Dutch Punk
{{Short description|Music subgenre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
Dutch Punk, or Nederpunk, is a body of music that evolved in the Netherlands that encompasses the various styles of punk rock music. The culture surrounding punk rock is often strongly politically oriented; in the Netherlands, punk culture grew alongside, and was influenced by, the Dutch squatters' movement and other European squatters' movements.
Few Dutch punk bands write lyrics in Dutch. However, as a small country, punk in the Netherlands has evolved with a unique mix of UK, US, European, and global punk influences.{{cite thesis |last=Lohman |first=Kirsty |date=2015 |title=Punk lives: contesting boundaries in the Dutch punk scene. |publisher=PhD Dissertation, University of Warwick |language=English}}
History
= The beginning of punk in the Netherlands (1977-1979) =
A seminal event for punk in the Netherlands was the Sex Pistols' concert on January 6, 1977, at the Amsterdam Paradiso.{{cite web |url=https://onh.nl/verhaal/punk-redt-paradiso |title= Punk redt Paradiso| date=2018-02-19 |publisher= Oneindig Noord-Holland}} The Sex Pistols played three shows in the Netherlands on that tour, along with the Heartbreakers and the Vibrators. On May 1, 1977, the Damned gave a concert in the Paradiso. On May 11, 1977, the Ramones and Talking Heads gave a concert in the Rasa in the Pauwstraat in Utrecht. In October 1977, Iggy Pop performed on the popular television show Toppop with Ad Visser.{{cite book |author-last1=Goossens|author-first1=Jerry |author-last2=Vedder |author-first2=Jeroen |date=2022 |title=I'm Sure We're Gonna Make It -- Punk In The Netherlands 1976-1982 (translation of Het gejuich was massaal) |language=en |publisher=Korm Plastics |url=https://www.soleilmoon.com/shop/jeroen-vedder-and-jerry-goossens-im-sure-were-gonna-make-it/ |isbn=9789082422931}}{{cite web |author=Marc van der Laan for 3voor12 |date=2022 |url=https://3voor12.vpro.nl/lokaal/utrecht/artikelen/overzicht/2022/april/I-m-Sure-We-re-Gonna-Make.html |title=Standaardwerk over punk in Nederland krijgt Engelse vertaling; I'm Sure We're Gonna Make It van Jerry Goossens en Jeroen Vedder wordt gepresenteerd in dB's}}
On November 19, 1977, Blondie played at the Amsterdam Paradiso. At the end of 1977, the VARA television program Wonderland also highlighted punk in a theme broadcast including performances by the Stranglers in the Paradiso in Amsterdam and the Sex Pistols in Maasbree.{{cite web |work=VPRO |date=2016-04-04 |url=https://www.vpro.nl/speel~WO_VPRO_040250~muziek-programma-van-de-vara-deze-afl-punk-in-nederland-wonderland-sex-pistols-stranglers~.html |title=Muziek programma van de Vara, deze afl. Punk in Nederland | language=Dutch}}{{cite web |url=https://nha.courant.nu/issue/IJC/1978-01-12/edition/null/page/15 |title= Sex Pistols voor het eerst op tv: VARA's Wonderland over opkomst van punk-muziek| date=1978-01-12 |page=15 |publisher= IJmuider Courant}}
These concerts and performances by bands from the UK and USA led to an explosion of interest in punk in the Netherlands in 1977. Dutch punk bands and fanzines were rapidly established. In the audience of the Ramones' Utrecht concert were Rob and Erik de Jong, who formed the band Blitzkrieg, sometimes hailed as the first punk band in the Netherlands (Blitzkrieg quickly changed their name to The Duds{{cite web |url=https://www.bacteria.nl/blitzkrieg-punk-from-utrecht-the-netherlands/ |title= Blitzkrieg (1976 – 1978) |website= bacteria.nl |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401105512/https://www.bacteria.nl/blitzkrieg-punk-from-utrecht-the-netherlands/ |access-date= 2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=nl}}). Two rock bands that predated punk, Ivy Green{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/288922-Ivy-Green |title= Ivy Green |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230326200228/https://www.discogs.com/artist/288922-Ivy-Green |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date= 26 March 2023 |language=en}} (formed in Hazerswoude-Dorp in 1975) and Flyin’ Spiderz (formed in Eindhoven in 1976),{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/artist/680721-Flyin-Spiderz |title= Flyin' Spiderz |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230326200228/https://www.discogs.com/artist/680721-Flyin-Spiderz |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date= 26 March 2023 |language=en}}{{cite web |url=https://www.bacteria.nl/watch-out-3/ |title= Flyin' Spiderz Special |last1=Stroet |first1= Robert |last2=Kruyver |first2= Martijn | location= Haarlem, The Netherlands | date=1979-02-01 |publisher= Watch Out #3 (Zine)}} shifted to playing punk rock; these bands are often also discussed the first punk bands in the Netherlands.{{cite book |last=Lohman |first=Kirsty |date=2018 |title=Ripped, torn and cut. |chapter=Punks against censorship: Negotiating acceptable politics in the Dutch fanzine Raket |publisher=Manchester University Press |pages=264–280 |isbn=978-1-5261-2059-5}}
