Duruwa language
{{Short description|Dravidian language spoken in India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Dhurwa
| nativename = ପରଜି, धुरुवा
Parji
| states = India
| ethnicity = Duruwa
| speakers = 52,349
| date = 2011 census
| script = Odia script, Devanagari script
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = Central Dravidian
| fam3 = Parji–Gadaba
| iso3 = pci
| glotto = duru1236
| glottorefname = Duruwa
}}
Duruwa (Odia: ପରଜି, Devanagari: धुरुवा) or Dhuruwa or Parji is a Central Dravidian language spoken by the Duruwa people of India, in the districts of Koraput in Odisha and Bastar in Chhattisgarh. The language is related to Ollari and Kolami, which is also spoken by other neighbouring tribes.
Classification
Duruwa is a member of the Central Dravidian languages.{{cite book
|last=Fairservis
|first=Walter Ashlin
|title=The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script
|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers
|series = Asian Studies
|year=1997
|isbn=978-90-04-09066-8
|page=78
|last=Stassen
|first=Leon
|title=Intransitive Predication
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|series = Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory
|year=1997
|isbn=978-0-19-925893-2
|page=335
}} Duruwa is a spoken language and is generally not written. Whenever it is written, it makes use of the Devanagari script in Bastar district and Odia script in Koraput district.
Phonology
| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Vowels ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Front ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Back |
| short
!long !short !long !short !long |
|---|
| align="center"
!High |{{IPAlink|i}} |{{IPAlink|iː}} | | |{{IPAlink|u}} |{{IPAlink|uː}} |
| align="center"
!Mid |{{IPAlink|e}} |{{IPAlink|eː}} | | |{{IPAlink|o}} |{{IPAlink|oː}} |
| align="center"
!Low | | |{{IPAlink|a}} |{{IPAlink|aː}} | | |
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonants{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian languages|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780511060373|page=57|edition=null}} |
| colspan="2" |
! Labial ! Dental ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |
|---|
| colspan="2" | Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n̪}} || || {{IPAlink|ɲ}} || {{IPAlink|ŋ}} || |
| rowspan="2" |Plosive
| {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|t}} || {{IPAlink|ʈ}} || {{IPAlink|c}} || {{IPAlink|k}} || |
| voiced
| {{IPAlink|b}} || {{IPAlink|d}} || {{IPAlink|ɖ}} || {{IPAlink|ɟ}} || {{IPAlink|ɡ}} || |
| colspan="2" | Fricative
| || ({{IPAlink|s}}) || || || || ({{IPAlink|h}}) |
| rowspan="2" | Approximant
! central | {{IPAlink|ʋ}} || || || {{IPAlink|j}} || || |
| lateral
| || {{IPAlink|l}} || || || || |
| colspan="2" | Tap
| || {{IPAlink|ɾ}} || {{IPAlink|ɽ}} || || || |
Dialects
There are four dialects: Tiriya, Nethanar, Dharba, and Kukanar. They are mutually intelligible.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}