6th century) – Irish saint and founder of Rosscommon
• Saint Coman of Kinvara – early medieval Irish saint
• Suibne mac Commáin (d. 658) – listed in the succession of Kings of Déisi Munster
• Congal mac Suibne (d. 701) – his son, King rí na nDéisi , slain by the Connachta
• Célechair mac Commáin (d. 704/705) – possibly another son, warrior, possibly Eóganacht Uí Cormaic, died in the Battle of Corcu Mruad
• Colmán mac Comán (d. 751) – probably his brother, Sage of the Aran Islands, listed in the Annals of Inisfallen
• Giolla Comáin Mac Néill (d. 991) – 2nd King of The Diermad, seized lands in Galway and took the name Diermad a king of Connacht by descent
• Commán mac ua Theimhne, commemorated in early Christian calendars{{Cite web |title=Commán macua Theimhne - Temenrige |url=https://research.ucc.ie/celt/document/E900000-003/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=CELT - Corpus of Electronic Texts |publisher=University College Cork}}
• Echthighern Ua hEaghráin, successor of Commán, died on pilgrimage in 1052 (Annals of the Four Masters)Part 15 of the Annals of the Four Masters: "1052 AD, Echthighern Ua hEaghráin, successor of Ciaran of Cluain-mic-Nois and of Comman, died on his pilgrimage at Cluain-Iraird".
• Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde: (11th-century) a medieval Irish poet

The surname Ó Comáin is attested in Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh's 17th-century genealogical compilation, Leabhar Mór na nGenealach (The Great Book of Irish Genealogies), a key source for tracing Irish lineages.

Ferchess mac Commán appears in early Irish sagas as a fían warrior and poet, an ancient member of the household of King Ailill who ruled southern Ireland. In a 9th-century narrative about the 3rd-century, Ailill commands Ferchess to avenge the death of his son, Éogan, by slaying Lugaid Mac Con, the High King of Ireland and Ailill’s stepson — an act later immortalised in the naming of the "Rapids of Ferchess".{{Cite web |last=O'Daly |date= |title=Leadership and Virtue: The Fían as a Model of Elite Conduct in Early Medieval Ireland |url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/220068381/Leadership_and_virtue.pdf |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Queen's University Belfast}}{{Cite web |title=The Death of Mac Con - Translation [text] |url=https://www.ucd.ie/tlh/trans/md.pmla.60.001.t.text.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.ucd.ie}}

Place-names such as modern-day Tullycommon (Tulach Commáin) and Cahercommane preserved the clan name in territorial form, providing rare onomastic evidence of ancestral territorial authority and dynastic settlement.

Original Naming of archaeological site Cahercommane: Thomas Johnson Westropp, in his early 20th-century surveys, documented the site as both Cahircommane and Cahercommaun, noting a 1585 deed from Elizabeth I that refers to the townland name Tullycommon as Tullagh Coman, suggesting the personal name Commán as its root.

Hugh O’Neill Hencken in his 1938 excavation report, retained Cahercommaun despite noting its appearance as Cahircommane on the 6-inch Ordnance Survey map, highlighting possible linguistic variations, with both scholars agreeing the name likely reflects a historical figure named Commán tied to the chiefdom in Clare.

• "Annals of Innisfallen." CELT Project. University College Cork.
• "Annals of Ulster." CELT Project. University College Cork.
• "The History and Topography of the County of Clare." Frost, James. Internet Archive.
• "Corpus Genealogiarum Hiberniae." O'Brien, M. A. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
• "Irish Kings and High-Kings." Byrne, F. J. Four Courts Press.
• "Irish Pedigrees: Or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation." O'Hart, John. M.H. Gill & Son.
• "Leabhar Mór na nGenealach." Mac Fhirbhisigh, Dubhaltach. Edited by Nollaig Ó Muraíle. De Búrca Rare Books.
• "CELT: The Corpus of Electronic Texts." CELT Project. University College Cork.
• Gibson, D. Blair. From Chiefdom to State in Early Ireland. Cambridge University Press, 2012.[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/from-chiefdom-to-state-in-early-ireland/D512E20A4E3BB162DF89200E1B56E762 Cambridge University Press]
• Gibson, D. Blair. Tulach Commain: A view of an Irish chiefdom.
• "Cahercommaun Triple Ring Fort." Academia.edu. [https://www.academia.edu/38536768/Cahercommaun_Triple_Ring_Fort_Tree_Bastion_In_The_Craggy_Of_Ancient_Ireland Academia.edu]

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