Drought in Australia#Drought in the 20th century

File:Arthur Streeton - Golden summer, Eaglemont - Google Art Project.jpg, painted in 1889 by Heidelberg School artist Arthur Streeton, shows the semi-rural Melbourne suburb of Heidelberg during an El Niño drought.]]

• 1803 Drought in New South Wales (NSW) that produced several crop failures.
• 1809 Beginning of an unusually severe drought in NSW that continued until 1811.
• 1813–1815 Severe drought in NSW that prompted searches for new pastures.
• 1826–1829 Severe drought in NSW that caused Lake George to dry up and the Darling River to cease flowing.{{cite book |last=Shaw |first=John H. |title=Collins Australian Encyclopedia |publisher=Collins |location=Sydney |year=1984 |isbn=0-00-217315-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/collinsaustralia0000unse }}

Since 1860, when adequate meteorological recording commenced, the most severe droughts have occurred commonly at intervals of 11 to 14 years. Major droughts that were recorded later in the 19th century include:

• 1829 Major drought in Western Australia with very little water available.{{cite encyclopedia

| title = Chisholm, Alec H.

| encyclopedia = The Australian Encyclopaedia

| volume = 3

| page = 291

| publisher = Halstead Press

| location = Sydney

| year = 1963

| ref = {{harvid|Australian Encyclopaedia|1963}}

}}

• 1835 and 1838 Sydney and NSW receive 25% less rain than usual. Severe drought in Northam and York areas of Western Australia.
• 1838–39 Droughts in South Australia and Western Australia
• 1839 Severe drought in the west and north of Spencer Gulf, South Australia.
• 1846 Severe drought converted the interior and far north of South Australia into an arid desert.
• 1849 Sydney received about 27 inches less rain than normal.
• 1850 Severe drought, with big losses of livestock across inland New South Wales and around the western rivers region.
• 1864–1866 (and 1868). The little data available indicates that this drought period was rather severe in Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia. This drought also helped fires in the Australia outback at the time.
• 1877 All states affected by severe drought, with disastrous losses in Queensland. In Western Australia many native trees died, swamps dried up and crops failed.
• 1880 to 1886 Drought in Victoria (northern areas and Gippsland); New South Wales (mainly northern wheat belt, Northern Tablelands and south coast); Queensland (1881–1886, in south-east with breaks – otherwise mainly in coastal areas, the central highlands and central interior in 1883–1886); and South Australia (1884–1886, mainly in agricultural areas).
• 1888 Extremely dry in Victoria (northern areas and Gippsland); Tasmania (1887–1889 in the south); New South Wales had the driest year since records began; Queensland (1888–89) had a very severe drought, with much native scrub dying and native animals perishing; South Australia had one of its most severe droughts; and Western Australia (central agricultural areas) lost many sheep.{{harvnb|Australian Encyclopaedia|1963|p=288}}
• 1897 Drought in much of Queensland, compared to 1883–84 droughts.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3652533 |title=The Drought in Queensland. |newspaper=The Brisbane Courier |location=Queensland|date=11 June 1897 |access-date=1 October 2014 |page=6 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}

{{Main|Federation Drought}}

File:Wollundry Lagoon dried up during the 1912 drought.jpg, during the 1912 drought.]]

At the time of Federation, Australia suffered a major drought. There had been a number of years of below average rainfall across most of Australia before the drought. During the drought, the wheat crop was "all but lost", and the Darling River was dry at Bourke, New South Wales, for over a year, from April 1902 to May 1903. There was concern about Sydney's water supply.{{cite web | year = 1999 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/drought1.htm | title = The "Federation Drought", 1895–1902 | work = Climate Education | publisher = Australian Bureau of Meteorology | access-date = 13 November 2006|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/drought1.html|archive-date=17 March 2009}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} By 1902, Australia's sheep population dropped from its 1891 level of 106 million to fewer than 54 million. Cattle numbers fell by more than 40 per cent. Sheep numbers did not return to 100 million until 1925.