The lead singer for the Flyin' Spiderz, Guus Boers, had not heard punk before a concert of the Vibrators in early 1977 at the Technical University of Eindhoven.{{cite web |url=https://www.bacteria.nl/guus-boers-interview/ |title= Interview: Guus Boers, vocalist for The Flyin' Spiderz| date=2020-08-29 |publisher= bacterial.nl}} In August 1977, the popular fanzine KoeCrand was founded, inspired by the UK fanzine Sniffin' Glue.{{cite web |author=Kristian Kanstadt and Hugo Kaagman |url=https://www.bacteria.nl/nieuwe-koekrand/ |title=Koekrand in the 70s and 80s Dutch Zine Archive}} A second early Dutch fanzine Raket, associated with the Rotterdam punk scene and featuring the cult comic Red Rat, soon began being published, initially as a wall newspaper.{{cite web |author=The Rondos |url=https://www.bacteria.nl/raket/|title=Raket in the 70s and 80s Dutch Zine Archive|date=24 November 2020 }}{{cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=Alec |editor1-last=Dunn |editor1-first=Alec |editor2-last=MacPhee |editor2-first=Josh |editor2-link=Josh MacPhee |title=The Adventures of Red Rat |journal=Signal |date=2010 |issue=1 |pages=38-57 |url=https://s1gnal.org/post/13714494194/signal01-johannes-van-de-weert-and-red-rat |access-date=24 May 2024 |publisher=PM Press |isbn=978-1-60486-091-7 |lccn=2009912459}}
The first punk single released by a Dutch band was the song "Van Agt Casanova," released by Paul Tornado on the record label 1000 Idioten in 1977. This single was frequently played on the radio by the VPRO.{{cite book |author-last1=Kaagman |author-first1=Hugo |author-last2=Ozon |author-first2=Diana |date=May 1979 |title=Koecrandt 31, Interview met Paul Tornado |language=nl}}{{cite book |last=Jonker |first=Leonor |date=2011 |title=No future nu: punk in Nederland 1977-2012 |language=NL |publisher=Overamstel Uitgevers |isbn=978-9048811212}} This song references the Dutch Catholic politician Dries van Agt, who in 1977 required that pornographic films only be shown in cinemas with less than 50 seats, as a way to limit who could see such films.{{cite web|author=Ondergewaardeerde Liedjes|date=2018-07-31|title=Paul Tornado – Van Agt Casanova|url=https://ondergewaardeerdeliedjes.nl/2018/07/31/paul-tornado-van-agt-casanova/}}
The first Dutch punk LP released was the self-titled album of the Flyin’ Spiderz, who opened for the Damned at their May 1977 show.{{cite web |work=muziekencyclopedie.nl |url=https://www.muziekencyclopedie.nl/action/entry/Flyin%E2%80%99+Spiderz|title=Biografie Flyin' Spiderz}}{{cite web |url=https://www.bacteria.nl/pin-4/ |title= Flyin' Spiderz: "Wij studere sinds twee jaar social zaken en maken sinds twee jaar muziek tussen Nederpunk en Rock & Roll |last1=De Tollenaere |first1= Herman |last2=Witsenburg |first2=Jos |last3=Stamhuis |first3= Jan |last4=Van Egmond |first4= Ruud |last5= Gommans |first5= John |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |date=1978-10-01 |publisher= Pin #4 (zine)}} Dutch punk bands from this period that were well known in the scene include the Speedtwins, Soviet Sex, Ivy Green, Jesus and the Gospelfuckers,{{cite book |author-last1=Kaagman |author-first1=Hugo |author-last2=Ozon |author-first2=Diana |date=May 1979 |title=Koecrandt 31, Interview Jesus and the Gospelfuckers; me vader is een lul! |language=Dutch}} Neo Punkz, Helmettes, the Filth, Tedje en de Flikkers, the Ex, The Suzannes, the Rondos,{{cite book |last=Brus |first=Erik|date=2012 |title=Gehavende stad: muziek en literatuur in Rotterdam van 1960 tot nu. |publisher=Overamstel Uitgevers |isbn= 978-9048840618}} Panic,{{cite web
|author=Louder than War |date=2022-03-28
|url=https://louderthanwar.com/new-punk-documentary-jimmy-is-a-punk-about-dutch-punk-band-and-the-1977-punk-scene-in-holland/ |title=New punk documentary 'Jimmy Is A Punk' about Dutch punk band and the 1977 punk scene in Holland}}{{cite web |author=Epitaph Records via Discogs |date=1996
|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/841074-Various-Im-Sure-Were-Gonna-Make-It-Dutch-Punkrock-77-82 |title=I'm Sure We're Gonna Make It -- Dutch Punkrock '77 - '82|website=Discogs
}} Subway,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/artist/680716-Subway-11 |title= Subway |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331022134/https://www.discogs.com/artist/680716-Subway-11 |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date= 31 March 2023 |language=en}} The Boobs,{{cite web |url=https://www.bacteria.nl/the-boobs/|title= The Boobs (1979 – 1981) |website= bacteria.nl |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331045208/https://www.bacteria.nl/the-boobs/ |access-date= 2023-03-31 |archive-date= 31 March 2023 |language=nl}} and Two Two 79.{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/artist/2494053-Two-Two-79 |title= Two-Two-'79 |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331022132/https://www.discogs.com/artist/2494053-Two-Two-79 |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date= 31 March 2023 |language=en}}{{cite journal |last=Lohman |first=Kirsty |date=2019 |title='Nothing Like the Rest of Holland': The Groningen Punk Scene |journal=The Punk Reader: Research Transmissions from the Local and the Global |language=English |pages=49–68 }}
The first Dutch punks gathered around record labels and clubs.
