Dumchele
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Dumchele
|other_name = Dhumtsele
|native_name = {{resize|120%|{{Bo-textonly|སྡུམ་མཚེས་ལེ་}}}}, 都木契列
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Village
|motto =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = China Tibet#India Ladakh
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = China (disputed by India)
|subdivision_type1 = Region
|subdivision_name1 = Tibet
|subdivision_type2 = Prefecture
|subdivision_name2 = Ngari
|subdivision_type3 = County
|subdivision_name3 = Rutog
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|coordinates = {{coord|33.0762|79.1688 |region:CN|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 4100
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{{Infobox Chinese
|title=Dumchele
|pic=
|c = {{linktext|lang=zh|都|木|契|列}}
|l=
|p = Dōu mù qì liè
|showflag = p
}}
Dumchele{{efn|Variations of the spelling include Dumchule,
Claude Arpi, [https://www.dailyo.in/politics/india-to-stand-up-to-china-over-ladakh-wang-yi-panchsheel-tibet-aksai-chin-pakistan/story/1/12342.html China must come clean on whether it considers Ladakh a 'disputed territory'], Daily O, 13 August 2016.
{{harvp|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012|at=Chapter 1}}: "Like in Dumchulle on the right bank of the Indus across from Dungti on the Nyoma–Demchog road, where it is about 16 km in Indian territory."
[https://scroll.in/latest/964313/ladakh-mp-claims-china-occupied-indian-territory-under-congress-rule-hits-out-at-rahul-gandhi Ladakh MP claims China occupied Indian territory under Congress rule, hits out at Rahul Gandhi], Scroll.in, 10 June 2020.
Older British documents often called it Dumche La.
{{citation |title=Report on the External Land Trade of the Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-Y_AQAAMAAJ |publisher=Punjab (India). Land Records Department |year=1906 |page=1}}: "The Lahaulis going to the south turn off at Dongtchi [Dungti] and go by the Dumche La to Chakang and by Demchok to Tashigong."
}}
P.Stobdan, [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/ladakh-concern-overrides-lac-dispute-90880 Ladakh concern overrides LAC dispute], The Tribune, 28 May 2020.
({{zh|c=都木契列|p=Dōu mù qì liè}}, {{bo|t=སྡུམ་མཚེས་ལེ་|w=sdum mtshes le|s=dum tsé lé}})
is a village and a grazing area in the Skakjung pastureland near the Line of Actual Control between Ladakh and Tibet. Dumchele and the area around it have been under Chinese administration since 1962 but claimed by India. The locale is in the disputed Demchok sector, about 50 kilometers northwest from Demchok and 50 kilometers southeast of Chushul. It lies on a historic trade route between Ladakh and Rutog, with an erstwhile border pass at Chang La or Shingong La ({{zh|t=新贡拉|p=Xīn gòng lā}}) to the southeast of Dumchele.
To the west of the Chang La pass, flows the Kigunaru river ({{zh|t=基古纳鲁河|p=Jī gǔ nà lǔ hé}}) forming a rich grazing ground that is also called Kigunaru.{{efn|Alternative spellings include Keegunaru,
{{harvp|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 2|1962|p=12–13}}: "The pastures in the Spanggur area have been the close preserve of the inhabitants of Chushul; and the pastures of Keegunaru valley were utilised by the Koyul people."
Until 1962 India maintained a 'forward' post at Chang La, a day's march from Dumchele.
{{citation |last=Cheema |first=Brig Amar |title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |date=2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-301-4 |pages=188–189}}
In the 1962 war, China attacked the post and forced India to withdraw from the entire Kigunaru river basin. At the present time, China maintains a border trading market at Dumchele and a military post nearby.
Geography
{{see also | Geography of Ladakh }}
File:Demchok-sector-map.jpg in the middle.]]
Dumchele is at present a trading village for cross-border trade in Chinese-administered part of the northern Demchok sector. It is on the right bank of Indus River, north of Koyul Ridge and Kigunaru River.