In the 1911–1915 period, Australia suffered a major drought, which failed the 1914 wheat crop.{{cite web | year = 1999 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/drought2.htm | title = The 1914–15 drought | work = Climate Education | publisher = Australian Bureau of Meteorology | access-date = 13 November 2006|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/drought2.html|archive-date=17 March 2009}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} From 1918 to 1920, a severe drought was experienced by Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, Northern Territory (Darwin-Daly Waters area and central Australia), Western Australia (Fortescue area), Victoria, and Tasmania.

File:1944 drought.jpg

During World War II frequent dry spells from 1937 to 1945 extended over New South Wales, Victoria, much of Queensland and parts of Western Australia, with more breaks than the Federation and Millennium droughts, but more periods of intense dryness. Parts of New South Wales, notably the central west, had record-low rainfall and in 1938 severe dry conditions intensified there and in Victoria, eastern South Australia and in southwest Australian grain-growing areas. An extremely dry six-month spell in Victorian forests contributed to the disastrous Black Friday bushfires of January 1939, before heavy rain came in late February 1939 over Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales.{{Cite book |author1=Wright |first=William, (project leader) |title=Drought, dust and deluge : a century of climate extremes in Australia |author2=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-642-70648-5 |location=Melbourne, Victoria |publication-date=2004}}

The rains were only a brief respite, and 1940 was one of the driest years of the century over most of southern Australia, emptying the Nepean Dam in New South Wales and imposing water restrictions in Brisbane. Perth had its driest year of the 20th century. Heavy rain in the southeastern States in November 1940 and January 1941 slightly eased the situation and 1942 was a year of good general rain, but an even worse 1944 resulted when dearth of winter–spring rains led to failure of the wheat crop and required populations in northern Victoria to cart water. Into 1945, large rivers virtually dried up, with most of the Hunter River ceasing flow and the Hawkesbury drying up at North Richmond. There was no flow in the Murray above Echuca. Adelaide faced water shortages while main Victorian water storages were empty in April 1945 and water restrictions were imposed as far north as Townsville. Dust storms blanketed South Australia, northern Victoria and southern New South Wales through the summer of 1944–45.{{Cite web|last=Australian Government : Bureau of Meteorology|date=2020|title=Historical droughts|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/knowledge-centre/previous-droughts.shtml|website=Bureau of Meteorology : Climate}}

Artist Russell Drysdale undertook 3-week 5000km tour, at the height of WW2, of wind-eroded drought-stricken areas on commission from The Sydney Morning Herald. The articles written by Keith Newman and variously headed "The country in which there are no Bushfires. There is nothing to burn;" "Worst Drought in Australia's History;" and "An Artist's Journey Into Australia's Lost World," were generously illustrated with stark line drawings by Drysdale and appeared on subsequent days 16-19 December 1944.{{Cite news |last1=Newman |first1=Keith |last2=Drysdale |first2=Russell |date=16 December 1944 |title=An Artist's Journey Into Australia's "Lost World" |pages=5 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17932047 |access-date=2022-12-04}}

The drought broke in the southern States in winter 1945, with a good wheat harvest that year, but in some regions of southern Queensland and northern New South Wales 1946 was the worst year of all, and only in 1947 did significant general rains end the long drought.

In 1952 large regions across the North were affected by a failed wet season declared to be the "driest season for 50 years."{{Cite news |date=2019-03-13 |title=Vanished wet season of 1952 has eerie similarities to current dry spell |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-14/revisiting-the-1952-northern-territory-missing-wet-season/10883534 |access-date=2022-11-28}} Its effect on agriculture was profound, with millions of cattle dying, many because the stock routes south were too dry to sustain their journey.{{Cite news |last=Bednall |first=Colin |date=14 May 1952 |title=Drought Spreads Grey Plains Of Death Over Northern Australia |pages=3 |work=West Australian |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49031569 |access-date=2022-11-28}} Artist Sidney Nolan, on commission from the Brisbane Courier-Mail, produced a series of photographs of their dried carcasses,{{Cite web |title=Drought photographs, Queensland, 1952 [picture] |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-152621520 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=National Library of Australia |language=en}} but the results were judged by editors to be too confronting and the article carried his drawings from the pictures instead.{{Cite news |date=23 August 1952 |title=Nolan. Drought Beyond Words—1 |pages=2–3 |work=Courier-Mail |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50536623 |access-date=2022-11-28}}