One of these was Rotterdam's Huize Schoonderloo. A second club important to the early Dutch punk culture was Amsterdam's "DDT666" (Dirty Dutch Trix 666, later renamed Gallerie Anus), which was established by punk poet Diana Ozon and graffiti artist [https://www.oscarvangelderen.nl/post/The-Malcolm-McLaren-of-the-Dutch-punk-movement--On-Hugo-Kaagman-N45.html Hugo Kaagman]; this club was located in the squat called the ‘Zebrahuis’ on Sarphatistraat in Amsterdam.{{cite web| url =https://dutch-graffiti-library.nl/stories/drrat_ddt666/| title = The one and only|date = 2022-05-06| publisher = Dutch Graffiti Library| language = English}} The record label Plurex Records,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/label/12919-Plurex-Records |title= Plurex Records |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401112941/https://www.discogs.com/label/12919-Plurex-Records |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=en}} founded by Wally van Middendorp (of the band the Tits,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/artist/680714-Tits |title= Tits |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230429012208/https://www.discogs.com/artist/680714-Tits |access-date=2023-04-29 |archive-date= 29 April 2023 |language=en}} and later Minny Pops) in 1977, was also a hub of the early punk scene. The first record that Plurex put out was the Tits single "Daddy Is My Pusher / We're So Glad Elvis Is Dead", which is now regarded as a punk classic. In Amsterdam, early punks gathered at the music store and punk label "No Fun" on the Rozengracht, owned by Hansje Joustra. The inspiration for "No Fun" was the American punk club CBGB, which Joustra had visited.{{cite web| url =https://www.vice.com/nl/article/vdqdk3/hoe-punk-in-nederland-begon662| title = Hoe punk in Nederland begon| last1 = Lowie| first1 = Ewout|date = 2016-02-17| publisher = Vice| language = Dutch}} A third important Dutch punk record label, Torso Records,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/label/1634-Torso |title= Torso |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401112917/https://www.discogs.com/label/1634-Torso |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=en}} was also founded in this period by Dick Polak, Hans Joustra, and Peter Dispa.{{cite web| url =https://www.vice.com/nl/article/jpnbgp/waar-is-de-muzikale-erfenis-van-nederlandse-punk| title = In de Nederlandse punkscene ging het gek genoeg minder om de muziek: De muzikale erfenis van Nederlandse punk is bijna spoorloos.| last1 = Foster| first1 = Richard|date = 2017-03-16| publisher = Vice| language = Dutch}}
=1980s =
During this period the slogan "no future" (also discussed as doomdenken in Dutch) came to be used broadly in the Dutch punk scene, reflecting the economic and social situation of the times, including the high youth unemployment rate and the housing crisis.{{cite web| url = https://www.anderetijden.nl/programma/1/Andere-Tijden/aflevering/286/No-Future| title = No Future| last1 = Ruigrok | first1=Paul| last2 = Gulmans| first2 = Mirjam| date = 2009-01-31| publisher = Andere Tijden| language = Dutch}} Punk music began to focus more on political and social issues, as reflected in song lyrics of the times. These issues often included ideas central to the squatters' movement as well as the anarchist movement. Frustrations boiled over, resulting in the coronation riots on April 30, 1980. The slogan geen wooning, geen kroning ("no home, no coronation") was chanted by many involved in the riot. The coronation riots marked the beginning of the greatest period of social unrest since WWII. Squatters' riots became more frequent and more violent. More than a year after the coronation riots, the anti-nuclear weapons demonstration of November 21, 1981 took place in Amsterdam. Although peaceful, the demonstration was massive: more than 400,000 people participated.
With this social backdrop, in 1980 the compilation album "Utreg Punx" was released; this album included the bands the Lullabies, The Nixe, Rakketax, and Noxious. The band Noxious was one of the first hardcore bands in the Netherlands, but existed only two years; they broke up in 1982 because of the violent death of their guitar player Ollie ten Hoopen.{{cite web| url = https://www.discogs.com/artist/943318-Noxious-5| title = Noxious| publisher = Discogs| language = Dutch}}
In 1981 two more compilation albums of Dutch punk were released. The first one was Onutrechtse Toestanden,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/release/2340075-Various-Onutrechtse-Toestanden |title=Onutrechtse Toestanden |publisher= Discogs |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=en}} which featured the Miami Beach Girls,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/1867532-Miami-Beach-Girls |title= Miami Beach Girls |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331022130/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/1867532-Miami-Beach-Girls |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date= 31 March 2023 |language=en}} and Dangerous Pyama's.{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/2152582-Dangerous-Pyjamas |title= Dangerous Pyjamas
|publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331022131/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/2152582-Dangerous-Pyjamas
|access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date= 31 March 2023
