Dual naming#Australia
{{Short description|Naming policy; adoption of an official place name that combines two names}}
{{Distinguish|Given name#Compound{{!}}Double given name}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2011}}
Dual naming is the adoption of an official place name that combines two earlier names, or uses both names, often to resolve a disagreement over which of the two individual names is more appropriate. In some cases, the reasons are political. Sometimes the two individual names are from different languages; in some cases this is because the country has more than one official language, and in others, one language has displaced another.
In several countries, dual naming has begun to be applied only recently. This has come about in places where a colonial settler community had displaced the indigenous peoples and started using names in the settler language centuries ago, and more recent efforts have been made to use names in the indigenous language alongside the colonial names, as an act of reconciliation.
Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, the name 'Dari' replaced Persian (Farsi) after the 1964 constitution which was the only official language until the approval of the constitution in that year. In addition government also added Pashto as a fellow official language in the country.Afghanistan constitution of 1964 https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Afghanistan_1964.pdf?lang=en
Australia
In Australia, a dual naming policy is often now used officially to name landmarks that are of significance to local Indigenous Australians, but for which the most common name is European.{{cite web |url=http://www.icsm.gov.au/sites/default/files/2017-07/consistent_place_names_principles_0.pdf |title=Principles for the Consistent Use of Place Names |date=October 2016 |publisher=Permanent Committee on Place Names, Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping |pages=9, 19 |access-date=19 June 2018 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163144/http://www.icsm.gov.au/sites/default/files/2017-07/consistent_place_names_principles_0.pdf |url-status=dead }} For example, the landmark with the Pitjantjatjara name Uluru and English name Ayers Rock was officially named Uluru / Ayers Rock in 1993,{{cite web |url=https://placenames.nt.gov.au/policies/dualnaming |title=Dual Naming |publisher=Northern Territory Government |access-date=8 July 2017 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112103944/https://placenames.nt.gov.au/policies/dualnaming |url-status=dead }} although in practice, people in the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park refer to it as Uluru.https://uluru.gov.au/about/frequently-asked-questions/ayers-rock-or-uluru/https://ulurutoursaustralia.com.au/blog/why-does-uluru-have-2-names/
In the city of Adelaide, the Adelaide City Council began the process of dual naming all of the city squares, each of the parks making up the parklands which surround the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide, and other sites of significance to the Kaurna people (the "Adelaide tribe") in 1997.{{cite web|website=Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi|publisher=University of Adelaide|author=Adelaide City Council|title=Adelaide City Council Placenaming Initiatives|url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427083521/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/|url-status=dead}} The naming process, which assigned an extra name in the Kaurna language to each place, was mostly completed in 2003,{{cite web|website=Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi|publisher=University of Adelaide|author=Adelaide City Council|title=Kaurna Placename Meanings within the City of Adelaide|url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/meaning/?template=print|access-date=28 November 2019 }} and the renaming of 39 sites finalised and endorsed by the council in 2012.{{cite web|website=City of Adelaide|title=Kaurna place naming: Recognising Kaurna heritage through physical features of the city|url=https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/community/reconciliation/kaurna-place-naming/|access-date=29 November 2019 }} Examples include Victoria Square / Tarntanyangga, Rymill Park / Murlawirrapurka, and River Torrens / Karrawirra Parri.
The Cocos (Keeling) Islands had their official dual name attested from 1916;{{cite book|last1=Weber|first1=Max Carl Wilhelm|last2=Weber|first2=Lieven Ferdinand de Beaufort, Max Wilhelm Carl|title=The Fishes of the Indo-australian Archipelago|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA286|access-date=26 August 2015|year=1916|publisher=Brill Archive|page=286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220345/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA286|archive-date=31 December 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} it was made official with the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955.{{cite book|last1=Woodroffe|first1=C.D.|last2=Berry|first2=P.F.|title=Scientific Studies in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/stream/atollresearchbu399425smit#page/n14|series=Atoll Research Bulletin|volume=399|date=February 1994|publisher=National Museum of Natural History|location=Washington DC|pages=1–2|access-date=26 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410073158/https://archive.org/stream/atollresearchbu399425smit/#page/n14|archive-date=10 April 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
Finland
France and Switzerland
The official names of bilingual areas of Alsace, France, and Switzerland also apply. For instance, the German and French Swiss town of Biel/Bienne is the combination of its German name (Biel) and its French name (Bienne).
Hong Kong
During the British colonisation of Hong Kong, some places were given new English names, while the original Chinese name were also retained officially. For example, Stanley is called "Chek Chue" (赤柱; lit: Red Pillar) in Chinese. This causes a same place to have completely different names with different etymologies in English and Chinese. Similarly, roads may be also separately named in the two languages. E.g. Queensway is known as 金鐘道 in Chinese (lit. Golden Bell Road)
Meanwhile, some places' English names may be calques or literal translations of their Chinese equivalents. E.g. Sandy Ridge (Chinese: 沙嶺)
New Zealand
Some places in New Zealand have dual Māori and English names, such as Aoraki / Mount Cook.{{cite web | url=http://www.linz.govt.nz/docs/placenames/frameworks-nzgb-201010-ver3.pdf | title=Frameworks of the New Zealand Geographic Board Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa Version 3 | date=October 2010 | pages=40–42 | access-date=15 April 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724195854/http://www.linz.govt.nz/docs/placenames/frameworks-nzgb-201010-ver3.pdf | archive-date=24 July 2011 }} The practice of officially giving certain New Zealand places dual names began in the 1920s,{{cite web | url=http://www.linz.govt.nz/docs/placenames/proposingaplacename/protocol-maoriv2.pdf | title=Protocol for Mäori Place Names | publisher=New Zealand Geographic Board Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa | date=14 August 2002 | access-date=12 November 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522044225/http://www.linz.govt.nz/docs/placenames/proposingaplacename/protocol-maoriv2.pdf | archive-date=22 May 2010 }} but dual names have become much more common in the 1990s and 2000s, in part due to Treaty of Waitangi settlements.
Northern Ireland
"Derry/Londonderry" has been used unofficially to circumvent the Derry/Londonderry name dispute, in which Irish nationalists used "Derry" and Ulster unionists use "Londonderry" for the city and county in Northern Ireland. The "Derry stroke Londonderry" spoken form of this has in turn engendered the city's nickname "Stroke City".{{cite web |title=BBC - Radio 4 - Routes of English |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme3_2.shtml |website=BBC |access-date=24 November 2020}}
Romania
In Romania, the cities of Turnu Severin and Cluj were renamed Drobeta-Turnu Severin in 1972 and Cluj-Napoca in 1974, respectively, for political reasons, as the communist government wanted to emphasize the cities' Roman origins.{{cite book|editor-last=Herb|editor-first=Guntram Henrik|editor2=David H. Kaplan|author=George W. White|title=Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikVCJQIJsNoC&dq=John+Hunyadi+Transylvania&pg=PA267|access-date=2008-05-26|year=1999|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=0-8476-8467-9|page=275|chapter=Transylvania:Hungarian, Romanian, or Neither?}}
Spain
Another example of the phenomenon can be seen in the name of the capital of the Spanish Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz. This combines the city's Spanish name of Vitoria and Basque name of Gasteiz.
United States
The Denali–Mount McKinley naming dispute is an example of a dual naming issue in the United States.
Border geographical features
A special problem occurs when the landmark lies on the border between two or more countries. For example, Mount Everest has several different names used locally.
See also
References
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Category:Alternative place names