From 1965–1968, eastern Australia was again greatly affected by drought. Conditions had been dry over the centre of the continent since 1957 but spread elsewhere during the summer of 1964/1965. This drought contributed to the 1967 Tasmanian fires in which 62 people died in one day and 1,400 homes were lost.{{cite web | year = 1999 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/drought6.htm | title = The 1965–68 drought | work = Climate Education | publisher = Australian Bureau of Meteorology | access-date = 13 November 2006|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/drought6.html|archive-date=17 March 2009}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

The drought in 1982–83 is regarded as the worst of the twentieth century for short-term rainfall deficiencies of up to one year and their over-all impact. There were severe dust storms in north-western Victoria and severe bushfires in south-east Australia in February 1983 with 75 people killed.{{cite web | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/drought4.htm | title = Short but sharp – The 1982–83 droughts | work = Climate Education | publisher = Australian Bureau of Meteorology | access-date = 13 November 2006|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/drought4.html|archive-date=17 March 2009}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} This El Niño-related drought ended in March, when a monsoon depression became an extratropical low and swept across Australia's interior and on to the south-east in mid- to late March.

An extremely severe drought occurred in the later year of 1991,{{cite book |last=Rankin |first=Robert |title=Secrets of the Scenic Rim: A Bushwalking and Rockclimbing Guide to South-east Queensland's Best Mountainous Area |publisher=Rankin |year=1992 |isbn=0-9592418-3-3 |page=151 }} which intensified in 1994 and 1995 to become the worst on record in Queensland.{{cite news |last=Collie |first=Gordon |title=Worst drought of century cripples farmers |newspaper=The Courier-Mail |page=14 |date=26 August 1995}} This drought was influenced by a strong El Niño weather pattern and associated with high temperatures in July and August 1995, the fifth continuous year of drought in parts of Queensland. According to Primary Industries Minister, Ed Casey, "the drought affected region stretched in a 200 km to 300 km wide strip from Stanthorpe to Charters Towers".{{cite news |last=Collie |first=Gordon |title=Water crisis threatens towns |newspaper=The Courier Mail |page=3 |date=3 June 1995 }} So few wheat and barley crops survived, about half the usual for that year, that grains had to be imported from other states.{{cite news |last=Coleman |first= Matthew |title=Crops worth $50m lost |newspaper=The Courier-Mail |date=30 August 1995}}

In June 1994, more than ten towns had lost irrigation systems; and some areas had gone five years without decent rainfall.

A part of the upper Darling River system collapsed during this drought. By October 1994, the Condamine River was exhausted, reverting to a series of ponds. Across the state, in more than 13,000 properties, totaling 40% of Queensland, was drought declared.{{cite news |last=Collie |first=Gordon |title=Dry tears of despair |newspaper=The Courier-Mail |page=29 |date=22 October 1994 }} The flow past Goondiwindi was the lowest since 1940. Cotton farms near Moree and Narrabri had been allocated no water for irrigation, which resulted in a major loss of production. The town of Warwick was particularly affected.

{{main|2000s Australian drought}}

From 1996 to 2010, south-eastern Australia experienced prolonged dry conditions with rainfall persistently well below average, particularly during the cooler months from April to October. The most acute period of the so-called 'Millennium drought' was between 2001 and 2009. The drought finished with the arrival of wet La Niña conditions during 2010 and 2011, with particularly heavy summer rainfall.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/updates/articles/a010-southern-rainfall-decline.shtml |title=Recent rainfall, drought and southern Australia's long-term rainfall decline |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=25 January 2017}}

File:Feeding cattle cotton seeds.jpg

Dry conditions began to emerge in south-eastern Australia during late 1996 and intensified during the strong 1997 El Niño event.{{Cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/1301.0Feature+article51998 |title=1998 Yearbook – Climate Variability and El Nino |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=27 February 1998 |access-date=26 January 2017}} Rainfall in 1998, 1999 and 2000 was closer to average, with isolated areas affected by rainfall well below average.

