Dungan alphabets#Latin
{{Short description|Alphabets of the Dungan language}}
File:Book-in-Xiaoerjing.png system.]]
During its existence, the character set or alphabet of the Dungan language has changed its graphic base several times and has been repeatedly reformed. Currently, the Dungan script functions in Cyrillic. Three stages are distinguished in the history of the Dungan script:
- pre-1927 - written completely in Chinese characters;
- 1927-1928 - attempts to create a writing system based on the Arabic script system Xiao'erjing, developed in China by the Hui Muslims;
- 1928-1953 - writing based on the Latin alphabet;
- since 1953 - writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet.
It is used in the territory of the former USSR, in regions where the Dungan language is widespread (mainly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan).
Chinese characters
File:Tungani General, Khotan.jpg
In China, to write texts in their native Chinese language, the Hui people, whom the Dungan people directly descend from{{cite news |title=Kyrgyzstan Eats: A Dungan Feast in Naryn|author=David Trilling|newspaper=EURASIANET.org|date=20 April 2010|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/60892}} and who are occasionally also referred to as Dungans,{{Cite web
| title = UNPO: East Turkestan: Strict Control of China's Uighur Muslims Continues
| publisher = Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organization
| date = 16 August 2006
| access-date = 12 March 2020
| url = https://unpo.org/article/5154
| quote = However, the authorities' control over Dungan mosques is less strict than over mosques used by Uighurs, a Turkic people mainly found in Xinjiang but also in Central Asian states. (The Dungans are a Chinese Muslim people also found in Central Asian states.) }} used either Chinese characters or a modified Arabic script called Xiao'erjing (literally, "children's script"). In China, the Hui people continue to use Chinese characters to write and speak their dialect of Chinese.{{sfn|Gladney|1996|p=20}}
Arabic script
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the first Cyrillic records of Dungan dialects in the Russian Empire were made by V. I. Tsibuzgin, a teacher at the Russian-Dungan school in the village of Karakunuz, and his assistant, Zhebur Matsivang. During the Soviet era (1928), an alphabet clearly based on the Xiao'erjing system was proposed in Tashkent by Dungan students Ya. Shivaza, Yu. Yanshansin, and H. Makeev.{{cite book|author=М. Х. Имазов|title=Орфография дунганского языка|location=Фрунзе|publisher=Илим|year=1977|pages=6–7}}{{cite book |first=О. И. | last =Завьялова|title=Язык и культура китайских мусульман-хуэйцзу|url=http://dungane.ru/data/documents/Dungane-2017.pdf|location=М.|publisher=Наука — Восточная литература|year=2017|isbn=978-5-02-039795-8 |series =Дунгане. История и культура|pages=7–37|archive-date=2017-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005151838/http://dungane.ru/data/documents/Dungane-2017.pdf}}
This alphabet included the following letters:
ى ه ۋ و ن م ل ڴ گ ک ق ف غ ﻉ ﻅ ﻁ ڞ ﺽ ﺹ ش س ژ ز ر ﺫ د خ ﺡ چ ﺝ ث ﺕ پ ب ا
Diacritics were used when writing the finals of syllables. This alphabet did not manage to gain popularity, since at that time the question of Latinization of the Dungan script was raised.