Traditionally, the region was a grazing area. The Indus valley here is about four miles wide, and sandy with a thin layer of grass.{{sfnp|Drew, Upper-Indus Basin|1873|p=462}} That, coupled with the fact that there is no snow here in winter, makes it a most important winter grazing area for the Changpa nomads.{{harvp|Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories|1875|p=315}}: "This is where the Champas [Changpas] of Rupshu spend the winter.... At Dora falls hardly any snow. This is why the place is chosen for winter quarters, the sheep and the cattle being thus able to graze on the extensive though thin pasture found on the flat." The Ladakhis call this area Skakjung (or Kokzhung).
The present Dumchele village is on the bank of a mid-sized lake, which is apparently fed by a strand of the Kigunaru River (or Shingong Lungpa). The river flows down from the mountains of the Kailash Range, which forms the eastern watershed of the Indus Valley. The river passes by the Chang La pass, where it makes a 90 degree bend, and flows west through a gap in the Kailash Range into the Indus valley. Afterwards, it gets "divided by an island",{{sfnp|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1|1841|p=441}} with a strand flowing straight, and another flowing north parallel to the Indus river. The north-flowing strand gathers into the Dumchele lake, which appears to be endorheic. The formation of the lake appears to be a recent phenomenon as it is not shown on any maps prior to 1960.
To the west of Dumchele is an older, more natural lake called Tsoskur. The Line of Actual Control between the Indian and Chinese-administered parts in this sector runs between the two lakes.
History
File:Demchok-sector-north-US-Army-map-1954.jpg
File:1874 map of Demchok area by Frederic Drew.jpg
The Dumchele plain lies along a trade route between Lahaul and Rudok, which is known at least since the 17th century. The Ladakhis also used this route on occasion, even though their main route was via Chushul (called the "Junglam").
Siddiq Wahid (February 2014) [http://ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/DP%20Dr%20Siddiq%20Wahid.pdf The Changthang Borderlands of Ladakh: A Preliminary Inquiry (Discussion Paper # 187)]. Research and Information Systems for Developing Countries. Retrieved on 31 October 2020.
= British Raj =
{{See also|Demchok sector}}
Moorcroft's associate, George Trebeck, visited the area in early 19th century, travelling south on the right bank of Indus. He stayed at a place called Chibra very near Dumchele.{{efn|The coordinates of Chibra given in the Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladakh, {{coord|79|10|N|83|5|E}}, are virtually the same as those of Dumchele.
{{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |page=268}}
The name Chibra disappeared from the British literature after 1850s.}} The area was studded with small ponds and lakes, and a rivulet crossed the Indus bed (Kigunaru river, also called Xingong Lungpa), getting divided by an island.{{efn|The rivulet coming down from the Chang La pass is called "Xingong Lungpa" on Chinese maps. It is obtained by the merger of two further streams coming down from mountain heights. On the Indus bed, the rivulet divides, with a large strand flowing into a lake that has formed near Dumchele.}} He described the Indus river bed as consisting of loose sand, with a form of sand-grass called Long-ma growing on it. It provided winter grazing for the Ladakhis, apparently the only winter grazing available in the whole of Rupshu.{{sfnp|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1|1841|p=440}} He also noticed a trading party belonging to the Kalon of Ladakh return from Rudok, carrying fifty-six sheep loads of shawl wool (pashm) and further loads of coarse wool.{{sfnp|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1|1841|p=444}}
{{citation |first=Nicky |last=Grist |chapter=Moorcroft & Ladakh Studies |editor1=Henry Osmaston |editor2=Philip Denwood |title=Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5: Proceedings of the Fourth and Fifth International Colloquia on Ladakh |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC&pg=PA332 |year=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1404-2 |pages=332–333}}
The border of Ladakh was described to Trebeck as running from "the angle of a hill about five miles to the east" to the low pass of La Ganskiel (the "Lagankhel" of later maps).
{{harvp|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1|1841|p=440}}: "... the boundary of Ladakh was pointed out to us as extending from the angle of a hill about five miles to the east, to the low pass of La Ganskiel on the road to Gardokh, about fourteen miles distant to the southward."