According to the Bureau of Meteorology, much of eastern Australia experienced a dry 2001.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/climate/change/20020103.shtml|title=Annual Australian Climate Summary 2001 |date=3 January 2002 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=26 January 2017}} 2002 was one of Australia's driest and warmest years on record, with 'remarkably widespread' dry conditions, particularly in the eastern half of the country, which was again affected by El Niño conditions. It was, at the time, Australia's fourth driest year since 1900.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/climate/change/20030106.shtml|title=Annual Australian Climate Summary 2001 |date=6 January 2003 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=26 January 2017}}

The El Niño weather pattern broke down during 2003, but occasional strong rainfall in 2003 and 2004 failed to alleviate the cumulative effect of persistently low rainfall in south-eastern Australia, with some measurement stations having recorded below average rainfall for eight consecutive years.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/climate/change/20050106.shtml|title=Annual Australian Climate Summary 2004 |date=6 January 2005 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=26 January 2017}} Rainfall in early 2005 remained below average, and better rainfall in the second half of the year again failed to break continuing drought conditions in the south-east.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/climate/change/20060104.shtml|title=Annual Australian Climate Statement 2005 |date=4 January 2006 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=26 January 2017}} File:Riverina Sheep (during drought).jpg region during the 2007 drought]]South-east Australia experienced its second driest year on record in 2006, particularly affecting the major agricultural region of the Murray–Darling basin.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/climate/change/20070103.shtml|title=Annual Australian Climate Statement 2006 |date=3 January 2007 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=26 January 2017}} 2007 saw record temperatures across the south of Australia, and only patchy rain; promising early year rains contrasted with a very dry July–October period, meaning that drought conditions persisted across much of the south-east. At this point, the Bureau of Meteorology estimated that south-eastern Australia had missed the equivalent of a full year's rain in the previous 11 years.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/climate/change/20080103.shtml|title=Annual Australian Climate Statement 2007 |date=3 January 2008 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=26 January 2017}}

2008 and 2009 saw continuing hot and dry conditions in south-eastern Australia, with occasional heavy rainfall failing to break the continuing drought. The effects of the drought were exacerbated by Australia's (then) second hottest year on record in 2009, with record-breaking heatwaves in January, February and the second half of the year.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/climate/change/20100105.shtml|title=Annual Australian Climate Statement 2009 |date=5 January 2010 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=26 January 2017}}

Australia's weather pattern transitioned rapidly to a wet La Niña pattern during autumn, resulting in record-breaking rains in the Murray-Darling Basin and well above average rainfall across the south-east. For many locations this was the first year of above-average rainfall since 1996. The rainfall dramatically increased surface water storage and soil moisture, effectively ending the drought in the south-east.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/climate/change/20110105.shtml|title=Annual Australian Climate Statement 2010 |date=5 January 2011 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=26 January 2017}} Very wet conditions continued through 2011, resulting in floods in Queensland and northern Victoria.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/aus/2011/|title=Annual Australian Climate Statement 2011 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=26 January 2017}}

Dairy producers were hit particularly hard by the drought. 2004 was a particularly bleak year in the sector, with revenue in the industry falling by 5.6%.[http://www.smartcompany.com.au/Premium-Articles/Industry-Trends/Dairy-farmers-face-tough-times071025.html Dairy farmers face tough times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126135636/http://www.smartcompany.com.au/Premium-Articles/Industry-Trends/Dairy-farmers-face-tough-times071025.html|date=26 January 2012}}File:Cows on a sand island in the Murrumbidgee River.jpg