Latin
In January 1928, at the 2nd Plenum of the All-Union Central Committee of the New Turkic Alphabet in Tashkent, the Dungan Latinized alphabet was adopted. Its authors were Ya. Zhang and a group of Dungan students studying at Tashkent universities. Soviet scientists V. M. Alekseev, A. A. Dragunov and E. D. Polivanov assisted them in developing the alphabet.{{cite book|title=Краткий дунганско-русский словарь (Җеёди хуэйзў-вурус хуадян)|editor=Ю. Яншансин|location=Фрунзе|publisher=Илим|year=1968|pages=5–7}}
The first Dungan alphabet had the following form: A a, B в, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ƣ ƣ, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ꞑ ꞑ, O o, Ɵ ɵ, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, , T t, U u, V v, X x, Y y, Z z, Ƶ ƶ, Ь ь. In the finally approved version of the alphabet, the letter S̷ s̷ was cancelled and the letter Ә ә was introduced (however, in the first Dungan primer, capital letters were not used).{{cite book|author=ja. dƶon|title=əlif-вee. iꞑvi ho hyɵ həxadi əlif-вee|location=Frunzь|year=1929|pages=58}} The alphabet also used 4 digraphs: Dƶ dƶ, Ts ts, Tş tş, Uv uv. In March 1932, at a meeting on the Dungan alphabet, it was decided to reform it. Thus, the letters H h, Ƣ ƣ, Ɵ ɵ, as well as all digraphs, were abolished. The letters W w and Ⱬ ⱬ were introduced.{{cite web |first=А. А. |last=Драгунов|title=Дунганский алфавит|series=Революция и письменность|location=М.|publisher=Власть советов|year=1932|number=1-2 (11-12)|pages=33–37|url=https://www.kromatikon.eu/odads/Library/Studies_Language/Dragunov%201932%20-%20Dunganskij%20alfavit.pdf|archive-date=2023-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502224311/https://www.kromatikon.eu/odads/Library/Studies_Language/Dragunov%201932%20-%20Dunganskij%20alfavit.pdf}}
The following changes were made to the meanings of the letters: ts → c, tş → ç, dƶ → ⱬ, h → şj, c → çj, ç → ⱬj, ɵ → yә. The letter ƣ, which denoted the jagged, unrolled [r] in Dungan words, was replaced by the letter r, which had previously denoted [r] in Russian borrowings. One of the goals of the writing reform was the unification of the Dungan alphabet with the newly created Chinese Latinized alphabet. The letter j denoted the softness of the preceding consonant, but was not written before i and y. In June 1932, the conference in Frunze generally approved these changes, while retaining the letter Ƣ ƣ. Later, it was proposed to exclude from the alphabet the letter Ꞑ ꞑ, which was used in only a few words.{{cite book|title=Вопросы орфографии дунганского языка (Ⱬwn-jan xuadi şjefa (orfografija) vьnti)|location=Фрунзе|publisher=Киргизгосиздат|year=1937|pages=71}}
Dungan Latinized alphabet after the reform:
| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B в | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |C c | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ç ç | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |E e | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ə ə | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |F f |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ƣ ƣ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |I i | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |J j | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ь ь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |K k | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |L l | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |M m |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ꞑ ꞑ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |O o | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |P p | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |R r | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |S s | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ş ş | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |T t |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |V v | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |W w | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |X x | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Y y | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Z z | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ƶ ƶ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ⱬ ⱬ |
Cyrillic
The question of switching the Dungan alphabet to Cyrillic was raised shortly before the Great Patriotic War, which prevented the implementation of this project. It was revisited in 1952, when the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to create a commission to develop a Dungan Cyrillic alphabet. The commission was headed by A. A. Dragunov. Their projects were presented by Yu. Yanshansin, A. A. Dragunov, {{ill|Yusup Tsunvazo|ru|Цунвазо, Юсуп}}, G. P. Serdyuchenko and A. Kalimov. Opinions were expressed about the need for a separate letter ҷ for the sound [tɕʰ], about using the letter у' instead of ў, about the uselessness of the letter ң and about replacing the letter р (r) in native Dungan words with э̡. As a result of discussions in 1953 (with some changes), the project of Yusup Yanshansin was approved.{{cite web|first=А. А. |last=Реформатский|title=Новый дунганский алфавит|series=Вопросы языкознания|year=1953|number=5|url=http://www.ruslang.ru/doc/voprosy/voprosy1953-5.pdf|pages=129–132|archive-date=2015-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405145426/http://www.ruslang.ru/doc/voprosy/voprosy1953-5.pdf}} This alphabet is still in use today and has the following form:
| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |А а | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Б б | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |В в | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Г г | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Д д | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Е е | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ё ё | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ә ә |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ж ж
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Җ җ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |З з | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |И и | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Й й | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |К к | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Л л | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |М м |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ң ң | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |О о | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |П п | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Р р | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |С с | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Т т | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |У у |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ў ў
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ү ү | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ф ф | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Х х | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ц ц | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч ч | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ш ш | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Щ щ |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ъ ъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ы ы | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ь ь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Э э | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ю ю | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Я я |
Tones are not indicated in practical writing. In dictionaries and scientific publications, they are designated by Roman numerals I II III after the word or by superscripts of numbers ¹²³ after each syllable (for example: Җўжынҗя II-I-I owner, master or ми¹хуар³ chamomile{{cite book|title=Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств|editor=В. Н. Ярцева|location=М.|publisher=Наука|year=2001|volume=I|pages=354 |isbn=5-02-011237-2}}).
