Drone in a Box
{{Short description|Portable unmanned drone that emerges from a box}}
The drone in a box is an emerging form of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology that uses drones that deploy from and return to self-contained landing “boxes.”
Traditional drones, or UAVs, consist of both a non-manned aircraft and some form of ground-based controller. Drone-in-a-box systems, on the other hand, deploy autonomously from a box that also functions as a landing pad and charging base. After carrying out a pre-programmed list of instructions, they return to their “base” to charge and/or upload information.
Stand-alone drone-in-a-box systems are composed of three main components:{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Tech/Israeli-drone-built-to-replace-manned-security-guards-476469|title=Israeli drone built to replace manned security guards|work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|access-date=2018-11-23}} a ground station that charges and shelters the drone, the drone itself, and a computer management system that allows the operator to interact with the system, including multiple drones. The ground station also provides battery charging and conducts health checks, and can be made of either metal or carbon fibre.{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2018/01/20/making-multicopters-easier-to-use-will-increase-the-number-in-use|title=Making multicopters easier to use will increase the number in use|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.suasnews.com/2019/09/staff-layoffs-at-airobotics-as-many-as-200-shown-the-door/|title=Staff layoffs at Airobotics as many as 200 shown the door|work=sUAS NEWS|access-date=2019-08-27|language=en}}
History
{{main|History of unmanned aerial vehicles}}
The first attempted use of drone-in-a-box technology involving a ground state was by the US Air Force in 1968 using a high-altitude SIGINT project called Compass Dwell{{Cite book|title=Air Force UAVs: A Secret History|last=Ehrhard|first=Thomas P.|publisher=Mitchell Institute|year=2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}} by the Air Force Security Services.
The AFSS hoped to solve two problems they faced with the Combat Dawn program: high RPV development costs and high operations and maintenance costs.
Compass Dwell was optionally piloted and designed to be disassembled and packed into an Air Force C-141 Starlifter Jet Transport, an effort to solve the deployment problems inherent in previous helicopter recovery methods.
This technology was an important way for the continental US to respond to any spot on the globe, enhancing the country's weapon systems.
Ultimately, Compass Dwell ended up not catching on because of foreign airspace control restrictions and the propeller design, which went against the Air Force's idea of a futuristic, unpiloted plane. The project was more exploratory than a legitimate candidate for adoption.
Automated commercial drone, Airobotics, is the first in the world to be granted authorization to fly fully automated drones without a pilot, allowing for Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) commercial drone operations, in 2017.{{Cite web|date=2017-03-31|title=Airobotics Approved to Fly Fully-Automated BVLOS Drones|url=https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2017/03/airobotics-granted-approval-fly-fully-automated-commercial-drones/|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Unmanned Systems Technology|language=en-US}} The first flight by an automated drone was performed by Airobotics’ fully automated drone system at Intel in 2017.{{Cite web|date=2017-03-31|title=Airobotics Approved to Fly Fully-Automated BVLOS Drones|url=https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2017/03/airobotics-granted-approval-fly-fully-automated-commercial-drones/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Unmanned Systems Technology|language=en-US}}
In 2018, multinational Italy-based manufacturer and distributor of electricity and gas Enel{{Cite news|url=https://www.enel.com/|title=Enel|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en}} completed an industrial deployment of an autonomous drone-in-box system{{Cite web|url=http://www.commercialdroneprofessional.com/worlds-first-autonomous-drone-box-system-deployed-power-plant/|title=World's first autonomous drone-in-a-box system deployed at power plant|website=www.commercialdroneprofessional.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-23}} to carry out round-the-clock operations at their Torrevaldaliga Nord power plant facility.
In December 2020, The United States Air Force announced that the 60th Air Mobility Wing, 60th Security Forces Squadron, in conjunction with a commercial provider of autonomous drones, had developed and deployed the first automated drone-in-a-box monitoring and perimeter security system for a United States Air Force (USAF) installation{{Cite news|url=https://www.travis.af.mil/News/Article/2444946/media-releasetravis-air-force-base-easy-aerial-partner-for-autonomous-drone-bas/|title=Travis Air Force Base, Easy Aerial partner for autonomous drone-based security operations|date=2020-12-11|work=TRAVIS AIR FORCE BASE, Calif.|language=en}}
In September 2023, Airobotics was the first company in the world to receive Airworthiness Type Certification from the Federal Aviation Administration for its Optimus-1EX drone in a box.{{Cite press release|date=2023-09-07 |title=Airobotics is the first US company to receive FAA's Airworthiness Certification for a Drone-in-a-Box for Emergency Response and Data Capturing Applications |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/airobotics-first-us-company-receive-130000675.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}
Uses
{{see also|List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications}}
= Mining =
Drone-in-a-box (DIAB) platforms are being adopted at open-pit and other surface mines to automate routine, high-frequency aerial tasks such as stockpile volumetrics, pit and haul-road surveys, tailings-dam and pipeline inspections, blast-zone clearance, perimeter security and emergency response. Major OEMs promote the technology’s ability to keep personnel out of hazardous areas while providing more consistent data at lower cost than conventional piloted flights.