Agricultural production was affected. Water use by the industry fell by 37% between 2000/01 and 2004/05, due mainly to drought.ABS Water Account Australia 2004/05 figures quoted by Water and Cotton Fact Sheet of 13 February 2007 retrieved 5 March 2007 from [http://www.cottonaustralia.com.au/news/DisplayNews.aspx?id=365&NewsCategoryID=1 Cotton Australia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228171507/http://cottonaustralia.com.au/news/DisplayNews.aspx?id=365&NewsCategoryID=1|date=28 February 2007}} Around 20 cotton communities and 10,000 people directly employed by the cotton industry were impacted by the drought. The main areas affected were in New South Wales: Menindee, where the area under production was reduced by 100%, Bourke, area reduced by 99%, Walgett by 95%, the Macquarie River by 74% and Gwydir River by 60%. In Queensland, the worst-affected areas were Biloela, which reduced the area under production by 100%, Dirranbandi, by 91%, Central Highlandsby 82% and Darling Downs by 78%. Bourke has only had adequate water for one cotton crop in the last five years.Water and Cotton Fact Sheet of 13 February 2007 retrieved 5 March 2007 from [http://www.cottonaustralia.com.au/news/DisplayNews.aspx?id=365&NewsCategoryID=1 Cotton Australia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228171507/http://cottonaustralia.com.au/news/DisplayNews.aspx?id=365&NewsCategoryID=1|date=28 February 2007}}

Dry conditions again began to develop and be sustained in mid-2013 through much of western Queensland.{{cite web |title=Rainfall deficiencies increase in Queensland and northeastern New South Wales |date=7 August 2014 |work=Climate: Drought: Archive |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/archive/20130805.shtml}} Although these began easing for western Queensland in early 2014, drought began to develop further east, along the coastal fringe and into the ranges of southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales.{{cite web |title=Rainfall deficiencies increase in Queensland and northeastern New South Wales |date=7 August 2014 |work=Climate: Drought: Archive |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/archive/20140807.shtml}}

Dry conditions continued into 2015 in the east, particularly in Queensland where the monsoon rains were delayed. Queensland had experienced poor wet season rains for three consecutive seasons.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/aus/2015/|title=Annual Australian Climate Statement 2015 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=26 January 2017}} Wetter conditions in 2016 eased the effects of drought in eastern Australia, but pockets of south-east Queensland and north-east New South Wales remained drier than average.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/aus/2016/|title=Annual Australian Climate Statement 2016 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=26 January 2017}}

Stock feed becomes scarce and farmers find it difficult to feed cattle and sheep.{{cite web | title=The face of Australia's drought crisis |publisher= ABC News | website=YouTube | date=23 January 2020 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gByMrCKkZco&t=486s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/gByMrCKkZco |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live| access-date=25 January 2020}}{{cbignore}}

2017 was a drier than average year for much of inland Queensland, most of New South Wales, eastern and central Victoria, and all of Tasmania.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/aus/2017/|title=Annual Australian Climate Statement 2017 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=29 June 2019}} In 2018, rainfall for the year was very low over the southeastern quarter of the Australian mainland, with much of the region experiencing totals in the lowest 10% of historical observations, and was particularly low over the mainland southeast from April onwards.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/aus/2018/|title=Annual Australian Climate Statement 2018 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=29 June 2019}} The state of New South Wales was declared to be 100% in drought by August 2018, remaining at 98.6%