Correspondence chart
Compiled by,{{cite web|url=http://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kbldng.pdf|title=Dungan romanization|date=2012-09-28|publisher=Institute of the Estonian Language|language=en|accessdate=2015-11-14|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191539/http://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kbldng.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite book|author=И. Хансуваров|title=Латинизация — орудие ленинской национальной политики|url=http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/21433#page/35/mode/inspect/zoom/4|location=М.|publisher=Партийное изд-во|year=1932|archivedate=2015-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031939/http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/21433#page/35/mode/inspect/zoom/4}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||||
| Cyrillic | Latin 1932-1953 | Latin 1928-1932 | Arabic | Pinyin | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | colspan=2|A a | ا | a | /a/ | |
| Б б | colspan=2|B в | ب | b | /b̥/ | |
| В в | colspan=2|V v | و | w | /v/ | |
| Г г | colspan=2|G g | گ | g | /g̊/ | |
| Д д | colspan=2|D d | د | d | /d̥/ | |
| Е е | colspan=2|(ia) | ie, ye1 | /iɛ/, /jɛ/1 | ||
| Ё ё | colspan=2|(io) | io, yo1 | /iɔ/, /jiɔ/1 | ||
| Ә ә | colspan=2|E e | ه | e | /ә/ | |
| Ж ж | colspan=2|Ƶ ƶ | ژ | r | /ʒ/ | |
| rowspan="2" |Җ җ | Ⱬ ⱬ | Dƶ dƶ | rowspan="2" |ج | zh | /d̥ʒ/ |
| (ⱬj) | Ç ç | j2 | /d̥ʑ̥/2 | ||
| З з | colspan=2|Z z | ز | z | /d̥z̥/ | |
| И и | colspan=2|I i | ێ | i | /i/ | |
| Й й | colspan=2|J j | ى | y, i3 | /j/, /i/3 | |
| К к | colspan=2|K k | ک | k | /kʰ/ | |
| Л л | colspan=2|L l | ل | l | /l/ | |
| М м | colspan=2|M m | م | m | /m/ | |
| Н н | colspan=2|N n | ن | n | /n/ | |
| Ң ң | colspan=2|Ꞑ ꞑ | ڴ | ng | /ŋ/ | |
| О о | colspan=2|O o | و | uo, o4 | /uɔ/, /ɔ/4 | |
| П п | colspan=2|P p | پ | p | /pʰ/ | |
| Р р | colspan=2|R r5, Ƣ ƣ5а | ع ,ر | r | /r/, /ɚ/ | |
| С с | colspan=2|S s | س | s | /s/ | |
| Т т | colspan=2|T t | ت | t | /tʰ/ | |
| У у | colspan=2|U u | و | ou, u6 | /u/, /ɤu/6 | |
| Ў ў | W w | u | /w/ | ||
| Ү ү | colspan=2|Y y | و | ü, u6 | /y/, /w/6 | |
| Ф ф | colspan=2|F f | ف | f | /f/ | |
| Х х | colspan=2|X x | ح | h | /x/ | |
| Ц ц | C c | Ts ts | چّ | c | /tsʰ/ |
| rowspan="2" | Ч ч | Ç ç | Tş tş | rowspan="2" |چ | ch | /tʃʰ/ |
| (çj) | C c | q2 | /tɕʰ/2 | ||
| Ш ш | colspan=2|Ş ş | ش | sh | /ʃ/ | |
| Щ щ | (şj) | H h | شچ | x | /ɕ/ |
| Ъ ъ | colspan=2| | ||||
| Ы ы | colspan=2|Ь ь | ى | î, i8, e9 | /ɨ/, /i/8, /ə/9 | |
| Ь ь | colspan=2| | ||||
| Э э | colspan=2|Ə ə | ai | /ɛ/ | ||
| Ю ю | colspan=2| | iu, you1 | /iou/, /jou/1 | ||
| Я я | colspan=2| | ia, ya1 | /ia/, /ja/1 |
Notes to the table:
- 0 Due to different spelling rules, a one-to-one correspondence between letters of different alphabets cannot be established.
- 00 The letters and letter combinations in brackets were not part of the official alphabet.
- 1 After vowels, й, ъ, ь and at the beginning of a word
- 2 Before е, ё, и, ү, ю, я
- 3 In the finals ўй, ый
- 4 After б, м, п and in finals он, ор
- 5 In borrowed words
- 5а In native words
- 6 In the finals уа, уан, уә, уон, уэ
- 7 After ж, й, ч, щ
- 8 After ж, җ, з, с, ц, ч, ш
- 9 In the finals ый, ын
References
{{Reflist}}
- {{cite book |last=Gladney |first=Dru C. |author-link=Dru C. Gladney |title=Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic |url={{Google books |plainurl=y |id=_hJ9aht6nZQC }} |edition=2nd |year=1996 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |isbn=0-674-59497-5 }} (1st edition appeared in 1991)
{{Language orthographies}}