Durendal

The name Durendal arguably begins with the French dur- stem, meaning "hard", though "enduring" may be the intended meaning.{{harvp|Sayers|1957|p=38}} Rita Lejeune argues that the name may break down into {{lang|fro|durant}} + {{lang|fro|dail}},{{sfnp|Lejeune|1950|p=158}} which may be rendered in English as "strong scythe" or explained in more detail to mean "a scimitar or scythe that holds up, resists, endures".{{harvp|Bellamy|1987}}, p. 272, note 14, citing {{harvp|Lejeune|1950|p=158}}. Gerhard Rohlfs suggests {{lang|fro|dur}} + {{lang|fro|end'art}}, "strong flame" or "[a flame] burns strongly from it".

The Pseudo-Turpin explains that the name "'Durendal' is interpreted to mean [that] it gives a hard strike" ({{lang|la|Durenda {{linktext|interpretatur |durum |ictum |cum |ea |dans}}}}). It has been argued that the Pseudo-Turpin offering a gloss of the meaning constitutes evidence that it was a name that was not readily understood in French.{{efn|Unlike "Halteclere" or "Joyeuse", which are easily comprehensible as French words.}}

One non-French etymology is Edwin B. Place's attempt to construe it in Breton as {{lang|br|diren dall}}, meaning "blade [that] dulls cutting edge" or "blade [that] blinds". Another is James A. Bellamy's Arabic etymology, explaining a possible origin of the sword's name in {{transl|ar|ḏū l-jandal}} ({{lang|ar|ذو الجندل}}), meaning "master of stone".{{sfnp|Bellamy|1987|p=273}}{{efn|Encouraged by the fact that there are many Arabic sword names with this prefix, e.g. Ḏū l-Faqār.}}

According to legend, the sword was capable of cutting through giant boulders with a single strike, and was indestructible.{{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=George W.|last2=Jones|first2=Eustance Hinton|title=Popular Romances of the Middle Ages|date=1871|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_q9cWAAAAYAAJ/page/n351 339]–340|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_q9cWAAAAYAAJ|access-date=11 April 2018}}

In La Chanson de Roland (The Song of Roland), the sword is said to contain within its golden hilt a tooth of Saint Peter, blood of Basil of Caesarea, hair of Saint Denis, and a piece of the raiment of Mary, mother of Jesus.{{harvp|Moncrieff|1920|pp=76–77}}, laisse CLXXIII

According to legend as recounted in the poem, at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass Roland took the rearguard to hold off Saracen troops long enough for Charlemagne's army to retreat into France. He slew a vast number of enemies: wielding Durendal, he sliced the right arm of the Saracen king Marsile, decapitated the king's son Jursaleu or Jurfaleu and put the one-hundred-thousand-strong army to flight.{{harvp|Moncrieff|1920|pp=62–63}}, laisse CXLIV{{harvp|Geddes|1920|pp=lix, 78–79}} (laisse CXLIV) His mission accomplished, Roland then attempted to destroy Durendal by hitting it against blocks of marble, to prevent it from being captured by the Saracens, but the sword proved to be indestructible. Finally, mortally wounded, he hid it beneath his body as he lay dying along with the oliphant, the horn he had used to alert Charlemagne.{{harvp|Moncrieff|1920|p=77}}, laisse CLXXIV

In Spanish Carolingian literature, "Durandarte" refers both to the sword and to a companion of Roland, famous for his relationship with the lady Belerma.{{cite book |last=Arellano |first=Ignacio |title=Comedias burlescas del siglo de oro |publisher=Iberoamericana Vervuert |volume=III |date=2002 |page=77}}

The sword has been given various provenances. Several of the works of the Matter of France agree that it was forged by Wayland the Smith, who is commonly cited as a maker of weapons in chivalric romances.