Early large-scale deployments include Anglo American’s Quellaveco copper mine in Peru, where a DJI-powered system now performs scheduled infrastructure inspections without an on-site pilot.{{Cite web |title=FlytBase Powers First Autonomous Drone System in Peruvian Mining for Anglo American |url=https://www.flytbase.com/blog/anglo-american-deploys-drone-in-a-box-solution-at-quellaveco |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.flytbase.com |language=en-US}} In Western Australia, RocketDNA began piloting its [https://www.rocketdna.com/xbot/surveybot SurveyBot] (a DJI-Dock-based DIAB) at Rio Tinto’s Gudai Darri iron-ore mine in late 2024; the unit flies pre-programmed missions several times per day over Starlink links, uploading imagery to cloud photogrammetry software for volumetric and geotechnical reporting.{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2025-04-11 |title=Autonomous drones take flight at Rio Tinto mine |url=https://www.tradeearthmovers.com.au/autonomous-drones-take-flight-at-rio-tinto-mine/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=TradeEarthmovers |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=xBot Deployment to Rio Tinto Gudai Darri Mine Site |url=https://www.rocketdna.com/au/project/xbot-deployment-to-rio-tinto-gudai-darri-mine-site |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=www.rocketdna.com |language=en-AU}} RocketDNA reports that its DIAB fleet has logged more than 8,000 autonomous flights in its first year of operations—equivalent to roughly 150-200 flights per dock per month - demonstrating the high utilisation rates possible when take-off, landing and charging are fully automated.{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Ishveena |date=2024-09-18 |title=RocketDNA's xBot achieves 8,000 flight missions with DJI Dock |url=https://dronedj.com/2024/09/18/rocketdna-xbot-dji-dock-drone/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240918193745/https://dronedj.com/2024/09/18/rocketdna-xbot-dji-dock-drone/ |archive-date=2024-09-18 |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=DroneDJ |language=en-US}}
= Space =
In 2021 NASA deployed the Perseverance rover to Mars with the Ingenuity drone attached to it. The Ingenuity drone was released on April 19, 2021, and completed its first flight. By operating the first mobile drone base in the Solar System NASA is able to survey a much larger area than possible with just the rover.
= Military =
Drone-in-a-box systems have been a focus of interest{{Cite news|url=https://www.afcea.org/content/disruptive-design-drone-box-meets-military-comms|title=Disruptive by Design: Drone in a Box Meets Military Comms|date=2018-04-27|work=SIGNAL Magazine|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en}} for militaries as a less expensive and less dangerous alternative to human-led communications, resupply, and offensive missions.
In January 2017, the Department of Defense and Strategic Capabilities Office completed a successful demonstration of{{Cite news|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/1044811/department-of-defense-announces-successful-micro-drone-demonstration/|title=Department of Defense Announces Successful Micro-Drone Demonstration|work=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en-US}} an autonomous “swarm” of “micro-drones” at China Lake, California.
In February 2017,{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/02/22/drones-supplying-united-states-troops/98155244/|title=The next big thing: Drones supplying U.S. troops|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en}} the US Marine Corps ran a drone-in-a-box trial to test the viability of using both autonomous helicopters and smaller drones to resupply front-line troops without the need for a human pilot.
= Sea and port terminals =
Autonomous, drone-in-a-box systems have been used to survey the progress{{Cite web|url=https://www.gim-international.com/content/news/airobotics-joins-israel-s-new-seaport-project-partnership|title=Airobotics Joins Israel's New Seaport Project Partnership|website=www.gim-international.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-23}} of construction and capture visuals during the construction of the Gulf Port in Haifa, Israel.
In 2018, CERTUS{{Cite web|url=http://www.certusportautomation.com/|title=HOME|website=certusportautomation|language=en|access-date=2018-11-23}} Port Automation signed an agreement{{Cite web|url=https://dronelife.com/2018/06/13/percepto-brings-autonomous-drones-to-port-security/|title=Percepto Brings Autonomous Drones to Port Security - DRONELIFE|website=dronelife.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-23}} to deploy the autonomous drone-in-a-box to enhance port security, becoming the first company in the sector to embrace the technology.
= Security =
Drone-in-a-box technologies have been used to bolster security in commercial and military applications,{{Cite news|url=https://www.afcea.org/content/disruptive-design-drone-box-meets-military-comms|title=Disruptive by Design: Drone in a Box Meets Military Comms|date=2018-04-27|work=SIGNAL Magazine|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en}} automatically deploying when alarms are tripped and providing close-up footage or carrying out scheduled patrols. In 2022, Lithuania-based DBOX partnered with one of the biggest security companies in the Baltics EUROCASH1 to trial such BVLOS flights.
Additionally, companies have used drone-in-a-box technologies to support security at large events{{Cite news|url=https://www.securitysales.com/emerging-tech/drone-tech/imperial-capital-spotlights-deploying-security-drone-systems/|title=Imperial Capital Report Spotlights Scenarios for Deploying Security Drone Systems|date=2018-05-01|work=Security Sales & Integration|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en-US}}
= Agriculture =
Companies have also embraced drone-in-a-box technology to survey farms and golf courses{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2018/01/20/making-multicopters-easier-to-use-will-increase-the-number-in-use|title=Making multicopters easier to use will increase the number in use|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en}} by using multispectral cameras that can be tuned to respond to specific light wavelengths, including some infrared. Using these cameras fixed on drone-in-a-box systems, drones can detect health-related changes in vegetation.
= Utilities =
Drones-in-a-box are used today to support operations at power plants, capturing aerial video and data to be streamed to personnel in real time.
The scheduled missions can enable human/vehicle detection, alert operators to gas/water leaks and monitor for other maintenance abnormalities.
In 2018,{{Cite web|url=https://dronelife.com/2018/05/21/enel-percepto-autonomous-drone-power-plant/|title=Enel and Percepto Partner for Autonomous Power Plant Operations - DRONELIFE|website=dronelife.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-23}} Israel-based Percepto partnered with Italian electricity and gas provider Enel to launch their on-site autonomous drone system at the Torrevaldaliga Nord power plant.
References
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