into May 2019;{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/weather/nsw-100-per-cent-in-drought-minister-20180808-p4zw62.html|title=NSW 100 per cent in drought: minister |date=8 August 2018 |work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=29 June 2019}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/1112047/Drought-continues-to-bite-despite-welcomed-widespread-rain.pdf|title=DROUGHT CONTINUES TO BITE DESPITE WELCOMED WIDESPREAD RAIN |date=9 May 2019 |publisher=New South Wales Department of Primary Industry|access-date=29 June 2019}} by May 2019 65.2% of Queensland was also declared to be in drought.{{Cite web|url=http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2019/5/1/almost-two-thirds-of-queensland-now-drought-declared|title=Almost two-thirds of Queensland now drought declared |date=1 May 2019 |publisher=The Queensland Cabinet and Ministerial Directory|access-date=29 June 2019}} Two southern parts of Western Australia were declared "water deficient" by May 2019 after months of drought,{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/16/parts-of-western-australia-declared-water-deficient-as-emergency-supplies-trucked-in|title=Parts of Western Australia declared 'water deficient' as emergency supplies trucked in |date=16 May 2019 |work=The Guardian|access-date=29 June 2019}} with other drought affected areas including central and east Gippsland in Victoria, and parts of eastern South Australia. On one-to-two-year timeframes to the end of March 2019, rainfall deficiencies in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia's most extensive river system, were the third lowest on record, behind similar length timeframes between 1901 and 1903, and between 1918 and 1920.{{Cite web|url=https://www.graincentral.com/weather/eastern-australia-drought-dries-up-murray-darling-water-reserves/|title=Eastern Australia drought dries up Murray-Darling water reserves |date=9 April 2019 |publisher=Grain Central|access-date=29 June 2019}} In July 2019, climatologist David Jones from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology stated that the present drought was now officially the worst on record in the Murray–Darling Basin, and "had now exceeded the Federation Drought, the WWII drought and the Millennium drought in terms of its severity through the MDB".{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmonline.com.au/story/6281386/drought-now-officially-our-worst-on-record/|title=Drought now officially our worst on record |date=18 July 2019 |publisher=farmonline.com.au|access-date=19 July 2019}} In October 2019, Australia's Bureau of Meteorology stated that drier and warmer and drier than average conditions were expected to persist at least until the end of the year with no relief in sight for most of the drought affected areas, influenced at least in part by a positive Indian Ocean Dipole and a prolonged period of negative SAM (Southern Annular Mode) during October and November.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ahead/outlooks/archive/20191003-outlook.shtml|title=Climate outlook for October to January |date=3 October 2019|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=6 October 2019}} Exacerbating the effects of diminished rainfall in this drought has been a record breaking run of above average monthly temperatures, lasting 36 months to October 2019.[https://www.smh.com.au/national/australia-records-three-years-of-hotter-than-average-monthly-temperatures-20191105-p537kr.html Australia records three years of hotter than average monthly temperatures] Sydneys Kiss FM, 5 November 2019.

{{as of|2019|12}} the drought was continuing – including the driest November across Australia on recordBureau of Meteorology: [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/archive/20191205.archive.shtml Drought summary, issued 5 December 2019] – but the Bureau of Meteorology reported that the positive Indian Ocean Dipole had weakened to around 50% of its peak seen in mid October, possibly indicating a future improvement in conditions later in the Australian summer.Bureau of Meteorology: [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/wrap-up/archive/20191210.archive.shtml ENSO Wrap-Up 10 December 2019: Positive Indian Ocean Dipole weakens]

From 7-10 February 2020, many areas on the east coast of New South Wales received heavy and continuous rain, the heaviest falls for thirty years. {{Convert|391.6|mm}} of rain fell over the four days in Sydney, more than three times the February average.{{cite news |title=Record Sydney rains put out NSW mega-blaze |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-51439175 |access-date=10 February 2020 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=10 February 2020}} Flooding was extensive, including areas such as Lake Conjola, that had been devastated by bushfires about 6 weeks earlier.{{cite web |author1=Staff |title=Greater Sydney's dam levels |url=https://www.waternsw.com.au/supply/Greater-Sydney/greater-sydneys-dam-levels |website=www.waternsw.com.au |publisher=WaterNSW |access-date=10 February 2020 |language=en |date=10 February 2020}} About 28500 people were affected by this drought.