According to La Chanson de Roland, an angel brought Durendal to Charlemagne in the vale of Moriane, and Charlemagne then gave it to Roland.{{harvp|Moncrieff|1920|pp=75–76}}, laisse CLXXII{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The scene of the angel giving the sword to Karl (Charlemagne) is depicted in a manuscript of Der Stricker's Karl der Große.{{harvp|Brault|1978|p=443}}, note 16}}

According to the 12th-century fragmentary chanson de geste known as Mainet (referring to the pseudonym that Charlemagne adopted in his youth), Durendal was once captured, but not kept, by the young Charlemagne when he fled to Spain. Young Charles (Mainés in the text) slays Braimant, obtaining his sword (Durendaus).Mainet IVa, vv.24–41, {{harvp|Paris|1875|pp=24–25}}{{sfnp|Morgan|2009|p=144}} This tale is better preserved in some non-chanson de geste texts,{{sfnp|Morgan|2009|p=143}} and in adaptations such as the Franco-Italian Karleto.{{sfnp|Morgan|2009|pp=113, 143}} According to the Low-German version Karl Mainet, the place of combat was near the vale of Moriane (Vael Moriale), near Toledo.

According to another 12th-century chanson de geste, the Song of Aspremont, the owner of Durendal just before Roland obtained it was a Saracen named Aumon, son of king Agolant,{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|This is actually alluded to in Mainet also: "Quant il occist Yaumont fil le roi Agoulant".{{sfnp|Morgan|2009|p=144}}}}. Young Roland mounted Naimes's horse Morel without permission,{{harvp|Brandin|1919–1921}}, {{harvp|Newth|1989|pp=138–139}} vv. 5749–5755. and armed only with a rod, defeated Aumon, taking as spoils both the sword and the horse Veillantif.{{harvp|Brandin|1919–1921}}, {{harvp|Newth|1989|pp=146–147}}, vv. 6075–80.

These materials were combined in the Italian prose Aspramonte by Andrea da Barberino in the late 14th to early 15th century. That work stated that after young Carlo (Charlemagne) came into possession of Durindarda (Durendal) by killing Bramante in Spain, Galafro gave it to Galiziella,{{efn|Come lo re Galafro.. donò Durindarda a Galiziella "; "..e fu poi di Mainetto, cioè di Carlo; e con spada uccise Carlo lo re Bramante, e chiamavasi Durindarda.. Per questa spada Galiziella col cuore feminile ebbe piatà del re Galafro..", {{harvp|Boni|1951|pp=12–13}}, {{harvp|Mattaini|1957|p=422}}.}}Barberino, L'Aspramonte I, x, 6–10; cfr. III, LX, 4. who then gave it to Almonte the son of Agolante (i.e., {{langx|fr|Aumon|italic=no}}).{{efn|"Come Galiziella donò Durindarda a Almonte", {{harvp|Boni|1951|p=13}}.}}da Barberino, L'Aspramonte I, xi, 4{{harvp|Boni|1951|p=347}} (Notes to Durindarda) Galiziella is glossed as the bastard daughter of Agolante,{{harvp|Boni|1951|p=350–351}} (Notes to Galiziella) making her Almonte's half-sister. Durindana is eventually won by Orlandino (young Orlando).da Barberino, L'Aspramonte III, xxxviii, 7

Andrea da Barberino was a major source for later Italian writers. Boiardo's Orlando innamorato traces the sword's origin to Hector of Troy; it belonged for a while to the Amazonian queen Pantasilea, and was passed down to Almonte before Orlando gained possession of it.{{harvp|Ross|2004|pp=508–509}}: Bk III, Canto I. Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso follows Boiardo, saying it once belonged to Hector of Troy, but that it was given to Roland by Malagigi (Maugris).

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Tradition has it that Roland's Breach in the Pyrenees was created when Roland, attempting to break Durendal, instead cut a huge gash in the mountainside with one blow.{{cite news |url=https://actu.fr/societe/lot-lepee-durandal-volee-a-rocamadour-etait-une-copie-sans-valeur-si-ce-nest-symbolique_61290920.html |title=Lot: l'épée Durandal volée à Rocamadour était une copie sans valeur, si ce n'est symbolique |website=Actu Lot |date=2 July 2024 |access-date=7 July 2024 }} {{in lang|fr}} A similar legend is used to explain a notch in the peak of Puig Campana in the Province of Alicante, Spain.