Scholar Janet Rizvi confirms that traders often travelled with donkeys via Chang La to Rudok and returned with salt and wool. Ladakhi monks that went to Tibet for education and training also used the route, travelling with traders.{{citation |first=Sonam |last=Joldan |title=Relationship between Ladakh and Buddhist Tibet: Pilgrimage and trade |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=31 |number=3 |date=Autumn 2006 |pages=44–45 |jstor=43300982}}
In 1847, Henry Strachey visited the left bank of Indus, as part of a British boundary commission for Kashmir. In contrast to Trebeck's testimony, he found that Ladakh's territory stretched up to a rivulet flowing into the Indus next to the Demchok. The Tibetan guards at Demchok did not allow him to proceed beyond this point.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=68}}{{efn|Demchok extended to the southern side of the rivulet in Strachey's view, which was under the control of Tibet. The Chinese call this village Dêmqog, which is the Tibetan pinyin spelling of Demchok.}}
After conducting Kashmir Survey between 1855 and 1865, the British government published a Kashmir Atlas, with a defined border. This border ignored Strachey's findings and tried to represent Trebeck's information. It excluded Demchok on the left bank of Indus, leaving the border at Lagankhel, and excluded all the right bank up to the confluence of the Kigunaru river. In between Lagankhel and Kigunaru river, the border ran along the Indus river itself.See {{harvp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|pp=72–73}} for a description. (See the map by the US Army Map Service.)
Kashmir's geologist Frederic Drew created a map in connection with his book, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories, in 1875. His border, professedly based on the territories actually used by the Ladakhis and Tibetans for grazing, placed the Chang La ("Chang Pass") and the entire basin of the Kigunaru river within Ladakh.{{harvp|Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories|1875|pp=316, 496}}: "About north-north-east from Dora the northern mountain-ridge changes in point of composition from granite to a more or less altered shale; the line of it is more to the east than before, while in the line of its original direction are some more hills which are joined to the other ridge by a neck called on the Survey Map "Chang Pass"; this Pass is practically the boundary of Chinese Tibet in that direction; in the Indus Valley the boundary will be a day or two's march beyond Dora."
Despite the various British efforts at border definition, the situation on the ground was essentially unchanged. The state of Kashmir was ruled by a native Maharaja who enjoyed considerable autonomy. The traditional borders appear to have continued until the time of India's independence in 1947.{{citation |first=R. C. F. |last=Schomberg |title=Expeditionts: The Tso Morari to the Tibetan Frontier at Demchok |journal=The Himalayan Journal |volume=XVI |number=1 |year=1950 |pages=100–105}} Available from http://pahar.in/journals/
= 1962 war and aftermath =
In October 1962, during the Sino-Indian War, the Chinese occupied the Dumchele area, along with the entire right bank of the Indus to the south of Dumchele.{{harvp|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012|loc=Chapter 6}}: "In the Chinese bazaar of Dumchulle, in the territory occupied from India in 1962, [...]" The Line of Actual Control resulting from the war runs between Dumchele and the smaller lake of Tsoskur to the west.
During and following the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965, the Dumchele area saw some action mainly in the form of the Indian and Chinese governments exchanging notes blaming each other for intruding into their territory.
{{Cite book |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 181-185 |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency |year=1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RxeDNzTKKoC&q=Dumchele&pg=RA7-PA5}}
[https://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/0623-whitepaper13-a-RRW.pdf Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged between the Governments of India and China (February 1966–February 1967) White Paper No XIII]. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Accessed on 31 October 2020.
Near Tsoskur, {{Convert|2.5|mi|km|abbr=}} southwest of Dumchele, three Indian armed personnel were killed by PLA troops on 19 September 1965.{{Cite news |date=2015-11-30 |title=From the archives - dated November 30, 1965 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-dated-november-30-1965/article7930344.ece |access-date=2020-11-05 |issn=0971-751X |quote=India has demanded from China "full compensation" for the damage to Indian life and property by intruding Chinese troops near Tsaskur in Ladakh on September 19 last. The demand was made in a note handed to the Chinese Embassy here [New Delhi] on November 26 and made public to-day [November 29].}}{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |agency=IANS |title=Indian Army celebrates Cho La Day to commemorate 1967 action against PLA |url=https://southasiamonitor.org/china-watch/indian-army-celebrates-cho-la-day-commemorate-1967-action-against-pla |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=South Asia Monitor |language=en}} The Chinese alleged that India had committed its "worst border provocation since 1962" at Dumchele.