In March 2021, above average rainfall led to serious and destructive flooding in the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment and on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales.{{Cite web|date=2021-03-25|title=How NSW's devastating floods stack up against past deluges|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-26/nsw-floods-unmatched-in-scale-and-rain-but-there-have-been-worse/100026690|access-date=2021-04-08|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}

In November 2013 the Australian Government released a $500 million drought stimulus package, including an additional $2 million in loans under the Regional Investment Corporation under a reconfigured payment schedule, an extension to the existing Drought Communities Program which provides money to regional Councils, and supplementary payments under the Roads to Recovery program to assist with job creation in drought-affected areas.[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-06/roads-councils-to-benefit-from-federal-drought-funding/11678718 Drought-affected farmers and businesses to be offered super-cheap loans to stay afloat]. ABC News, 6 November 2019. The plan also provided $100 million for South Australia to turn on its Adelaide Desalination Plant to significantly ramp up production of water to supply the Adelaide metropolitan area, to allow farmers affected by drought to access more water from the Murray River upstream.[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-07/drought-stimulus-sa-desalination-plant-murray-river-water-farms/11679136 Drought stimulus package includes $100 million for SA to turn on desalination plant, leaving water for farmers upstream]. ABC News, 7 November 2019. This followed the release of a $170 million Drought Stimulus Package by the New South Wales State Government in June.[https://www.nsw.gov.au/improving-nsw/regional-nsw/drought-stimulus-package/ Drought Stimulus Package]. New South Wales State Government, 11 June 2019.

{{main|2019–20 Australian bushfire season}}

Dry conditions in September 2019 contributed to several small to mid-range fires in north eastern New South Wales. By November of that year, continuing heat and lack of rain had desiccated the forests and agricultural land along the Great Dividing range in New South Wales and Queensland. Sydney received less than {{convert|2|mm|}} of rain in December 2019, with temperatures reaching 40°C (104°F). Numerous intense bushfires occurred,{{Cite web |last=Ritter |first=Kayla |date=2019-11-18 |title=HotSpots H2O: Bushfires Raze Parts of Eastern Australia as Government Quarrels over Climate Change |url=https://www.circleofblue.org/2019/world/hotspots-h2o-bushfires-raze-parts-of-eastern-australia-as-government-quarrels-over-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Circle of Blue |language=en-US}} some of which burnt Gondwanan rainforest remnants that had not experienced fires for millennia.{{fact|date=December 2019}} This included Mount Nothofagus National Park and Nightcap National Park.

{{main|Climate change in Australia}}

Australia's national science research agency, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), states that on account of projected future climate change, hot days will become more frequent and hotter (very high confidence), extreme rainfall events will become more intense (high confidence), and the time in drought is projected to increase over southern Australia (high confidence). Seasonal-average rainfall changes will vary across Australia: in southern mainland Australia, winter and spring rainfall is projected to decrease (high confidence), but increases are projected for Tasmania in winter (medium confidence), while in eastern and northern Australia in the near future (to 2030), natural variability is anticipated to predominate over trends due to greenhouse gas emissions.[https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/OandA/Areas/Oceans-and-climate/Climate-change-information Climate change information for Australia]. CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere. Retrieved 17 November 2019. However even if climate change does not result in decreased rainfall in eastern and northern Australia over the period to 2030, the perceived severity of drought (in terms of low soil moisture) would increase on account of the higher evaporative demand resulting from the projected overall rise in average temperatures.

{{portal|Australia}}

• Climate change in Australia
• Deserts of Australia
• Extreme weather
• Federation Drought
• List of reservoirs and dams in Australia
• Peak water
• Send her down Hughie
• Water restrictions in Australia
• Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

• {{Commonscatinline}}
• [http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/emergency/drought Drought]
• [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/068f13bccd03f27bca2569de001f1072?OpenDocument Drought in Australia] on Australian Bureau of Statistics
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192510/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml Drought in Australia] on Bureau of Meteorology
• {{cite tech report |title=Government Drought Support |number=46 |date=2009 |institution=Australian Government Productivity Commission |isbn=978-1-74037-275-6 |url=https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/drought/report/drought-support.pdf |format=PDF}}

{{Oceania topic|Drought in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Drought in Australia}}

Category:Climate of Australia

Category:Environment of Australia

Category:Natural disasters in Australia