In Rocamadour, in the Lot department, a local legend holds that instead of dying with Durendal hidden under his body, Roland called on the Archangel Michael for assistance and was able to throw the sword several hundred kilometres across the border into France, where it came to rest in Rocamadour. There it was deposited in the chapel of Mary, but was stolen by Henry the Young King in 1183. Successive replicas have been stolen; most recently a sword fashioned from sheet metal was embedded in a cleft in a cliff wall, secured with a chain. That sword was reported stolen in June 2024.{{Cite news |first=Mayeul |last=Aldebert |date=2024-07-02 |title=Rocamadour: Durandal, la légendaire épée de Roland, a été volée |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/rocamadour-durandal-la-legendaire-epee-de-roland-a-ete-volee-20240702 |access-date=2024-07-03 |newspaper=Le Figaro }} {{in lang|fr}}.{{cite news |first=Laetitia |last=Bertoni |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2024/07/01/info-la-depeche-durandal-a-disparu-du-rocher-de-rocamadour-lepee-du-chevalier-roland-a-ete-derobee-ces-jours-ci-12053133.php |title=Disparition d'une légende à Rocamadour: Durandal, l'épée du chevalier Roland, a été volée, une enquête est en cours |newspaper=La Dépêche |date=3 July 2024 |orig-date=1 July 2024}} {{in lang|fr}}.

A sword named Durendal appears in a number of fantasy video games. In Final Fantasy Legend III (1991) it's one of four mystic swords (its name shortened to 'Durend' due to character limitations). In the Super Sentai series Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger (1992). the monster Dora Knight wields a magic sword called Durandal.{{cite web |title=Zyuranger Monsters List Two |url=http://www.supersentai.com/database/1992_zyuranger/vi-monsters2.html |website=SuperSentai.com}} In the Fire Emblem videogame series, Durandal is the name of the legendary claymore sword wielded by one of the characters. Durandal is the name of a character in Honkai Impact 3rd; her namesake is the super-AI Holy Blade Durandal, which takes the form of a sword. In Library of Ruina (2020), Durandal is the signature weapon of Roland, one of the main protagonists. A sword named Durandal is in Chained Echoes (2022), as well as a lesser known game, Days Bygone.

In Terraria, Durendal is a weapon that the player is able to craft, but it's a whip rather than a sword. Durendal is the name of a spaceship in Xenosaga and of an organization in Front Mission 4. The name also appears in Fate/Grand Order (2015).

A sword named Durendal also appears in literature. In the xianxia-inspired series of novels The Godking's Legacy by author Virlyce, Durandal is the name of one of the main characters, a sentient sword that previously belonged to the legendary warrior-mage Roland. In The Dresden Files book series, Durendal is one of three powerful swords and is linked to the emotion of hope. In the light novel and anime series High School DxD, the historical Durandal that was first used by Roland is wielded by a current character.

Durandel is used as a name, although not of a sword, in the anime series Mobile Suit Gundam SEED, Macross Frontier, and Space Battleship Tiramisu, and in the live-action tokusatsu series Kamen Rider Saber (2020) and the spinoff Kamen Rider Sabela & Durendal (2022). It is also the name of the AI guide and central character in the Marathon Trilogy of video games.

{{notelist}}

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{{Refend}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{citation|last=Bellamy|first=James A.|author-link=James A. Bellamy |title=Arabic names in the Chanson de Roland: Saracen Gods, Frankish swords, Roland horse, and the Olifant |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=107 |number=2 |year=1987|pages=267–277|doi=10.2307/602835|jstor=602835}}
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{{Notable swords}}

{{Matter of France}}

Category:Medieval European swords

Category:Mythological swords

Category:The Song of Roland

Category:Matter of France

Category:Lost objects

Category:Henry the Young King