|language=en}} The second one was the so-called "7,50 LP", which featured bands from several different Dutch cities: the Lullabies, the Bison Kidz,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/artist/940493-Bizon-Kidz |title= Bizon Kidz |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331022131/https://www.discogs.com/artist/940493-Bizon-Kidz |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date= 31 March 2023 |language=en}} Zero-Zero,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/5683262-Zero-Zero |title= Zero-Zero |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616074221/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/5683262-Zero-Zero |access-date=2023-06-16 |archive-date= 16 June 2023 |language=en}} Neo-Pogos,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/1940041-Neo-Pogos |title= Neo Pogos |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331024150/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/1940041-Neo-Pogos |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date= 31 March 2023 |language=en}} the Rapers,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/1278610-The-Rapers |title= The Rapers |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331024152/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/1278610-The-Rapers |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date= 31 March 2023 |language=en}} and The Nixe. Other punk bands active in the Utrecht scene were the Clits (later Cold War Embryos{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/2369674-Cold-War-Embryos |title= Cold War Embryos |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331022132/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/2369674-Cold-War-Embryos |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date= 31 March 2023 |language=en}}), Coitus Int., De Megafoons, Pitfall,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/artist/1010317-Pitfall-5 |title= Pitfall |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210218090010/https://www.discogs.com/artist/1010317-Pitfall-5 |access-date=2021-10-21 |archive-date= 18 February 2021 |language=en}} and Disorder,{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/2298584-Disorder-11 |title= Disorder |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230326200232/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/2298584-Disorder-11 |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date= 26 March 2023 |language=en}} and a few years later The Avengers{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/756342-Avengers-3 |title= Avengers |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230326200235/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/756342-Avengers-3 |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date= 26 March 2023 |language=en}} and Kikkerspuug. In 1981 the split album "Wielingen Walgt"{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/release/1678815-Nitwitz-G%C3%B6tterflies-Wielingen-Walgt |title= Wielingen Walgt |publisher= Discogs |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=en}} was released with live recordings by The Nitwitz and Götterflies, recorded in the Amsterdam squat De Wielingen. A lively punk scene also emerged in the West Frisian town of Hoorn, where bands such as The Vernon Walters{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/465143-The-Vernon-Walters |title= The Vernon Walters |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230326200232/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/465143-The-Vernon-Walters |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date= 26 March 2023 |language=en}} and Indirekt were active throughout the mid-1980s. From Heemskerk in North Holland, the hardcore band Union Morbide{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/736772-Union-Morbide |title= Union Morbide |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230419160307/https://www.discogs.com/artist/736772-Union-Morbide |access-date=2023-04-19 |archive-date= 19 April 2023 |language=en}} was active beginning in the mid-1980s.{{cite web |url= https://www.pressparty.com/pg/newsdesk/TCBYML/view/178568/
|title= Back catalogue: Hardcore/Punk band Union Morbide - Digital release of Eyes Of (EP): Dutch 90s punk recording finally sees the light of day and gets saved from oblivion |date= 2018-07-27 |publisher=TCBYML Record Label |language=en}} From the Groningen punk scene came bands like: Bloedbad, Jetset, Massagraf,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/904433-Massagraf |title= Massagraf |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331022132/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/904433-Massagraf |access-date=2023-03-31 |archive-date= 31 March 2023 |language=en}} Fahrenheit 451, and Vacuüm. At the end of 1982, the VARA produced a program for national television that broadcast bands such as: The Workmates, Soviet Sex and the Bizkids.{{cite web|title = De Vrolijke Krisis|date= 1982-11-30|publisher =Nederlands Instituut voor Beeld en Geluid|language = Dutch
|url=http://zoeken.beeldengeluid.nl/internet/index.aspx?chapterid=1164&filterid=974&contentid=7&searchID=412372&columnorderid=-1&orderby=1&itemsOnPage=10&defsortcol=12&defsortby=2&pvname=personen&pis=expressies%3Bselecties&startrow=1&resultitemid=5&nrofresults=283&verityID=%2F60484%2F61144%2F63285%2F115088%40expressies|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180305063034/http://zoeken.beeldengeluid.nl/internet/index.aspx?chapterid=1164&filterid=974&contentid=7&searchID=412372&columnorderid=-1&orderby=1&itemsOnPage=10&defsortcol=12&defsortby=2&pvname=personen&pis=expressies%3Bselecties&startrow=1&resultitemid=5&nrofresults=283&verityID=%2F60484%2F61144%2F63285%2F115088%40expressies|archive-date= 2018-03-05}}
In the first half of the 1980s, youth centers were gradually becoming the center of the punk scene in the Netherlands. This included: Babylon in Woerden, Kaasee in Rotterdam, Simplon in Groningen, Stokvishal and the autonomous punk squat de Goudvishal in Arnhem, Doornroosje in Nijmegen, Chi Chi Club in Winterswijk, De Buze in Steenwijk, Bauplatz in Venlo, Tivoli in Utrecht, and Parkhof in Almaar. Parkhof was associated with the release of the compilation album Parkhof 11-4-81{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/release/2405004-Various-Parkhof-11-4-81 |title= Parkhof 11-4-81 |publisher= Discogs |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=en}} which featured the Nixe, Rakketax, Bizkids, and others. The hardcore band Pandemonium,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/443223-Pandemonium-3%20 |title= Pandemonium |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616075608/https://www.discogs.com/artist/443223-Pandemonium-3%20 |access-date=2023-06-16 |archive-date= 16 June 2023 |language=en}} active during the period 1981-1987, was associated with the Bauplatz in Venlo. In the second half of the 1980s the Amersfoortse Grachtkerk (Kippenhok 1) and the Goudvishal in Arnhem became important hubs of the punk scene.