{{Cite book |last1=Chaudhry |first1=Praveen K. |last2=Vanduzer-Snow |first2=Marta |title=The United States and India: A History Through Archives: The Later Years: Volume 2 |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-81-321-0678-4 |pages=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dNiGAwAAQBAJ&q=Dumchele&pg=PA202}}
= Trading post =
China built a border trading post at Dumchele, meant for the Ladakhis to access. The PLA military stationed near Dumchele allows this trade. For a few days during the winter the trade intensifies. A 2014 study by Siddiq Wahid reports "illicit trade" (smuggling) of "tiger bones, tiger skins, rhino horns and sandalwood". Items exchanged also include rice, wheat and cooking oil, and in exchange pashmina shawls and Chinese crockery and electronics are acquired.
{{Cite news |author=PTI |title=Smuggling rampant along LAC in Ladakh |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=2009-09-21 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/26455/smuggling-rampant-along-lac-ladakh.html }}
In 2016, the smuggling occurring here, said to be worth crores of rupees, was reportedly stopped by Indian authorities.
{{Cite web |last=Arpi |first=Claude |author-link=Claude Arpi |date=23 August 2019 |title=Is there a way forward for India-China in Ladakh? |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/is-there-a-way-forward-for-india-china-in-ladakh/ |website=Indian Defence Review }}
Locations
Tsaskur, alternately spelled as Tsoskur, is an Indian administered campsite located {{Convert|2.5|mi|km|abbr=}} south west of Dumchele.[http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper12NEW.pdf Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged between the Governments of India and China (January 1965–February 1966) White Paper No XII]. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Accessed on 5 November 2020. Areas between Dumchele and Demchok such as Nagtsang, Nakung, and Lungma-Serding, Skakjung are China administered territories.
{{Cite news |last=Gangadharan |first=Surya |title=As China 'Inches' In, India Cannot Afford To Yield Ground In Ladakh |newspaper=StratNewsGlobal |date=29 May 2020 |url=https://stratnewsglobal.com/as-china-inches-in-india-cannot-afford-to-yield-ground-in-ladakh/}}
Kegu Naro is a day's march from Dumchele.
{{Cite news |last=Stobdan |first=Phunchok |author-link=Phunchok Stobdan |title=The Ladakh drift |newspaper=Indian Express |date=26 April 2013 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-ladakh-drift/1107668/2}}: "Until the mid-1980s, the boundary lay at Kegu Naro — a day-long march from Dumchele, where India had maintained a forward post till 1962."
Notes
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References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}
- {{citation |editor=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4ruQEACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press}}
- Indian Report: {{citation |title=Part 1 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_1.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 1|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 2 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_2.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 2|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 3 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_3.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 3|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 4 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 4|1962}}}}
- Chinese report: {{citation |title=Part 1 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part1.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 1|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 2 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part2.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 2|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 3 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part3.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 3|1962}}}};
- {{citation |first=Romesh |last=Bhattacharji |title=Ladakh: Changing, Yet Unchanged |publisher=Rupa Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3575075 |via=Academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012}}}}
- {{citation |last=Drew |first=Frederic |title=Alluvial and Lacustrine Deposits and Glacial Records of the Upper-Indus Basin |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London |year=1873 |pages=441–471 |url=https://archive.org/details/quarterlyjourna291873geol/page/n517/mode/2up |ref={{sfnref|Drew, Upper-Indus Basin|1873}}}}
- {{citation |last=Drew |first=Frederic |title=The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account |url=https://archive.org/details/jummooandkashmi00drewgoog/page/n5 |year=1875 |publisher=E. Stanford |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories|1875}}}}
- {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=The China-India border |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfgNAQAAMAAJ |year=1964 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, The China-India border|1964}}}}
- {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Tibet, China & India, 1914-1950: a history of imperial diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm5wAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Roxford Books |isbn=9780907129035 |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Tibet, China & India|1989}}}}
- {{citation |last1=Moorcroft |first1=William |last2=Trebeck |first2=George |title=Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Punjab in Ladakh and Kashmir: In Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz and Bokhara from 1819 to 1825, Volume 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284643 |via=archive.org |year=2004 |orig-year=1841 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |isbn=978-81-206-0497-1 |ref={{sfnref|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1|1841}}}}
External links
- [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/lack-of-infra-forcing-people-to-migrate-from-frontier-803101 Lack of infra forcing people to migrate from frontier], The Tribune, 17 July 2019. Contains a photograph of the Dumchele village.