The straight edge movement grew in the Netherlands in the late 1980s and early 1990s and included bands like Lärm (later Seein Red),{{cite web |url= https://www.maximumrocknroll.com/article/distortion-to-deafness|title=Jos of SEEIN RED on the Reversal of His Hearing Loss |date= 2015-11-15 | first= Allan |last= McNaughton | publisher=Maximum Rocknroll |language=en}} Profound (later Manliftingbanner), Betray,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/968440-Betray |title= Betray |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401163236/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/968440-Betray |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=en}} Crivits,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/353956-Crivits |title= Crivits |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401163236/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/353956-Crivits |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=en}} Vitamin X, and Feeding The Fire.{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1036478-Feeding-The-Fire |title= Feeding The Fire |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230326200231/https://www.discogs.com/artist/1036478-Feeding-The-Fire |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date= 26 March 2023 |language=en}}{{cite book |last=Haenfler |first=Ross |date=2006 |title=Straight edge: Clean-living youth, hardcore punk, and social change. |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=0813538521}} Elsewhere in the Netherlands, the ultra movement, a Dutch post-punk and art-punk scene, emerged in the early 1980s.{{cite book |last=Schellinx |first=Harold|date=2012 |title= Ultra: Opkomst en ondergang van de Ultramodernen, een unieke Nederlandse muziekstroming (1978-1983) |publisher=Overamstel Uitgevers |isbn= 978-9048842995}}{{cite book |last=Foster |first=Richard|date=2017 |chapter='Afwijkende Mensen': Understanding the Dutch ultra scene |title= Postgraduate Voices in Punk Studies: Your Wisdom, Our Youth |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8168-5}}{{cite thesis |last=Pisters |first= J. M. J. A. |date= 2015-01-15 |title= Bachelor Geschiedenis: Ultra= No Future? Een studie naar de Nederlandse jeugdcultuur van de vroege jaren tachtig. |url=https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/items/dbb3a2aa-ad58-470e-82b8-74f5acad609b/full |publisher=Radboud University |language=Dutch}} Dutch bands playing in this genre include: Mekanik Kommando, Minny Pops, Nasmak, The Young Lions,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/511815-The-Young-Lions |title= The Young Lions |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230326200229/https://www.discogs.com/artist/511815-The-Young-Lions |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date= 26 March 2023 |language=en}}{{cite web |url= https://robscholtemuseum.nl/richard-foster-digging-up-dutch-undergrounds-an-interview-with-rob-scholte-artist-and-of-the-young-lions-and-suspect/ |title= DIGGING UP DUTCH UNDERGROUNDS: AN INTERVIEW WITH ROB SCHOLTE (ARTIST) AND OF THE YOUNG LIONS AND SUSPECT |last=Foster |first= Richard |date=2014-07-23 |publisher=Rob Scholte Museum|language=English}} and Fahrenheit 451.{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/666479-Fahrenheit-451- |title= Fahrenheit 451 |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230326201753/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/666479-Fahrenheit-451- |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date= 26 March 2023 |language=en}}{{cite book| last = Boots| first = Jaap| date = 2014 | title = Donderweg: mijn leven in de fast lane van de popmuziek| publisher = Ambo/Anthos uitgevers| isbn = 9789026326202| language =Dutch}}{{cite book |last=Foster |first=Richard |title=Researching Subcultures, Myth and Memory |chapter=Mapping Subcultures from Scratch: Moving Beyond the Mythology of Dutch Post-Punk |series=Palgrave Studies in the History of Subcultures and Popular Music |date=2020 |language=English |pages=215–232|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-41909-7_11 |isbn=978-3-030-41908-0 |s2cid=226450254 }}
=1990s =
By 1991, the well-known saying "punk is dead" had already become fashionable.{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1991/05/21/punk-was-voorbij-toen-kunst-er-aandacht-voor-kreeg-6967654-a1341720| title = Punk was voorbij toen kunst er aandacht voor kreeg| last = Vollaard| first = Jan | date = 1991-05-21| publisher= NRC Handelsblad| language = Dutch}} Ironically, throughout the 90s, more diverse genres of punk became popular in the Netherlands, including pop punk, fun punk, skate punk, emocore, and melodic hardcore.
This led to a fragmentation and loss of cohesion of the punk scene. Significant Dutch bands founded or active during this period include: Kankerwelvaart,{{cite thesis |last=IJmker |first=Lianne |date= 2019-01-15 |title= Master thesis: The Mainstream and the others: A comparative study of the identification of Dutch youth groups in modern youth culture [1985-2018].|publisher=Utrecht University |language=Dutch}} Misselijk,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/814613-Misselijk |title= Misselijk |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401161501/https://www.discogs.com/artist/814613-Misselijk |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=en}} ASO (from Horst, 1996-1997), Roggel, Die Nakse Bananen, Heideroosjes, Travoltas, Antidote, Disturbance,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/452219-Disturbance-2 |title= Disturbance |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401203530/https://www.discogs.com/artist/452219-Disturbance-2 |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=en}} I Against I, De Hardheid, the Hufters, Vitamin X,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/417299-Vitamin-X |title= Vitamin X |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230328135633/https://www.discogs.com/artist/417299-Vitamin-X |access-date=2023-03-28 |archive-date= 28 March 2023 |language=en}} and Antillectual.
Compilations of Dutch punk bands released during this period included the 1998 albums X-treem CD{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/release/3494616-Various-X-treem-CD |title= X-treem CD |publisher= Discogs |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=en}} and Bits of Noise 2.{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/release/1430038-Various-Bits-Of-Noise-2 |title= Bits Of Noise 2 |publisher= Discogs |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=en}}
In the 1990s, a Dutch crust punk culture emerged as a reaction to the melodic and more pop-oriented punk bands that the Netherlands had at the time. Dutch crustie bands such as Fleas and Lice and Boycott{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/49918-Boycot |title= Boycot |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401161456/https://www.discogs.com/artist/49918-Boycot |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=en}} toured Europe and the United States.
In the early 1990s, the punk band Human Alert was founded in Amsterdam, with illustrator Roel Smit as band member, among others. In 1996 a compilation CD was released with the first generation of punk bands (1977-1982) under the title: "I'm Sure We're Gonna Make It". In 1997, the Rotterdam record label Tocado Records (closed in 2010) was founded,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/label/90303-Tocado-Records |title= Tocado Records |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401115156/https://www.discogs.com/label/90303-Tocado-Records |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=en}} and became known for its series of punk compilation cds named Heel Erg Punk.{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/release/6532732-Various-Heel-Erg-Punk-CD-Vol1 |title= Heel Erg Punk C.D Vol.1 |publisher= Discogs |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=en}} The first volume of this series featured bands like Debiele Eenheid, The Fuzzbrats, GuidingLine, and No-men. In 1998, the German label Vitaminepillen Records{{cite web |url=https://www.ox-fanzine.de/interview/vitaminepillen-records-429 |title=Interviews:Vitaminepillen Records |date=1999 |publisher=Ox Fanzine}} released the double album Groetjes uit Holland{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/de/release/3575699-Various-Groetjes-Uit-Holland |title= Groetjes uit Holland |publisher= Discogs |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=en}} with, among others: Heideroosjes, Bambix, Uit De Sloot,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/2471397-Uit-De-Sloot |title= Uit De Sloot |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401203529/https://www.discogs.com/artist/2471397-Uit-De-Sloot |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=en}} De Gatbent,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/2733165-De-Gatbent |title= De Gatbent |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401161458/https://www.discogs.com/artist/2733165-De-Gatbent |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=en}} Brezhnev, Rat Patrol, N.R.A. (Niet Reëel Aanbod),{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1564048-Niet-Re%C3%ABel-Aanbod |title= Niet Reëel Aanbod |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230405032740/https://www.discogs.com/artist/1564048-Niet-Re%C3%ABel-Aanbod |access-date=2023-04-05 |archive-date= 5 April 2023 |language=en}} and Jabberwocky.{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/509175-Jabberwocky |title= Jabberwocky |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230326200234/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/509175-Jabberwocky |access-date=2023-03-26 |archive-date= 26 March 2023 |language=en}} In 1999, the Red Ear Label released a Dutch Punk compilation "Schorremorrie - Nederpunk Compilatie 1" that included songs from, among others: Uit De Sloot, De Gatbent, The Outcasted Teens, Leedvermaak, and the Utrecht crust band Mihoen!.{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/763276-Mihoen! |title= Mihoen! |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230402234009/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/763276-Mihoen! |access-date=2023-04-02 |archive-date= 2 April 2023 |language=en}}{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/plastic_bomb_29 | title = V.A.: SCHORREMORRIE -nederpunk compilatie 1-CD (Review)| date = 1999| publisher= Plastic Bomb #29| language = German}}
= 2000s =
Around the year 2000, in the UK punk scene, a so-called post-punk revival occurred in the form of UK bands like The Libertines, Ikara Colt, Art Brut and McLusky. Also in the Netherlands, a few bands pursued a harder variant of indie rock, including Pfaff, Voicst, Avec Aisance (aka Avec-A, founded by Yuri Landman), Blues Brother Castro.{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/606631-Blues-Brother-Castro |title= Blues Brother Castro |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230401163002/https://www.discogs.com/artist/606631-Blues-Brother-Castro |access-date=2023-04-01 |archive-date= 1 April 2023 |language=en}} In addition, pop punk bands achieved greater commercial success, including The Undeclinables, Bambix, Travoltas, and Human Alert. In the hardcore scene, the bands Gewapend Beton{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/1669725-Gewapend-Beton |title= Gewapend Beton |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230328152758/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/1669725-Gewapend-Beton |access-date=2023-03-28 |archive-date= 28 March 2023 |language=en}} and the Bakfietsboys{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/1950709-bakfietsboys |title= bakfietsboys |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230328152757/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/1950709-bakfietsboys |access-date=2023-03-28 |archive-date= 28 March 2023 |language=en}} were founded and wrote music with Dutch lyrics. Hardcore band All For Nothing (active 2004-2017),{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/452186-All-For-Nothing |title= All For Nothing |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230415181544/https://www.discogs.com/artist/452186-All-For-Nothing |access-date=2023-04-15 |archive-date= 15 April 2023 |language=en}}{{cite web |url= https://www.magazine.awayfromlife.com/all-for-nothing-interview/ |title= ALL FOR NOTHING: INTERVIEW WITH THE HARDCORE BAND |date= 2015-11-15 |publisher=Away From Life |language=en}} in contrast, wrote music with English song titles and lyrics.
The Rotterdam record label Stardumb Records, associated with the punk scene, was founded in 2000.
In 2000, Out Of Step Records put out the Dutch punk compilation "Rats 'N Dikes" which included bands like Jabberwocky, Absconded,{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/674477-Absconded |title= Absconded |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230402232600/https://www.discogs.com/artist/674477-Absconded |access-date=2023-04-02 |archive-date= 2 April 2023 |language=en}} Rat Patrol, Crivits, and many others.
= 2010s and 2020s =
Beginning in 2010, the Amsterdam publishing house Lebowski began publishing a series of titles related to punk in the 1970s and 1980s. This series included works on music as well as punk culture, and biographies as well as archival work.{{cite book |last= Foster |first= Richard |date=2020 |chapter= Mapping Subcultures from Scratch: Moving Beyond the Mythology of Dutch Post-Punk |title= Researching Subcultures, Myth and Memory |series= Palgrave Studies in the History of Subcultures and Popular Music |pages= 215–232 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-41909-7_11 |location= Amstelveen |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |doi= 10.1007/978-3-030-41909-7_11 |isbn= 978-3-030-41908-0|s2cid= 226450254 }} In 2012, an exhibition entitled "God Save the Queen" about the period 1977-1984 was presented in the Centraal Museum in Utrecht, and described in a publication written with De Groene Amsterdammer.{{cite web| url =https://centraalmuseum.nl/bezoeken/tentoonstellingen/god-save-the-queen/| title = God Save the Queen| date = 2012| publisher = Centraal Museum| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180301044501/https://centraalmuseum.nl/bezoeken/tentoonstellingen/god-save-the-queen/| archive-date = 2018-03-01| language = Dutch}} In 2016, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of punk in the Netherlands, the EYE Film Museum established a punk exhibit with daily performances by punk bands. Some of those bands appear on the compilation album "Fury!" connected with the exhibit.{{cite web| url =https://www.eyefilm.nl/en/programme/fury-punk-culture/232540| title = Films, bands & more FURY! PUNK CULTURE| date = 2016-05-26| publisher = Eye Filmmuseum| language = English}}{{cite web| url =https://www.vice.com/nl/article/nz545w/wat-is-er-na-40-jaar-nog-over-van-punk-in-nederland| title = Wat is er na 40 jaar nog over van punk in Nederland?| last1 = Fortuin| first1 = Fiona|date = 2017-03-15| publisher = Vice| language = Dutch}} In 2016 the Melkweg also had an expo on Dutch punk. In 2017, Oscar Smit wrote and published a series of four books about the early years of punk in the Netherlands.{{cite web |url=https://www.punktuationmag.com/book-launch-the-paradiso-punk-years/ |title= Book Launch: 'The Paradiso Punk Years' |last= de Tollenaere |first= Herman |date= 2022-01-10 |publisher= Punktuation Magazine |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230429205832/https://www.punktuationmag.com/book-launch-the-paradiso-punk-years/ |archive-date= 29 April 2023 |language=en}}
{{cite book |last= Smit |first= Oscar |date=2017 |title= De Paradiso Punkjaren deel 1 1977, De Oerknal |url= |location= Amstelveen |publisher= Black Olive Press |isbn= 9789072811240}}{{cite book |last= Smit |first= Oscar |date=2018 |title= De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 2: 1978, Het Jaar Van De Nederpunk |url= |location= Amstelveen |publisher= Black Olive Press |isbn= 9789072811257}}{{cite book |last= Smit |first= Oscar |date=2019 |title= De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 3: 1979, Opkomst Van New Wave, Post-Punk en Poëzie |url= |location= Amstelveen |publisher= Black Olive Press |isbn= 9789072811264}}{{cite book |last= Smit |first= Oscar |date=2021 |title= De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 4: 1979-1981 Nederpunk(s) En Ultra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHPM3FAso3gC&dq=ultra+Dutch+post-punk&pg=PT51 |location= Amstelveen |publisher= Black Olive Press |isbn= 9789072811271}}
Punk and hardcore punk continue to be active musical scenes in the Netherlands. In 2018, Vitamin X toured North America.{{cite web |url= https://southernlordeurope.com/vitamin-x-north-american-tour-from-dutch-hardcore-punk-icons-underway-age-of-paranoia-lp-out-now-on-southern-lord/ |title= VITAMIN X: North American Tour From Dutch Hardcore/Punk Icons Underway; Age Of Paranoia LP Out Now On Southern Lord |date= 2018-10-01 |publisher=Southern Lord |language=en}} In 2020 the Heideroosjes released a new album with a single about the covid pandemic; in 2022 they toured the Netherlands.{{cite web |url= https://www.demorgen.be/tv-cultuur/heideroosjes-op-pukkelpop-2022-waren-we-nog-maar-de-pukkelpuber-van-weleer~b754a3a2/ |title= Heideroosjes op Pukkelpop 2022: waren we nog maar de pukkelpuber van weleer |date= 2022-08-19 |publisher=De Morgen |language=nl}}{{cite web |url= https://www.ed.nl/eindhoven/punkers-heideroosjes-zijn-weer-terug-op-22-oktober-2022-spelen-ze-in-de-effenaar~a7b1f7fc/ |title= Punkers Heideroosjes zijn weer terug: op 22 oktober 2022 spelen ze in de Effenaar |date= 2021-09-30 |publisher=Eindhoven Dagblad |language=nl}} New Dutch punk bands founded in this period include: Rites (active since 2017),{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/6079744-Rites-5 |title= Rites |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230419090748/https://www.discogs.com/artist/6079744-Rites-5 |access-date=2023-04-19 |archive-date= 19 April 2023 |language=en}}{{cite web |url=https://www.noecho.net/features/rites-netherlands-hardcore |title= International Hardcore Bands You Need to Know About: Rites
|date= 2019-08-04 |first= Carlos |last= Ramirez |publisher=No Echo |language=en}} Hang Youth (active since 2015),{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/nl/article/r7bxeg/doe-het-zelf-van-hang-youth-is-hun-vierde-controversile-punkalbum-binnen-n-maand |title= ‘DOE HET ZELF’ van HANG YOUTH is hun vierde controversiële punkalbum binnen één maand |author= Twan Stoffels |date=2014-10-06 |publisher= Vice |language=nl |access-date=2024-01-28}} Hometown Crew (active since 2016),{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/6255528-Hometown-Crew |title= Hometown Crew |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230419052042/https://www.discogs.com/artist/6255528-Hometown-Crew |access-date=2023-04-19 |archive-date= 19 April 2023 |language=en}} March (formed in 2013, first album 2016),{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/5133173-March-16 |title= March |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616085239/https://www.discogs.com/artist/5133173-March-16 |access-date=2023-06-16 |archive-date= 16 June 2023 |language=en}} Deathtrap (active since 2016),{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/5684102-Deathtrap-4 |title= Deathtrap |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230425092702/https://www.discogs.com/de/artist/5684102-Deathtrap-4 |access-date=2023-04-25 |archive-date= 25 April 2023 |language=en}} Voidcrawler (active since 2019),{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/7159638-Voidcrawler-2 |title= Voidcrawler |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130620/https://www.discogs.com/artist/7159638-Voidcrawler-2 |access-date=2023-04-19 |archive-date= 19 April 2023 |language=en}} St. Plaster (active since 2019),{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/7103861-St-Plaster |title= St. Plaster |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230419202943/https://www.discogs.com/artist/7103861-St-Plaster |access-date=2023-04-19 |archive-date= 19 April 2023 |language=en}} T.Gondii (active since 2021),{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/9119980-TGondii |title= T. Gondii |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616085647/https://www.discogs.com/artist/9119980-TGondii |access-date=2023-06-16 |archive-date= 16 June 2023 |language=en}}{{cite web |url= https://www.thesleepingshaman.com/streams/t-gondii-sex-howitzers/ |title= Premiere: T.Gondii & Sex Howitzers – Split 7" Of Dutch Hardcore Punk Drops 1st June |date= 2021-05-27 |publisher= Sleeping Shaman Webzine |language=en}} and Arne S (active since 2022).{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/3745996-Arne-S |title= Arne S |publisher= Discogs |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616085846/https://www.discogs.com/artist/3745996-Arne-S |access-date=2023-06-16 |archive-date= 16 June 2023 |language=en}}
Documentaries
- Punk Tegendraads 1976-1991 (1990), a documentary by Gérard Bueters{{cite web| url = https://geheugen.delpher.nl/nl/geheugen/view?coll=ngvn&identifier=NAGO02%3AEYE-A04722| title = Punk tegendraads 1976-1991| last = Bueters| first = Gérard| date = 1991| language = Dutch}}{{cite web| url = https://krantenbankzeeland.nl/issue/pzc/1991-05-21/edition/0/page/2| title = Punk is niet dood, er zit alleen een luchtje an| last = van Garderen| first = Fred| date =1991-05-21| language = Dutch| work=Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant }}
- Punk: Lang leve de lol (1996), a documentary by Alfred Broer
- VPRO Andere Tijden: Punk (2012)
- Jimmy Is Punk - The Story of Panic (2020)
Literature
- Jerry Goossens and Jeroen Vedder. Het gejuich was massaal: Punk in Nederland 1976-1982. Stichting Popmuziek Nederland Uitgeverij, 1996. {{ISBN|90-5330-192-5}}
- M. Haas., SKG (Stads Kunst Guerrilla) (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2010). {{ISBN|978-90-488-5240-6}}
- M. Haas., Dr. Rat. Godfather van de Nederlandse Graffiti (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2011) {{ISBN|978-90-488-0851-9}}
- Dirk Polak. Mecano: een muzikaal egodocument. (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2011) {{ISBN|978-90-488-5175-1}}
- H. Schellinx, Ultra. Opkomst en Ondergang van de Ultramodernen. Een Unieke Nederlandse Muziekstroming (1978–1983) (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2012) {{ISBN|978-90-488-1240-0}}
- L. Jonker, No Future Nu. Punk in Nederland 1977–2012 (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2012) {{ISBN|978-90-488-1121-2}}
- M. Haas, Bibikov for President. Politiek, Poëzie & Performance 1981–1982 (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2012) {{ISBN|978-90-488-1122-9}}
- Oscar Smit. De Paradiso Punkjaren deel 1 1977, De Oerknal. Black Olive Press, Amstelveen, 2017. {{ISBN|978-90-72811-24-0}}
- Oscar Smit. De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 2: 1978, Het Jaar Van De Nederpunk. Black Olive Press, Amstelveen, 2018. {{ISBN|978-90-72811-25-7}}
- Oscar Smit. De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 3: 1979, Opkomst Van New Wave, Post-Punk en Poëzie. Black Olive Press, Amstelveen, 2019. {{ISBN|978-90-72811-26-4}}
- Oscar Smit. De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 4: 1979-1981 Nederpunk(s) En Ultra. Black Olive Press, Amstelveen, 2021. {{ISBN|978-90-72811-27-1}}